This document discusses fundamentals of air quality management. It defines air quality management as activities undertaken by regulatory authorities to ensure safe indoor and outdoor air. The key aspects of air quality management discussed are ambient air and emissions monitoring, developing control strategies, modeling air quality, assessing human and environmental impacts, implementing legislation and regulations, enforcing compliance, and involving the public. The overall goal of air quality management is to reduce pollution and meet air quality standards.
Environmental auditing assesses a company's environmental performance and impact in order to help inform decision-making. Audits evaluate the nature and extent of environmental harm caused by a company's activities, wastes, or noise. Audits should be independent, objective, credible, transparent, regular and ongoing. Environmental auditing was developed in the 1970s in response to new environmental regulations and has since been used to assess compliance, issues of concern, sites, products, and management systems. Audits identify recommendations to improve practices and reduce environmental impact.
Environmental auditing originated in the 1970s in the US and was initially reactive, focusing on end-of-pipe solutions after environmental damage occurred. It is now a more proactive management tool to evaluate environmental performance, compliance, and management systems. Environmental audits are conducted according to standardized procedures and incorporate reviews, inspections, and reporting to facilitate improvement. They provide benefits like ensuring compliance and anticipating risks while demonstrating environmental awareness.
Environmental auditing originated in the 1970s in the United States and was introduced to other countries mainly by multinational corporations. It has historically been developed for industrial applications like the chemical and manufacturing industries. Environmental auditing is broadly defined and involves systematically evaluating an organization's environmental performance and compliance with policies. There are different types of environmental audits, including liability audits that assess compliance with legal obligations and management audits that verify environmental strategies meet objectives. Environmental auditing is integrated with environmental management systems and is becoming a standard tool, while pressures to disclose audit results are increasing.
This document outlines the procedure and benefits of environmental audits. It discusses the origins of environmental auditing, types of audits, the audit procedure, advantages, requisites for success, essential elements, limits of privilege, and the final report. Environmental auditing aims to assess efficiency, identify deficiencies, recommend improvements, and verify compliance with environmental standards. It can help organizations manage risks and work towards sustainability.
This document discusses environmental audits. It defines an environmental audit as a systematic, documented, periodic, and objective evaluation of how activities and projects comply with approved environmental management plans and sound environmental practices. The document outlines three phases of an environmental audit: planning, fieldwork, and reporting. It describes collecting data through document reviews, site inspections, interviews, and testing. The objectives are to verify compliance, assess procedures, establish current practices, identify improvements, and produce a report with findings and recommendations.
Environmental auditing involves periodically evaluating an organization's environmental performance, policies, and compliance with regulations. It aims to help protect the environment and minimize health risks. The audit scope includes assessing waste management, emissions, environmental protection systems, energy use, emergencies planning, and occupational health and safety compliance. The audit process consists of planning, on-site evaluation of controls, gathering evidence, recording findings, and evaluating results to determine how well environmental management systems are functioning.
An environmental audit in mining assesses the environmental impact of mining operations by evaluating how well environmental management, policies, and equipment are working to safeguard the environment and comply with regulations. Environmental audits are conducted by mining companies, multinational corporations, governments, and financial institutions for purposes such as risk management, regulatory compliance, public image, and insurance. The scope of an audit may include sites, processes, air and water emissions, wastes, safety, occupational health, and products. Different types of audits exist for environmental management systems, compliance, technical processes, mergers and acquisitions, and more.
Environmental auditing originated in the United States in the 1970s as a way of checking whether a company was complying with a multitude of new environmental laws and regulations. More recently, it is used as an extremely valuable tool for assessing a company's environmental management systems, policy, and equipment. It provides the company with recommendations on how it can improve its environmental management practices, and reduce the environmental impact. Beside, improved environmental practices often save money in the long run.
Environmental auditing assesses a company's environmental performance and impact in order to help inform decision-making. Audits evaluate the nature and extent of environmental harm caused by a company's activities, wastes, or noise. Audits should be independent, objective, credible, transparent, regular and ongoing. Environmental auditing was developed in the 1970s in response to new environmental regulations and has since been used to assess compliance, issues of concern, sites, products, and management systems. Audits identify recommendations to improve practices and reduce environmental impact.
Environmental auditing originated in the 1970s in the US and was initially reactive, focusing on end-of-pipe solutions after environmental damage occurred. It is now a more proactive management tool to evaluate environmental performance, compliance, and management systems. Environmental audits are conducted according to standardized procedures and incorporate reviews, inspections, and reporting to facilitate improvement. They provide benefits like ensuring compliance and anticipating risks while demonstrating environmental awareness.
Environmental auditing originated in the 1970s in the United States and was introduced to other countries mainly by multinational corporations. It has historically been developed for industrial applications like the chemical and manufacturing industries. Environmental auditing is broadly defined and involves systematically evaluating an organization's environmental performance and compliance with policies. There are different types of environmental audits, including liability audits that assess compliance with legal obligations and management audits that verify environmental strategies meet objectives. Environmental auditing is integrated with environmental management systems and is becoming a standard tool, while pressures to disclose audit results are increasing.
This document outlines the procedure and benefits of environmental audits. It discusses the origins of environmental auditing, types of audits, the audit procedure, advantages, requisites for success, essential elements, limits of privilege, and the final report. Environmental auditing aims to assess efficiency, identify deficiencies, recommend improvements, and verify compliance with environmental standards. It can help organizations manage risks and work towards sustainability.
This document discusses environmental audits. It defines an environmental audit as a systematic, documented, periodic, and objective evaluation of how activities and projects comply with approved environmental management plans and sound environmental practices. The document outlines three phases of an environmental audit: planning, fieldwork, and reporting. It describes collecting data through document reviews, site inspections, interviews, and testing. The objectives are to verify compliance, assess procedures, establish current practices, identify improvements, and produce a report with findings and recommendations.
Environmental auditing involves periodically evaluating an organization's environmental performance, policies, and compliance with regulations. It aims to help protect the environment and minimize health risks. The audit scope includes assessing waste management, emissions, environmental protection systems, energy use, emergencies planning, and occupational health and safety compliance. The audit process consists of planning, on-site evaluation of controls, gathering evidence, recording findings, and evaluating results to determine how well environmental management systems are functioning.
An environmental audit in mining assesses the environmental impact of mining operations by evaluating how well environmental management, policies, and equipment are working to safeguard the environment and comply with regulations. Environmental audits are conducted by mining companies, multinational corporations, governments, and financial institutions for purposes such as risk management, regulatory compliance, public image, and insurance. The scope of an audit may include sites, processes, air and water emissions, wastes, safety, occupational health, and products. Different types of audits exist for environmental management systems, compliance, technical processes, mergers and acquisitions, and more.
Environmental auditing originated in the United States in the 1970s as a way of checking whether a company was complying with a multitude of new environmental laws and regulations. More recently, it is used as an extremely valuable tool for assessing a company's environmental management systems, policy, and equipment. It provides the company with recommendations on how it can improve its environmental management practices, and reduce the environmental impact. Beside, improved environmental practices often save money in the long run.
