The document summarizes the progress of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in systematically developing plant health management over 150 years. It describes how the USDA was established in 1862 under Abraham Lincoln to help struggling farmers. It outlines the USDA's divisions and research areas like plant pathology, mycology, and bacteriology. Recent achievements highlighted include using RNAi technology, developing transgenic wheat resistant to Fusarium head blight, and training dogs to detect citrus diseases. The USDA's future prospects and conclusion emphasize continued transgenic research and reforming farm programs to meet global nutritional needs.

1. Welcome

2. Introduction
 U.S.A the dream nation
 U.S.A a nation where technology is at your door
step
 U.S.A big brother in Global Economy
 U.S.A GDP estimated to be 17.94 trillion dollars
2

3. The progress of U.S.D.A. in
systematic development of plant
health management
S. Ajit Kumar
2016-ADJ-71

4. Outline of Seminar……..
 Introduction
 Origin of U.S.D.A
 Divisions of U.S.D.A
 Systematic development in Plant health
management
 Recent achievements of U.S.D.A
 Where we are….?
 Future Prospects
 Conclusion
4

5. Origin of U.S.D.A
 Early in history, the economy of the United
States was largely agrarian
 Farmers and farming in U.S.A faced miserable
situation
 Abraham Lincoln being the son of poor farmer
he knows the agony of farmer
5

6. Establishment Of U.S.D.A. (United
States Department of Agriculture)
 Abraham Lincoln the 16 th president of U.S.A is
the founder of U.S.D.A on 15 th May, 1862
6
U.S.D.A . is
Peoples’ Department

7. 150 Years of U.S.D.A
• Secretaries of Agriculture -- 30 Leaders_ 150
Years(1).mp4
7

8. Official Seal & Logo of U.S.D.A.
Seal of U.S.D.A Logo of U.S.D.A
8

9. Divisions of U.S.D.A.
9
U
• Agriculture Marketing Service (AMS)
• Agriculture Research Service (ARS)
S
• Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
(APHIS)
• Centre for nutrition policy and promotion (CNPP)
DA
• Economic Research Service (ERS)
• Farm Service Agency (FSA)

10. Contd…
10
U
• Food and nutrition Service(FNS)
• Food Safety and inspection Service (FSIS)
S
• Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)
• Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS)
DA
• Forest Services (FS)
• National Agricultural Library (NAL)

11. Contd…
11
U
• National Agricultural Statistics Services (NASS)
S
• National Institute of Food and Agriculture
(NIFA)
DA
• Risk Management Agency

12. Organization of U.S.D.A –A.R.S
12

13. U.S.D.A –ARS
 Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the
U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
chief scientific research agency
• Each day, more than 2,000 ARS scientists at
90 laboratories discover real-world solutions
13

14. Secretary of U.S.D.A.
Michael Young,
Present Secretary of
U.S.D.A in Donald
Trump Government 14

15. Systematic Development………..
 Strategies of research in plant health
management from 1970

Linderman, 1970
15

16. Rotem and Cohen, 1970
Traditional priorities of research in plant
health management shifting to advanced
areas
16

17. 17
Importance given serological detection
during 1980” S

18. Cloning in Plant Pathology
Swanson et al. 1988
18

19. 19
Epidemiology and Computer based
approaches

20. Contd…..
 After 1990 the priorities of U.S.D.A categorized
as
 Disease control and pest management
 Ecology and Epidemiology
 Host Physiology & Biochemistry
 Post harvest pathology
20

21. 2015
21
 Field evaluation of plant defense inducers for
the control of citrus Huanglongbing
 By U.S.D.A.- University of Florida
(Lie et al, 2015)

22. Systematic progress in branches
of Plant Pathology
 Mycology
 From the stage of conidial ontogeny to AFTOL
(Association of fungal tree of Life)
 J.B. Ellis (1971) of U.S.D.A – Conidial ontogeny
as criteria for classification of fungi
 Boesewinkel (1980) of U.S.D.A.
conidial characters, appresorium
morphology
22

23. Contd….
 U.S.D.A in association with The mycological
society of America
 rDNA sequences & ITS (Internally Transcribed
Spacers)
23

24. Bacteriology
 First report of (1878) bacterial etiology of plant
disease- T.J. Burril from Illinois
 E.F. Smith the father of Plant Bacteriology with
his work and publication “ Are there Bacterial
Diseases of Plants”?
 Bacterial Taxonomy
 David Hendricks Bergey from U.S.D.A
Pennsylvania (1923)
 Bergey’ s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
24

25. Contd….
 Mortimer P. Star (1977) from U.C. Davis
U.S.D.A established chemotaxonomic
significance
 Anne K. Vidaver (1989) first women chief
scientist of U.S.D.A
 Initiated programme of microbial sequencing
 Bacterial cellular genomics & Biochemical
profiling
 Selman Abraham Waksman discovered –
Streptomycin (1952)
25

26. Cond…
 R.D. Fleischmann (1995) from Johns Hopkins
University
 Sequenced complete genome of Haemophilus
influenza
 Bacterial Virulence & Molecular Pathogenesis
 Arun K. Chatterjee (2000) Of U.S.D.A columbia
university discovered rsmA (Global repressor
gene)
 Extracellular enzymes N-L- Homoserine lactone
(White et al. 2009)
26

