MUHAMMAD FAHAD ANSARI 12IEEM 14

1. “AIR POLLUTION”
MUHAMMAD FAHAD ANSARI
12IEEM 14

2. • ATMOSPHERE
• Air
• Air Pollution
• Pollutant
• Classification of Air Pollutant
• Sources of Air Pollutant
• Effects of Air Pollutant
• How to Reduce Air Pollution

3. “ATMOSPHERE”
• The atmosphere is an envelope of gases
that surrounds the earth. The air we breathe
is the part of atmosphere. Scientists have
divided the atmosphere into four main parts,
each with its own characteristics. They are:
• Troposphere
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere

5. Troposphere:
• The layer of atmosphere that touches the
surface of earth is called “Troposphere”. The
troposphere extends to a height of about 11
kilometers above the surface of earth.
• Most of the living organisms come under
troposphere. This layer contains most of the
water vapors in the atmosphere and this is only
the layer in the atmosphere where weather
changes occur.

6. Stratosphere:
• Beyond the troposphere, reaching at a
height of about 50 kilometers above the
surface of earth is Stratosphere. Most jet
planes travels in the lower level of
stratosphere. The upper level of
stratosphere contains a layer of gases
called OZONE.

7. Mesosphere:
• After the layer of stratosphere, there is another
layer called Mesosphere which is extended up to
85 kilometers above the surface of earth. The
mesosphere is the coldest layer of the
atmosphere.
• Due to decreasing solar heating and increasing
cooling by CO2 radiative emission, the mesopause
(top of the mesopshere layer is the coldest place
on Earth. Temperatures in the upper mesosphere
fall as low as −100 °C.

8. Thermosphere:
• Thermosphere is the most outer layer of
atmosphere. Unlike the mesosphere,
thermosphere has a very high
temperature reaching up to “2000 oC”

9. What do we know about “Air”
• Atmosphere is the column of air that surrounds
the earth, starting from the surface of earth to
the altitude approximate: 11 km called
Troposphere. Air is blanket of gases that
contain:
• Nitrogen 78.09% by volume, Oxygen 20.94% by
volume and other gases like Carbon, Argon,
Neon, Helium, Methane, etc. These are in pure
and perfect harmony.

10. What is Air Pollution?
Addition of harmful substances to the atmosphere
resulting in damage to the environment, human
health, and quality of life. One of many forms of
pollution, air pollution occurs inside homes,
schools, and offices; in cities; across continents;
and even globally.

11. • Air pollution makes people sick—it causes
breathing problems and promotes cancer—
and it harms plants, animals, and the
ecosystems in which they live. Some air
pollutants return to Earth in the form of acid
rain and snow, which corrode statues and
buildings, damage crops and forests, and
make lakes and streams unsuitable for fish
and other plant and animal life.

12. What do we mean by the term
pollutant?
• Substance that causes pollution or unwanted
occurrence that affects a person’s
surroundings unfavorably.
• Due to natural and man-made pollution, the air
is never found clean in the atmosphere. Gases
such as CO, SO2 and H2O are continuously
releases into the atmosphere through natural
activate (Volcanic activity, Vegetation decay
and Forest fires). Tiny particles of solids and
liquids are distributed throughout the air by
winds, volcanic explosion and other similar
natural disturbances.

13. What are the pollutants that cause
air pollution?
There are six common air pollutants:
• Sulphur dioxide
• Carbon Monoxide
• Nitrogen oxides
• Lead
• Ozone
• Particulates

14. Where do these pollutants come
from?
Sulphur dioxide Carbon monoxide

15. Nitrogen oxides Lead

16. Ozone
is formed by a chemical reaction between nitrogen oxides
and (VOC) volatile organic compounds in the presence of
sunlight.

17. Particulates:
• Particulates are made up from nitrates and
sulphates, metals, soil, dust.

18. Classifications of Air Pollutants:
• PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANTS
• SECONDARY POLLUTANTS
• PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANTS:
• Some important primary air pollutants are:
• Sulfur Oxides (SOX), particularly Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
• Carbon Mono Oxide (CO)
• Nitrogen Oxides (NOX)
• Lead
• Hydrocarbons
• Radio Active substances
• Hydrogen Sulfide
• Hydrogen Fluoride

19. SECONDARY POLLUTANTS:
• Some important secondary air pollutants are:
• Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
• Ozone (O3)
• Nitric Acid

20. SOURCES OF SOME IMPORTANT AIR
POLLUTANTS:
• Pollutant: Carbon Mono Oxide
(CO)
• Major Source: Incomplete
combustion of fuel, automobile
exhaust, jet engine emission, mines
• and tobacco smoking.
• Pollutant: Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
• Major Source: Combustion of coal,
Combustion of Petroleum products,
Oil Refinery, Power
• House (Coal), Sulfuric Acid Plants,
and Domestic burning fuels
• Pollutant: Nitrogen Oxide
(NOX)
• Major Source: Automobile exhaust,
Gas fire furnace, Fertilizer Industry.

21. SOURCES OF SOME IMPORTANT AIR
POLLUTANTS:
• Pollutant: Ammonia (NH3)
• Major Source: All chemical Industries
• Pollutant: Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
• Major Source: Petroleum Industry, Coal Ovens, Oil
refinery, Sewage Treatment Plant
• Pollutant: Hydrocarbons (HC)
• Major Source: Organic Chemical Industry, Petroleum
Refinery
• Pollutant: Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Major Source: Combustion of Fuel, Jet engine emission.
•

22. SOME IMPORTANT AIR POLLUTANTS
AND THEIR EFFECTS:
• Pollutant: Carbon Mono Oxide
(CO)
• Effects: Toxicity
(poisonous) caused blood
poisoning.
• Pollutant: Sulfur dioxide
(SO2)
• Effects: Increasing the
breathing rate, Suffocation,
asthma, Irritation of eyes.
• Pollutant: Nitrogen Oxide
(NOX)
• Effects: Respiratory
Irritation, Headache, Corrosion of
Teeth
• Pollutant: Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
• Effects: Toxic in large
quantities.

23. SOME IMPORTANT AIR POLLUTANTS
AND THEIR EFFECTS:
• Pollutant: Hydrogen
Sulphide (H2S)
• Effects: Headache,
Eyes pain, Irritation
Aspiratory.
• Pollutant: Ammonia (NH3)
• Effects: Affects
Respiratory System, Eyes
Irritation.
• Pollutant: Hydrocarbons
(HC)
• Effects: Cancer

24. What Can We Do To Reduce Air
Pollution?
Walking or cycling whenever you can will
be even more beneficial,
as it does not create any pollution. It will
also benefit your body, as regular exercise
will keep you fit and healthy.
•Use buses and trains instead of cars, as they
can carry far more people in one journey. This
cuts down the amount of pollution produced.

25. Avoid using cars for very short journeys as this creates
unnecessary pollution.
If car journeys must be made, then try to share your
journeys
with other people, such as when you go shopping.
Also encourage people to drive more slowly as this
produces less pollution.
We can also help prevent pollution from our own homes.
Turning off lights when they are not needed and not wasting
electricity will reduce the demand.
Less electricity will need to be produced and so less fossil fuel
will have to be burnt, resulting in less air pollution.

26. THE END