An environmental audit examines the interactions between a business and its surroundings to check compliance with environmental regulations. It has objectives like waste prevention and assessing regulatory compliance. The audit process involves pre-audit planning, on-site evaluation of controls and evidence, and post-audit activities like producing a report and implementing an action plan. Benefits include facilitating comparisons, increasing employee awareness, identifying cost savings, and assisting relations with authorities.
This document provides an overview of environmental audits, including what they are, their objectives and benefits, types of environmental audits, and the audit process. An environmental audit is a systematic, documented evaluation of an organization's environmental management system and performance to help ensure compliance and improve environmental impact. The main types of audits covered are compliance, performance, and financial audits. The audit process involves planning, an on-site assessment, reporting findings and recommendations, and following up on corrective actions.
Nowadays by seeing the present scenario AIR is the essential element to live & Air Quality Index is a tool to distinguish the benefit of air quality. There are different methods to identify AQI, based on many impurities viz. PM2.5, PM10,CO were used to compare ambient air quality. By calculating AQI we define the quality level of air to be good, moderate, and hazardous as AQI is calculated by using the reference of "The United States Environmental Protection Agency" We are using thingspeak server to fetch the data into the cloud, so anyone can access the data in their respective location. We are not only focusing on stationary measurement but also on the real time value measurement of AQI. Which helps common people to access the Air Quality Index throughout the city and help them decide to stay in a cleaner air environment? Thus the foremost idea of AQI is to inform people about their air quality so they can step to defend their health.
2015-07-22 Why is an Environmental Audit ImportantEd Callahan
This document discusses the importance and process of conducting an environmental audit. It begins by outlining the key reasons to perform an audit, which include determining compliance status, avoiding violations and fines, implementing preventative maintenance, and ensuring good business practices. It then describes when an audit should be conducted, such as after changes in operations, personnel, or regulations. The document outlines the process of an audit, including preparation, an on-site inspection, and reviewing records and documentation. It provides a detailed list of areas that should be examined, including air emissions, wastewater, waste, chemical reporting, and other compliance issues. It concludes by noting that after an audit, findings should be prioritized and deficiencies addressed through corrective actions and
The document discusses the history and development of social and environmental assurance engagements. It notes that such engagements arose in the 1980s due to increasing pressure on companies to report on their social and environmental impacts. Various standards and regulations were introduced over subsequent decades in the UK and US. The role of auditors in providing assurance on social and environmental reporting is expected to continue increasing given the emphasis on issues like carbon emissions and environmental damage caused by businesses.
- A soft drink manufacturing company in Kerala, India began dumping foul-smelling waste slurry onto nearby land in 2002, contaminating the local water supply and affecting over 1,000 families in surrounding villages within a 5 km radius.
- The local tribal communities have been peacefully protesting to demand that the factory be closed, as it produces over 39 lakh ml of beverages daily.
- While the slurry was initially sold as fertilizer, buyers stopped purchasing it once they realized it was contaminated, so the company began dumping it illegally.
Environmental auditing provides information on a company's environmental performance by assessing the harm caused by its activities, wastes, and noise. Audits must be independent, objective, credible, and transparent. Auditing helps reduce environmental problems, improves a company's image and practices, and increases awareness and efficient resource use. The auditing process involves planning, choosing a team, inspecting sites, analyzing results, and evaluating. Environmental ethics ask humans to respect and protect nature, and get along with it through established rules. Major environmental issues include depletion of resources, population growth, pollution, and global warming. Solutions include creating awareness, changing activities, optimizing consumption, managing waste, planting, and environmental education.
The document discusses reasons for conducting environmental audits and provides guidance on establishing an effective environmental audit program. Key points include improving compliance, minimizing liabilities, and ensuring regulatory relations. It also outlines elements of an effective program such as top management support, independent auditors, training, and reporting procedures. The document provides advice on legal issues, audit planning, conducting on-site audits, and developing audit reports.
This document discusses life cycle assessment (LCA), a tool used to evaluate the environmental impacts of products and processes across their entire life cycles. It describes how LCA involves compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and environmental releases, then evaluating the potential human and ecological effects. The document provides background on the origins and development of LCA, outlines the typical phases of an LCA process, and discusses some limitations and challenges and how LCA can inform decision making.
Selection of optimal air pollution control strategieseSAT Journals
The document presents a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) model for selecting optimal air pollution control strategies. The model aims to minimize total costs, including installation, operating, and health costs of pollution control equipment, while meeting emission reduction targets. It considers multiple pollutants from multiple emission sources and multiple control technologies. Case studies applying the model to a cement plant and power plant are used to demonstrate its effectiveness in identifying lowest-cost compliance options.
ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING IN EUROPE, Green Certificates and Industry eAmbiente
The Center for Thematic Environmental Networks (TEN) is a Center for education and research in the fields of environment and sustainable development.
TEN Center promotes the exchange of knowledge and information on the environmental field and offers tools and supplementary approaches in order to solve environmental issues with specific reference to sustainable development.
TEN Center:
promotes education and advanced training programs on sustainable development and environmental management;
develops research activities on the main areas of environmental protection, with specific focus on developing countries;
hosts initiatives which provide a meeting platform for the competent authorities, researchers and those who are involved in environmental and sustainable development issues.
Since 2003, TEN manages and coordinates advanced training programs devised for director generals and managers of public administrations, researchers and private sector experts from the People’s Republic of China and Eastern European countries. The aim is to augment and improve the capabilities of policy-makers and to facilitate knowledge transfer in order to promote sustainable environmental, social and economic policies.
This document is a graduate report on environmental audits submitted for a course at the Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology in Surat, India. It discusses the introduction, objectives, and existing scenario of environmental auditing in India. Environmental auditing aims to ensure natural resources are properly used and impacts of industrial activities on the environment are controlled. Though made mandatory in India in 1992, environmental auditing has faced challenges due to lack of specialized auditors and infrastructure to support its implementation.
EIAM unit 6(EIA notification by Ministry of Environment and Forest (Govt. of ...GantaKalyan1
EIA notification by Ministry of Environment and Forest (Govt. of India): Provisions in the EIA
notification- procedure for environmental clearance- procedure for conducting environmental impact
assessment report- evaluation of EIA report- Environmental legislation -objectives- evaluation of
Audit data and preparation of Audit report- Post Audit activities- Concept of ISO and ISO 14000-
Case studies and preparation of Environmental Impact assessment statements for various Industries.
This document discusses environmental auditing, its objectives and benefits. It begins by defining environmental auditing as a management tool that inspects environmental management activities of industries to make them aware of cleaner technologies. The objectives of environmental auditing include enhancing environmental performance, optimizing resource use, evaluating waste characteristics, and ensuring regulatory compliance. Key activities of an environmental audit involve pre-audit planning, on-site assessment of records, interviews and inspections, and post-audit reporting. Benefits include improving pollution control, verifying legal compliance, and enhancing loss prevention. The document concludes that environmental auditing can help apply best practices to preserve the environment from industrial impacts.