27. Cond…
 Frank F. White (2009) of K.S.U Manhattan
molecular interaction between rice plants and Xoo
 His group discovered Xa 13 resistance gene
 Identified a family of sugar transporters –SWEETS
 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
 Linda Thomashow team proved role of 2, 4
diacetylpholoroglunicol in fluorescent pseudomonas
spp in defense of plant roots
27

28. Dogs in detection of plant
diseases………by U.S.D.A.
28

29. “ The dogs could do in seconds what required
human inspectors need many minutes for tree to
accomplish and the dogs did it with much
improved accuracy ”---Tim Gottwald U.S.D.A.
ARS Scientist
 Have a quick look on olfactory system of dogs
29

30. Olfactory system of Dog
30
Dogs possess up to 300 million olfactory receptors in their
noses – far more than the six million found in a human
nose
Extraordinary sense of smell is not a new concept,
researchers are finding additional valuable applications that
may benefit the farmers

31.  Canker & HLB infected plants produces typical
volatile compounds
 A dog is sensitized to recognize the smell of
volatile compounds
 Researchers has got up to 99.97 per cent
accuracy in detection
31

32. Dog on Training……..
32
A dog is sensitized to recognize the scent of
citrus leaves infected with canker & HLB

33. Dog on duty……
33

34. Summarized research results from multiple USDA-
ARS trials by Gottwald’s team in Florida
34

35. Recent achievements of U.S.D.A.
35
RNAi technology has potential to decrease
the dependency on chemical pesticides
(Jeffy 2012)

36. Transgenic Wheat & Barley
36
 A gene for wheat ethylene responsive
transcription factor cloned in to plant
gene expression vector
 This vector after transformed shows
resistance to Fusarium head blight

37. Chimeric peptides
37
 The chimeric peptides are effective in
killing wide range of Gram negative
bacteria
 Chimeric peptides may provide immunity
to citrus disease
(Thomas Valco, 2015)

38. 38
 P. fluorescens with pyrrolnitrin gene
enhances biocontrol activity against soil
borne pathogens
(David Nicholasan, 2012)

39. Stylet sheath- GRAS chemicals
 Compositions and Methods For Control
of Hemipteran Insect Stylet Sheath
structure Formation
 Compounds can be applied on plants
as sprays
 Many of these compounds recognized as GRAS
(Generally regarded as safe)
(Thomas, 2012)
39

40. Where we are…?
 Though our nation is a developing country
 Significant achievements achieved by our
scientists
 Let us have a rapid look on our progress
40

41. Development of resistant variety through gene
pyramiding : A boom in blast management
Pusa Basmati 1609.
(2015-16)
Neck Blast (piz5, pi54)
Leaf blast (moderate)
Pusa 1790
(2014)
Blast and BLB Resistant
(Piz5+Pi54+xa13+Xa21)
41

42. New resistance genes identified
• Pi9, Pi54,Pi12(t), Pizt and Piz5. Pi54, Pita2, Pizt, Pita and Piz5 for
Uttar Pradesh;
• Pita2, Piz5, Pi9, Pi54 and Pizt for Haryana;
• Pita2, Pita, Pi54, Piz5, Piz, Pi9 and Pizt for Delhi region;
• Pi54, Pita2 and Pi9 for Punjab;
• Pita2, Pi54 and Piz5 for Uttarakhand;
• Pi54, Pi12(t), Piz and Pita for Himachal Pradesh.
(Annual Report, IARI, 2015-16)
42

43. BLB
1952 - 1st observed in India in Khopoli area of
earstwhile Bombay
1963 : 1st epidemic Shahabad district of Bihar
43 (Srivastava and Rao, 1966)

44. BLB epidemic in Palakkad district, Kerala
(1998)
Strains of Xoo showed resistance against single major
genes- Xa4 and Xa21 (Gnyanamnickam et al.,1999)
Deployment of a pyramid of BB resistance genes
appears to be the right strategy
44

45. BLB Resistant varieties
developed though
MAS
Improved Pusa Basmati -1,
(2008)
BLB (Xa13, Xa21)
Improved Samba Mahshuri BLB (Xa21, Xa12, Xa5)
Pusa 1790 (2014) Blast and BLB
(Piz5+Pi54+xa13+Xa21)

46. RNAi : A novel tool in disease management

47. K. Pukhraj SI2AS1 2155 & K.
Pukhraj control
Using RNAi technology developed potato lines shows high degree of
resistance to late blight (Ann. Rep., CPRI, 2015)
Silencing of Avr3a effector gene of P. infestans using
RNAi approach

48. Future Prospects
 Reforming farm programmes to meet
nutritional requirements
 Government importance should be given
to research instead of farm subcides
 To feed millions mouths around the world
momentum in transgenic research should
increase
48

49. Conclusion
 Agriculture contributes only 1.1 per cent of
U.S.A. GDP
 151 billion dollars budget allotted to U.S.D.A
 U.S.D.A doing advance research and
tremendous progress in systematic development
in plant health management
49

50.  After hearing this you wana go to America
 Please avoid such thoughts because
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