2nd Module
Self-learning e Course on Green Productivity and Environment Management System (ISO 14001) By, Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, Japan
Environmental Auditing and Inspection SurvivalJennifer Cave
The document summarizes information about auditing and inspections presented at the 10th Annual Kentucky Environmental Conference. It discusses Kentucky's Environmental Audit Privilege Statute, which creates a limited privilege for information discovered during voluntary internal environmental audits. It also discusses the U.S. EPA's Audit Policy, which offers reduced penalties for companies that self-police, disclose, and correct violations. The document provides guidance on best practices for handling inspections.
This document discusses tracking climate-related expenditures in the EU budget. It outlines different approaches used, including applying climate markers at the project, program, or sub-program level. It also notes challenges like inconsistent definitions, lack of separate tracking for adaptation and mitigation, and reliance only on ex ante estimates. The document analyzes methodologies used in specific programs and funds, and discusses issues like varying levels of detail, consistency across approaches, and potential behavioral impacts of different tracking systems. It concludes by noting risks of both over-estimating and under-estimating climate contributions from the budget.
The document discusses trends in Singapore's air quality from 1993 to 2011, noting that air quality has improved significantly over that period. It also compares Singapore's air quality to other Asian and European/US cities. Additionally, it outlines Singapore's targets for reducing various air pollutants by 2020 and long term, and provides roadmaps for achieving the targets through measures related to vehicles and industries. Finally, it mentions enhancements to air quality reporting such as continuing to report the Pollutant Standards Index while also reporting daily PM2.5 levels.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshows.
This document provides an introduction to air pollution. It discusses how air pollution occurs when air contains harmful substances from natural and human sources, like vehicle and industrial emissions. It also describes some key air pollutants like particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides that are the focus of the document. Studies have found air pollution levels exceeding WHO standards in many Indian and other Asian cities due to factors like rapid urbanization and industrialization.
Air Pollution Monitoring in India using Aeroqual Compact Air Quality Monitori...Carl Beck
Learn how a compact air quality monitoring system is being used to monitor ambient air pollution in India. The sensor-based air monitoring station delivers Near Reference air quality data at a third of the cost of traditional reference monitoring stations.
An environmental audit examines the interactions between a business and its surroundings to check compliance with environmental regulations. It has objectives like waste prevention and assessing regulatory compliance. The audit process involves pre-audit planning, on-site evaluation of controls and evidence, and post-audit activities like producing a report and implementing an action plan. Benefits include facilitating comparisons, increasing employee awareness, identifying cost savings, and assisting relations with authorities.
This document provides an overview of environmental audits, including what they are, their objectives and benefits, types of environmental audits, and the audit process. An environmental audit is a systematic, documented evaluation of an organization's environmental management system and performance to help ensure compliance and improve environmental impact. The main types of audits covered are compliance, performance, and financial audits. The audit process involves planning, an on-site assessment, reporting findings and recommendations, and following up on corrective actions.
Nowadays by seeing the present scenario AIR is the essential element to live & Air Quality Index is a tool to distinguish the benefit of air quality. There are different methods to identify AQI, based on many impurities viz. PM2.5, PM10,CO were used to compare ambient air quality. By calculating AQI we define the quality level of air to be good, moderate, and hazardous as AQI is calculated by using the reference of "The United States Environmental Protection Agency" We are using thingspeak server to fetch the data into the cloud, so anyone can access the data in their respective location. We are not only focusing on stationary measurement but also on the real time value measurement of AQI. Which helps common people to access the Air Quality Index throughout the city and help them decide to stay in a cleaner air environment? Thus the foremost idea of AQI is to inform people about their air quality so they can step to defend their health.
2015-07-22 Why is an Environmental Audit ImportantEd Callahan
This document discusses the importance and process of conducting an environmental audit. It begins by outlining the key reasons to perform an audit, which include determining compliance status, avoiding violations and fines, implementing preventative maintenance, and ensuring good business practices. It then describes when an audit should be conducted, such as after changes in operations, personnel, or regulations. The document outlines the process of an audit, including preparation, an on-site inspection, and reviewing records and documentation. It provides a detailed list of areas that should be examined, including air emissions, wastewater, waste, chemical reporting, and other compliance issues. It concludes by noting that after an audit, findings should be prioritized and deficiencies addressed through corrective actions and
The document discusses the history and development of social and environmental assurance engagements. It notes that such engagements arose in the 1980s due to increasing pressure on companies to report on their social and environmental impacts. Various standards and regulations were introduced over subsequent decades in the UK and US. The role of auditors in providing assurance on social and environmental reporting is expected to continue increasing given the emphasis on issues like carbon emissions and environmental damage caused by businesses.
- A soft drink manufacturing company in Kerala, India began dumping foul-smelling waste slurry onto nearby land in 2002, contaminating the local water supply and affecting over 1,000 families in surrounding villages within a 5 km radius.
- The local tribal communities have been peacefully protesting to demand that the factory be closed, as it produces over 39 lakh ml of beverages daily.
- While the slurry was initially sold as fertilizer, buyers stopped purchasing it once they realized it was contaminated, so the company began dumping it illegally.
Environmental auditing provides information on a company's environmental performance by assessing the harm caused by its activities, wastes, and noise. Audits must be independent, objective, credible, and transparent. Auditing helps reduce environmental problems, improves a company's image and practices, and increases awareness and efficient resource use. The auditing process involves planning, choosing a team, inspecting sites, analyzing results, and evaluating. Environmental ethics ask humans to respect and protect nature, and get along with it through established rules. Major environmental issues include depletion of resources, population growth, pollution, and global warming. Solutions include creating awareness, changing activities, optimizing consumption, managing waste, planting, and environmental education.
The document discusses reasons for conducting environmental audits and provides guidance on establishing an effective environmental audit program. Key points include improving compliance, minimizing liabilities, and ensuring regulatory relations. It also outlines elements of an effective program such as top management support, independent auditors, training, and reporting procedures. The document provides advice on legal issues, audit planning, conducting on-site audits, and developing audit reports.
This document discusses life cycle assessment (LCA), a tool used to evaluate the environmental impacts of products and processes across their entire life cycles. It describes how LCA involves compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and environmental releases, then evaluating the potential human and ecological effects. The document provides background on the origins and development of LCA, outlines the typical phases of an LCA process, and discusses some limitations and challenges and how LCA can inform decision making.
Selection of optimal air pollution control strategieseSAT Journals
The document presents a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) model for selecting optimal air pollution control strategies. The model aims to minimize total costs, including installation, operating, and health costs of pollution control equipment, while meeting emission reduction targets. It considers multiple pollutants from multiple emission sources and multiple control technologies. Case studies applying the model to a cement plant and power plant are used to demonstrate its effectiveness in identifying lowest-cost compliance options.
ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING IN EUROPE, Green Certificates and Industry eAmbiente
The Center for Thematic Environmental Networks (TEN) is a Center for education and research in the fields of environment and sustainable development.
TEN Center promotes the exchange of knowledge and information on the environmental field and offers tools and supplementary approaches in order to solve environmental issues with specific reference to sustainable development.
TEN Center:
promotes education and advanced training programs on sustainable development and environmental management;
develops research activities on the main areas of environmental protection, with specific focus on developing countries;
hosts initiatives which provide a meeting platform for the competent authorities, researchers and those who are involved in environmental and sustainable development issues.
Since 2003, TEN manages and coordinates advanced training programs devised for director generals and managers of public administrations, researchers and private sector experts from the People’s Republic of China and Eastern European countries. The aim is to augment and improve the capabilities of policy-makers and to facilitate knowledge transfer in order to promote sustainable environmental, social and economic policies.
This document is a graduate report on environmental audits submitted for a course at the Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology in Surat, India. It discusses the introduction, objectives, and existing scenario of environmental auditing in India. Environmental auditing aims to ensure natural resources are properly used and impacts of industrial activities on the environment are controlled. Though made mandatory in India in 1992, environmental auditing has faced challenges due to lack of specialized auditors and infrastructure to support its implementation.
EIAM unit 6(EIA notification by Ministry of Environment and Forest (Govt. of ...GantaKalyan1
EIA notification by Ministry of Environment and Forest (Govt. of India): Provisions in the EIA
notification- procedure for environmental clearance- procedure for conducting environmental impact
assessment report- evaluation of EIA report- Environmental legislation -objectives- evaluation of
Audit data and preparation of Audit report- Post Audit activities- Concept of ISO and ISO 14000-
Case studies and preparation of Environmental Impact assessment statements for various Industries.
This document discusses environmental auditing, its objectives and benefits. It begins by defining environmental auditing as a management tool that inspects environmental management activities of industries to make them aware of cleaner technologies. The objectives of environmental auditing include enhancing environmental performance, optimizing resource use, evaluating waste characteristics, and ensuring regulatory compliance. Key activities of an environmental audit involve pre-audit planning, on-site assessment of records, interviews and inspections, and post-audit reporting. Benefits include improving pollution control, verifying legal compliance, and enhancing loss prevention. The document concludes that environmental auditing can help apply best practices to preserve the environment from industrial impacts.
2nd Module
Self-learning e Course on Green Productivity and Environment Management System (ISO 14001) By, Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, Japan
Environmental Auditing and Inspection SurvivalJennifer Cave
The document summarizes information about auditing and inspections presented at the 10th Annual Kentucky Environmental Conference. It discusses Kentucky's Environmental Audit Privilege Statute, which creates a limited privilege for information discovered during voluntary internal environmental audits. It also discusses the U.S. EPA's Audit Policy, which offers reduced penalties for companies that self-police, disclose, and correct violations. The document provides guidance on best practices for handling inspections.
This document discusses tracking climate-related expenditures in the EU budget. It outlines different approaches used, including applying climate markers at the project, program, or sub-program level. It also notes challenges like inconsistent definitions, lack of separate tracking for adaptation and mitigation, and reliance only on ex ante estimates. The document analyzes methodologies used in specific programs and funds, and discusses issues like varying levels of detail, consistency across approaches, and potential behavioral impacts of different tracking systems. It concludes by noting risks of both over-estimating and under-estimating climate contributions from the budget.
The document discusses trends in Singapore's air quality from 1993 to 2011, noting that air quality has improved significantly over that period. It also compares Singapore's air quality to other Asian and European/US cities. Additionally, it outlines Singapore's targets for reducing various air pollutants by 2020 and long term, and provides roadmaps for achieving the targets through measures related to vehicles and industries. Finally, it mentions enhancements to air quality reporting such as continuing to report the Pollutant Standards Index while also reporting daily PM2.5 levels.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshows.
This document provides an introduction to air pollution. It discusses how air pollution occurs when air contains harmful substances from natural and human sources, like vehicle and industrial emissions. It also describes some key air pollutants like particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides that are the focus of the document. Studies have found air pollution levels exceeding WHO standards in many Indian and other Asian cities due to factors like rapid urbanization and industrialization.
Air Pollution Monitoring in India using Aeroqual Compact Air Quality Monitori...Carl Beck
Learn how a compact air quality monitoring system is being used to monitor ambient air pollution in India. The sensor-based air monitoring station delivers Near Reference air quality data at a third of the cost of traditional reference monitoring stations.
This document is a major project report submitted by Radhika Kapoor in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an MBA in Business Sustainability. The report focuses on analyzing stakeholders in India's air quality management framework. It includes declarations, certificates of completion, acknowledgements of those who provided guidance and support, and a table of contents outlining the various sections of the report.
Vendula Hejlová - Wireless sensor network components for monitoring air pollu...swenney
The document discusses the selection of components for a wireless sensor network to monitor air pollution in an urban environment. It outlines criteria for selecting sensor network nodes, including 8 groups of criteria related to sensors, communication, energy, environmental resistance, technical aspects, expansion options, physical parameters, and price. 25 total criteria are identified and weighted based on their importance. The document then provides an example wireless sensor network implementation in Olomouc, Czech Republic, establishing requirements for monitoring various air pollutants using 15 sensor nodes. Finally, potential sensor node options are analyzed according to the outlined criteria.
Air pollution monitoring system using mobile gprs sensors arraySaurabh Giratkar
This paper contain brief introduction to vehicular pollution, effect of increase in vehicular pollution on environment as well on human health. To monitor this pollution wireless sensor network (WSN) system is proposed. The proposed system consists of a Mobile Data-Acquisition Unit (Mobile-DAQ) and a fixed Internet-Enabled Pollution Monitoring Server (Pollution-Server). The Mobile-DAQ unit integrates a single-chip microcontroller, air pollution sensors array, a General Packet Radio Service Modem (GPRS-Modem), and a Global Positioning System Module (GPS-Module). The Pollution-Server is a high-end personal computer application server with Internet connectivity. The Mobile-DAQ unit gathers air pollutants levels (CO, NO2, and SO2), and packs them in a frame with the GPS physical location, time, and date. The frame is subsequently uploaded to the GPRS-Modem and transmitted to the Pollution-Server via the public mobile network. A database server is attached to the Pollution- Server for storing the pollutants level for further usage by various clients such as environment protection agencies, vehicles registration authorities, and tourist and insurance companies.
The document describes a BeagleBone Black-based air quality monitoring system using IoT. It defines air pollution and lists common sources. It includes block diagrams of the system components including BeagleBone Black, MQ3 and MQ7 sensors for measuring air quality, and signal conditioners. It also provides details on interfacing the sensors with BeagleBone Black, software used including Debian OS, Python coding, and creating a web user interface using Plotly for displaying air quality data.
Air pollution monitoring system using mobile gprs sensors array pptSaurabh Giratkar
ppt This paper contain brief introduction to vehicular pollution, effect of increase in vehicular pollution on environment as well on human health. To monitor this pollution wireless sensor network (WSN) system is proposed. The proposed system consists of a Mobile Data-Acquisition Unit (Mobile-DAQ) and a fixed Internet-Enabled Pollution Monitoring Server (Pollution-Server). The Mobile-DAQ unit integrates a single-chip microcontroller, air pollution sensors array, a General Packet Radio Service Modem (GPRS-Modem), and a Global Positioning System Module (GPS-Module). The Pollution-Server is a high-end personal computer application server with Internet connectivity. The Mobile-DAQ unit gathers air pollutants levels (CO, NO2, and SO2), and packs them in a frame with the GPS physical location, time, and date. The frame is subsequently uploaded to the GPRS-Modem and transmitted to the Pollution-Server via the public mobile network. A database server is attached to the Pollution- Server for storing the pollutants level for further usage by various clients such as environment protection agencies, vehicles registration authorities, and tourist and insurance companies.
This document outlines an air quality monitoring system project. It includes:
- 5 different sensors to detect pollutants like CO, O3, smoke, H2S, and NO2.
- An Arduino controller to collect sensor data and transmit it via GSM to a PC.
- Flow charts showing the transmission and reception processes.
- Descriptions of how each sensor works and detects specific pollutants.
- A GANTT chart with task schedules and assignments to the 3 group members.
- Challenges faced in collecting calibration data and receiving ordered sensors.
This document presents an overview of air pollution monitoring using remote sensing and GIS technologies. It discusses how satellite remote sensing can provide synoptic views of large areas and monitor multiple pollutants simultaneously. It also describes some common air pollutants and sources. Two case studies are then presented on using these methods to map ambient air pollution zones and monitor air quality in specific regions.
Measurement of ambient air pollutants, sampling and analysisAbhishek Tiwari
The document summarizes air pollution monitoring training conducted at the Analytical and Environmental Engineering Laboratory in Ranchi, India. Over the course of 5 days, participants learned air sampling techniques and how to use equipment like a respirable dust sampler to measure concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 in ambient air. Samples collected during fieldwork were then analyzed, and concentrations of pollutants were found to be within regulatory limits set by India's Central Pollution Control Board.
This presentation describes the design of an air quality monitoring system. The system uses sensors to detect the levels of air pollutants like carbon monoxide and air quality. It displays the sensor readings and pollutant percentages on an LCD screen. The system aims to continuously monitor indoor and outdoor air quality levels to provide data on air pollution levels. Future improvements could include adding more sensors, uploading real-time data online with location details, and storing readings on an SD card.
seminar on environmental issues, air pollution and controlsRahul Dubey
Today, large population pressure is exerting tremendous pressure on our natural resources. Pollution has led to an increase in the average temperature of our planet and threatens existence of life on earth.
Air Quality Sampling and Monitoring: Stack sampling, instrumentation and methods of analysis of SO2, CO etc, legislation for control of air pollution and automobile
pollution
Air pollution: its causes,effects and pollutantsMaliha Eesha
This presentation gives the complete detail of air, air pollution, air pollutants and their types, each pollutant in detail and its causes and effects, acid rain, methods of prevention,smog,acidification,indoor pollution and so on. It is a complete package and I hope it'll be helpful in school! :)
This document discusses criteria for setting ambient air quality standards. It outlines several factors that influence decision making for standards, including acceptable health risks, control costs, and scientific judgment. Standards are designed to protect public health from air pollution effects and may establish maximum concentrations. Primary standards protect health, while secondary standards protect welfare. Factors like meteorology, geography, exposure levels, health risks, economics and policies must be considered when setting standards.
Outdoor air quality and health: Evidence to action - Karen ExleyIES / IAQM
The document discusses work by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and Public Health England (PHE) on outdoor air quality and health. It outlines NICE's role in developing guidelines and quality standards on outdoor air pollution. It summarizes NICE's 2017 guideline on reducing health impacts of road traffic air pollution and its 2019 quality standard containing priority statements. It then discusses PHE's review of interventions to improve air quality and public health, identifying promising options like planning green infrastructure, subsidizing public transit, and behavioral programs. The document recommends a holistic approach targeting multiple pollutants and domains through evaluated interventions to maximize health benefits.
Environmental auditing originated in the 1970s in the US and was later adopted in the UK and other countries. It has become more proactive as organizations recognize potential benefits like market advantages, efficiency gains, and financial savings. Environmental auditing involves systematically collecting and analyzing information to assess performance against requirements, evaluate compliance with laws and policies, and measure performance against management system standards. It is an important tool that helps companies and public organizations improve their environmental management and performance over time.
This document discusses environmental management and environmental management systems. It defines environmental management as managing an organization's activities that impact the environment. An environmental management system is the organizational structure and processes used to implement environmental management. The main goals of an EMS include complying with regulations, improving environmental performance, and reducing costs. An EMS follows a continual cycle of planning, implementing, reviewing and improving environmental actions. It also discusses risk management, environmental impacts, standards like ISO 14001 and EMAS, environmental impact assessments, and their significance.
meeting the needs but protecting the environment, Environmental education and training, Environmental degradation and pollution, Resource management, Environmental impact assessment, Environmental Management System, Elements of an EMS, ISO 14001 standard
Environmental auditing identifies compliance issues and management gaps, while environmental impact assessment (EIA) identifies impacts of proposed actions.
EIA occurs during project planning to inform decisions, while auditing verifies compliance and performance. Both tools aim to improve environmental protection and sustainability. EIA assesses potential impacts and identifies mitigation measures, while auditing safeguards the environment, ensures compliance, and indicates issues needing attention.
Dr t e_lim_environmental_management_system_for_a_printing_company_standards_c...zubeditufail
This document outlines steps for a printing company to implement an environmental management system based on ISO 14001. It identifies the company's key processes and their environmental aspects and impacts. An environmental management program is established to minimize pollutants from packaging, cleaning, printing and transportation. The company establishes an environmental policy and conducts management reviews to ensure the system's effectiveness. Implementing an ISO 14001 environmental management system can help the company save costs and enhance its reputation while protecting the environment.
Environmental monitoring refers to the tools and techniques designed to observe an environment, characterize its quality, and establish environmental parameters, for the purpose of accurately quantifying the impact an activity has on an environment. Results are gathered, analyzed statistically, and then published in a risk assessment and environmental monitoring and impact assessment repor
The International Journal of Engineering and Sciencetheijes
1. The document discusses environmental impact assessment and management strategies in India. It focuses on evaluating different types of alternatives that can be considered in environmental impact assessments, such as goal, process, abatement, and location alternatives.
2. Key areas discussed include frameworks for environmental impact assessment, monitoring and auditing, which are identified as weaknesses in the impact assessment process. Effectiveness of impact assessment is linked to monitoring and auditing.
3. Decision-making structures and goals/mandates of institutions are highlighted as important for ensuring effective follow up and indigenous participation in environmental management.
Mitigation of development air quality impacts – The IAQM's position - Fiona P...IES / IAQM
The document discusses the IAQM's position statement on mitigating air quality impacts from development. It provides context on what position statements are and how they are developed by the IAQM. It then details the IAQM's position that appropriate mitigation for a development's operational air quality impacts should follow a hierarchy of prevention/avoidance, reduction/minimization, and offsetting as a last resort. The position statement provides an example of applying this hierarchy to the redevelopment of an existing business park in London.
The document provides information on environmental impact assessment (EIA). It defines EIA as a process used to identify, predict, evaluate, and mitigate the biophysical, social, and other effects of development proposals. It discusses EIA as a regulatory tool to integrate environmental concerns into economic development. It also outlines the objectives, scope, classification, and principles of EIA according to Indian regulations. The document describes the different types and levels of impacts that can be assessed through EIA, including direct, indirect, cumulative, and induced impacts. It provides criteria for determining the significance of identified impacts.
Environmental Auditing (or Audit) is a management tool used by an industry to evaluate its environmental performance.
A management tool comprising systematic, documented, periodic and objective evaluation of how well environmental organization, management, and equipment are performing with the aim of helping to safeguard the environment by facilitating management control of practices and assessing compliance with company policies, which would include regulatory requirements and standards applicable.
An environmental audit is essentially an environmental management tool for measuring the effects of certain activities on the environment against set criteria or standards. Depending on the types of standards and the focus of the audit, there are different types of environmental audit. Organizations of all kinds now recognize the importance of environmental matters and accept that their environmental performance will be scrutinized by a wide range of interested parties.
OBJECTIVES:
Improve risk management systems
Optimizing environmental resources
To review the implementation of policies.
To identify liabilities.
To review management systems.
To identify needs, strengths, and weaknesses.
To assess environmental performance.
To promote environmental awareness.
To improve production safety and health
To reduce waste,
To assess compliance with a regulatory requirement
Benefits of Environmental Audit:
Financial Benefits
5
• Helps avoid fines by regulatory agencies
• Identifies issues of non-compliance sooner versus later allowing for proactive financial planning Lowers corrective action costs
• Waste minimization opportunities realized, leading to reduced operating costs
Compliance Benefits
• Reduced agency enforcement actions and penalties
• Increased employee awareness of environmental standards and responsibilities
Stakeholder Relations Benefits
• Improved employee relations and increased morale
• Improved community image of the Company’s Goodwill
• Firms with sound environmental stewardship programs are desirable to investors
General Benefit:
• Maintenance of sustainable level of development.
Types of Environmental Audit
1) Environmental Compliance Audit
2) Environmental Performance Audit
3) Environmental Financial Audit
Environmental Compliance Audit
Objective – To provide assurance to organizational activities are conducted in accordance with environmental laws, standards, guidelines, and policies.
Criteria – National law, International Agreements, Applicable Standards, Industry Guidelines or Corporate Policy.
Benefits:
➢ Helps in ensuring compliance with laws.
➢ Reduces risk / costs with non-compliance.
➢ Gap between promises and results.
➢ Pollution & Waste reducing, conserving resources.
➢ Helps in improving Environmental Performance.
Environmental Performance Audit
6
Objective – To assess whether an organization meets its environmental objectives, is effective in producing environmental results with efficiency and economy.
Criteria – Indicator
What is an Environmental Clearance Certificate and How to Obtain It.pdfPranshuSharma18498
The document discusses environmental clearance certificates (ECC), which authorize projects that may impact the environment. It provides the following key points:
1. ECCs are granted after an environmental impact assessment (EIA) evaluates factors like air/water quality, biodiversity, land use, and social impacts. The EIA identifies impacts and mitigation measures.
2. ECCs ensure projects adhere to ecological, social, and ethical standards, and protect ecosystems and biodiversity.
3. Obtaining an ECC requires preparing an EIA report, applying for clearance, public consultation, and regulatory review and evaluation. Clearance considers potential impacts and proposed mitigation measures.
IRJET - Air Quality Index – A Study to Assess the Air QualityIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on assessing air quality in Delhi, India using the Air Quality Index (AQI). It provides background on air pollution and the importance of measuring AQI. The study calculates daily AQI values over three years for Delhi based on concentrations of pollutants like NO2, SO2, SPM and RSPM. The results show AQI values were regularly unhealthy around 200. SPM and RSPM correlated most strongly with AQI, suggesting they are major contributors to air pollution. Stricter measures are needed to address rising levels of particulate matter and improve air quality.
Impact prediction, evaluation and mitigation in eiaMizanur R. Shohel
The document defines environmental impact assessment (EIA) and outlines its key aspects:
1. EIA is defined as a formal process for identifying the likely effects of projects on the environment, human health, and welfare, as well as means to mitigate and monitor impacts.
2. The objectives of impact prediction in EIA are to identify the magnitude, probability, spatial and temporal scale of impacts from a project in comparison to the situation without the project.
3. Impact evaluation aims to assign significance to predicted impacts through scientific and professional judgment, measures of ecological disturbance, and consideration of standards and mitigation options. Analytical methods like cost-benefit analysis and multi-criteria scoring are used.
A Complete Guide to Understanding Air Quality Monitoring.pptxArabcalUAE
This PowerPoint presentation simplifies the topic of air quality monitoring, offering clear insights into its significance and benefits. Tailored for a wide audience, it provides practical information for individuals and organizations to understand and address air pollution challenges.
Understanding Air Quality Monitoring A Comprehensive Guide.pdfArabcalUAE
This PDF explores air quality monitors and their role in safeguarding our health. It covers what they are, different types, their benefits, and choosing the right one for you. Learn how to breathe easier!
This document discusses environmental monitoring. It defines environmental monitoring as collecting chemical, physical, biological, and other environmental data required by managers. It notes that monitoring involves systematically sampling air, water, soil, and biota. The document outlines the types of monitoring including baseline, effect, and compliance monitoring. It describes the purposes of environmental monitoring such as documenting impacts, controlling impacts, and evaluating mitigation measures. The document also discusses the value of biological and ecological monitoring and provides a case study example of monitoring through the 4W1H method. Finally, it lists some benefits of environmental monitoring such as planning activities to avoid threatened species and establishing sustainable population use.
Tools for sustainable cleaner production Group 7.ppt2k17che26
The document discusses tools and strategies for sustainable cleaner production. It outlines concepts of sustainability including economic, environmental and social aspects. It then discusses various analytical, procedural and communication tools that can be used for sustainable cleaner production, including life cycle assessment, environmental management systems, eco-labeling, and multi-stakeholder dialogue. Finally, it discusses policies and instruments that can encourage sustainable cleaner production, such as integrated product policy and sustainable procurement.
5th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2014 Integrative Risk Management - The role of science, technology & practice 24-28 August 2014 in Davos, Switzerland
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
3. Designing and implementing methods andDesigning and implementing methods and
technologies for tracking changes in pollutanttechnologies for tracking changes in pollutant
emissions, pollutant concentrations, and humanemissions, pollutant concentrations, and human
health and welfare outcomes to document andhealth and welfare outcomes to document and
ultimately improve the effectiveness of airultimately improve the effectiveness of air
pollution mitigation activities. As indicated inpollution mitigation activities. As indicated in
Figure 1-3, the aforementioned contributions ofFigure 1-3, the aforementioned contributions of
science and technology are made throughscience and technology are made through
monitoring, analysis, research, and developmentmonitoring, analysis, research, and development.
What is AQM, Why is NeededWhat is AQM, Why is Needed
4. What is air quality management?
Air quality management (AQM) refers to all the activities a regulatory
authority undertakes to make sure that the air we breathe is safe, both
outdoors and indoors.
The AQM process is the system of understanding the sources that
contribute to pollution in the air and the health and environmental effects
of the pollutants, and then taking steps to reduce or control the sources to
reach or maintain agreed upon target pollution levels in the air.
These levels may vary from country to country, but the overall system for
planning, assessing, characterizing, mitigating, and implementing control
strategies is similar.
While AQM is generally handled at the national government level, regional
and local governments, industry, and the public all have important roles to
play in this system.
Each air quality management activity is related to the others. It is also
important to recognize that the entire AQM process is dynamic - there is a
continuous review and assessment of standards and strategies based on
their effectiveness and new research on health and environmental effects.
6. Integrated Air Quality ManagementIntegrated Air Quality Management
SystemSystem
• Institutional mechanism: Local, regional, national,
global
• Assessment of air quality
Monitoring
Emission inventory
Source apportionment
Air pollution Exposure and damage
• Evaluation of control strategies.
• Development of AQM integrated strategy
action plan
• Strong implementation
7.
8. • Mitigate potentially harmful ambient concentrations of six
“criteria” pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide,
sulfur dioxide, ozone , particulate matter (PM), and lead.
• Limit sources of exposure to hazardous air pollutants - HAPs.
• Protect and improve visibility in wilderness areas and national
parks.
• Reduce emissions of substances that cause acid deposition,
specifically sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
• Curb use of chemicals that have the potential to deplete the
stratospheric ozone layer.
Goals of the Clean Air Act
9. Criteria PollutantsCriteria Pollutants
U.S. EPA uses six "criteria pollutants" as indicators of air quality, and has established
for each of them a National Ambient Air Quality Standards:
• Particulate matter
• Ground-level ozone
• Nitrogen dioxide
• Carbon monoxide
• Sulfur dioxide
• Lead
When an area does not meet the air quality standard for one of the criteria pollutants, it
may be defined as non-attainment (especially for ozone, carbon monoxide, and some
particulate matter).
Non-attainment classifications may be used to specify what air pollution reduction
measures an area must adopt, and when the area must reach attainment.
10. A control strategy is a set of discrete and specific
measures identified and implemented to achieve
reductions in air pollution. These measures may
vary by source type, such as stationary or
mobile, as well as by the pollutant that is being
targeted. The purpose of these measures is to
achieve the air quality standard or goal. Costs
and benefits are assessed in the development of
the control strategy.
Control StrategiesControl Strategies
11. Control strategy development - How to determine the best approach to provide the
emission reductions necessary to achieve the air quality goal.
Three primary considerations in designing an effective control strategy are:
(1) EEnvironmental:nvironmental: factors such as equipment locations, ambient air quality
conditions, adequate utilities (i.e., water for scrubbers), legal requirements, noise
levels, and the contribution of the control system as a pollutant;
(2) EEngineering:ngineering: factors such as contaminant characteristics
(abrasiveness, toxicity, etc.), gas stream characteristics, and performance
characteristics of the control system; and
(3) EEconomic:conomic: factors such as capital cost, operating costs, equipment
maintenance, and the lifetime of the equipment.
Pollution prevention should also be considered (eliminating pollution emissions at
the source, substituting toxic raw materials, alternative processes, …)
E E EE E E
18. Controls should cover stationary, mobile, and area sources.
Utilize reasonably available control technology. Provide Examples.
For mobile sources, examples include tighter emission controls for vehicles and low-sulfur
fuel standards.
For major stationary sources apply permits for emission limits (new vs existing(.
The basic types of emission control technology are mechanical collectors, wet scrubbers,
bag houses, electrostatic precipitators, combustion systems (thermal oxidizers(,
condensers, absorbers, adsorbers, and biological degradation.
Selection should be based environmental, engineering, and economic considerations.
First steps in air quality management process - focus on obvious sources of air pollution
and the quickest means of control. More sophisticated innovative and comprehensive
strategies (emissions trading, banking, and emissions caps( can be incorporated as a
further refinement as the strategy continues. Local and regional control measures and are
both necessary for a successful strategy.
Successful control strategies are usually adopted into a regulatory program with
implementation deadlines and mechanisms for enforcement.
The goal for all control strategies is to achieve real and measurable emission reductions.
Principles of Control StrategiesPrinciples of Control Strategies
19. •Sources of emission, represented in various emission inventories for industrial,
commercial, or domestic sources and the transportation system, as well as land- use
related sources (biogenic emissions of VOCs, particulate matter from soils and
street surfaces(.
•Monitoring system observing ambient air quality and historical trends with
emphasis on the peak values that may exceed regulatory standards.
•Dispersion and transformation processes, driven by emissions, meteorology, and
local topography, that translate emissions into the ambient concentrations,
represented by air quality simulation models.
•Impact assessment, which translates the ambient concentrations into costs in a
general sense (e.g., in terms of public health and environmental damage.(
•Control strategies which basically attempt to limit emissions, relocate them, or
mitigate impacts where that is possible, with fuel quality constraints, end of pipe
technologies, or temporary traffic restrictions being of the more noticeable
instruments (Fedra and Haurie, 1999(.
•Communication tasks including various levels of regular reports, event driven
warnings such as smog alarms, as well as the continuous information of the public
on ambient air quality.
20. .
(1( Determine priority pollutants - based on health effects and the severity of
the air quality problem.
(2( Identify control measures. For specific source categories, choose the
appropriate controls (Information source: U.S. EPA's Clean Air Technology
Center.
(3( Incorporate the control measures into a plan - written plan with
implementation dates to formalize the strategy. It is important to adopt a
regulatory program and include it in the plan so that control measures will
be enforceable.
(4( Involve the public. As with the other management activities related to the
AQM process, it is critical to contact the regulated community and other
affected parties, as the public should be consulted as part of the strategy
development process. This early consultation reduces later challenges and
streamlines implementation.
There Are Four Main Steps InThere Are Four Main Steps In
Developing A Control StrategyDeveloping A Control Strategy
21. Air quality modeling is the necessary substitute/supplement for air quality monitoring.
Models can be used to predict the impacts from a potential emitter. Models can be
applied for the simulation of ambient pollution concentrations under different policy
options. Finally, models can be used to determine the relative contributions from
different sources as a tool for tracking trends, monitoring compliance, and making
policy decisions.
Modeling for air quality management purposes typically falls into two broad categories:
dispersion modeling and receptor-based modeling (
How do I do air quality modeling?
The choice of model depends on a combination of the available data and the needs of the
researcher (see U.S. EPA's detailed recommendations(.
Air Quality modeling is the mathematical prediction of ambient concentrations
of air pollution, based on measured inputs (many of the models are available for
direct download at the U.S. EPA Support Center for Regulatory Air Models (SCRAM(.
Air Quality ModelingAir Quality Modeling
22. Determining how various pollutants may impacts human health and the environment
requires input from a range of disciplines, such as toxicology, public health, health
sciences and epidemiology.
Effects directly on human health can include increases in the risk of death
(mortality( or increases in adverse health effect (morbidity(. Adverse health effects:
acute effects (headaches or eye irritation(, and chronic effects (emphysema or
asthma(.
Environmental effects, including those causing indirect damages to humans
(aesthetic damages, problems of odor, noise, and poor visibility, productivity of
farmland, forests, and commercial fisheries(. Environmental effects also encompass
damages associated with preserving, protecting, and improving the quality of
ecological resources.
Another aspect of human and environmental assessment is risk assessment. Risk
assessment is the scientific process of evaluating adverse effects and is usually
geographically limited, though the defined geography can vary tremendously, for
example local, regional and global.
Human & Environmental AssessmentHuman & Environmental Assessment
23. Legislation, Regulation & ImplementationLegislation, Regulation & Implementation
Legistlation -Legistlation - Synonymous with law or statute, legislation is established by a
governing authority and in general can be enforced by the courts. Air quality
legislation generally contains broad program goals and objectives as well as roles
and responsibilities for achieving national air quality protection.
In the U.S., national legislation is developed and finalized within the U.S. Congress
and signed by the President.
RegulationRegulation -- Synonymous with rule, regulations are developed by a governing
authority and usually provide more specific information for how the broad
legislative objectives will be met.
In the U.S., national environmental regulations are developed primarily by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA(.
ImplementationImplementation - The process of developing detailed plans, procedures and
mechanisms needed to ensure legislative and regulatory requirements are
achieved.
In the U.S., though much legislation is passed nationally, individual States are the
primary implementers of air quality management programs.
24. Compliance & EnforcementCompliance & Enforcement
Compliance involves actions and programs designed to ensure the environmental
laws of the land are followed. Enforcement is focused on those situations when the
law is not followed to ensure a rapid return to compliance with these laws.
Compliance and enforcement are very complex issues, involving different aspects of a country's
legal and policy framework. As such, there is no clear cut method for establishing a program.
Compliance Assistance: National and local agencies have developed numerous industry specific
documents available to assist in the development of a compliance program.
Compliance Inspections are a key element of a compliance program.
Civil Enforcement encompasses the investigations and cases brought to address the most significant
violations.
Criminal Enforcement is designed to identify, apprehend, and assist prosecutors in successfully
convicting those who are responsible for the most significant and egregious violations of environmental
law that pose substantial risks to human health and the environment.
As with other activities related to the AQM process, it is critical to contact the public, the regulated
community and other affected parties.
25. EPA reaches agreement with Goldschmidt ChemicalEPA reaches agreement with Goldschmidt Chemical
CHICAGO (Feb. 8, 2007)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 5 has reached an
agreement with Goldschmidt Chemical Corp. on alleged clean-air
violations.
The agreement, which includes a $600,000 environmental project and a
$25,000 penalty, resolves EPA allegations that Goldschmidt violated its
state operating permit and state air pollution regulations by emitting too
much organic material from tanks and reactors at the plant.
For its environmental project, Goldschmidt will remove and properly
dispose of material in its sludge lagoon and then permanently close the
lagoon.
Companies that violate the Clean Air Act may voluntarily propose
environmental projects as part of their settlements. EPA may reduce
monetary penalties if it believes a project will cut pollution significantly and
goes beyond what is required by EPA regulations
26. Asbestos Contractor Charged in Connection with Asbestos Waste
Abandoned in Camden, New Jersey
Release date: 02/13/2007
PHILADELPHIA -- United States Attorney today announced the charging of
Randall G. Cone with violating the Clean Air Act in connection with the
transportation of asbestos waste in 2000 and the discovery that the asbestos
waste had been abandoned in a trailer in Camden, New Jersey.
According to the information, Cone was hired in the spring of 2000 to remove
and dispose of asbestos-containing material from a building in Philadelphia
that was being converted into a charter school. Cone hired an individual to
transport the removed asbestos material for disposal, but asbestos-
containing material was eventually abandoned in a semi-trailer at a parking
lot in Camden. Cone did not complete the required asbestos waste shipment
record at the time of transport. A company redeveloping the Ferry Avenue
property discovered the trailer and its contents in 2005,
and paid approximately $18,000 to dispose of the asbestos waste and trailer.
If convicted, Cone faces a maximum sentence of two years imprisonment, a
fine of $250,000, two years supervised release, and a special assessment of
$100.
27. Federal Clean Air Act case settled with Redwood City auto dealer; fourth
case resolved for “Freon” violation with Bay Area car repair shops
Release date 01/09/2007
SAN FRANCISCO - The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has reached an
agreement with a Bay Area Ford dealership for alleged Freon violations of the Federal
Clean Air Act.
Towne Ford, failed to comply with the requirements of the Clean Air Act’s regulations that
requires that air conditioning mechanics pass an EPA-certified training and testing course.
The EPA training is required regardless of any other training or certification mechanics
may have. The facility must also maintain adequate records to demonstrate EPA
certification of their mechanics and refrigerant recovery and recycling equipment.
The training regulations help ensure the proper handling of ozone-depleting and global
warming substances that go into a car’s air conditioner, thereby minimizing the release of
these chemicals into the atmosphere. The adverse effects of ultra-violet radiation from a
thinning ozone layer include skin cancers, cataracts and immune system suppression.
In September, South City Motors of South San Francisco agreed to pay a $20,000 penalty
and Hayward Ford of Hayward agreed to pay a $10,000 penalty; and in August Broadway
Motors of Oakland agreed to pay a $5,416 penalty to settle Freon cases with the EPA.
28. Ambient Air Monitoring andAmbient Air Monitoring and
Emissions MeasurementEmissions Measurement
Ambient Monitoring is the systematic, long-term
assessment of pollutant levels by measuring the
quantity and types of certain pollutants in the
surrounding, outdoor air.
Emissions Measurement is the process of monitoring
particulate and gaseous emissions from a specific
source.
29. Ambient Air Monitoring andAmbient Air Monitoring and
Emissions MeasurementEmissions Measurement
Air quality monitoring is carried out to:
• assess the extent of pollution,
• ensure compliance with national legislation,
• evaluate control options, and,
• provide data for air quality modeling.
There are a number of different methods to measure any given pollutant,
varying in complexity, reliability, and detail of data. These range from:
• simple passive sampling techniques, to,
• highly sophisticated remote sensing devices.
A monitoring strategy should carefully examine the options to determine
which methodology is most appropriate, taking into account initial
investment costs, operating costs, reliability of systems, and ease of
operation.
30. Ambient Air Monitoring andAmbient Air Monitoring and
Emissions MeasurementEmissions Measurement
The locations for monitoring stations depend on the purpose of the
monitoring.
Most monitoring networks are designed with human health objectives
in mind, and monitoring stations are therefore established in
population centers.
Many governments (local, regional or national) give specific guidelines
on where to monitor within these areas - next to busy roads, in city
center locations, or at a location of particular concern (e.g., a school,
hospital).
Background monitoring stations are also established, to act as a
"control" when determining source apportionment.
32. Emissions InventoryEmissions Inventory
An emissions inventory is a database that lists, by source, the amount of air
pollutants emitted into the atmosphere of a community during a given time period.
33. Emissions InventoryEmissions Inventory
Emission inventories are used to help determine significant sources of air pollutants,
establish emission trends over time, target regulatory actions, and estimate air quality
through computer dispersion modeling. An emission inventory includes estimates of
the emissions from various pollution sources in a specific geographical area.
Methods for calculating the emissions inventories may include: continuous monitoring
to measure actual emissions; extrapolating the results from short-term source
emissions tests; and using published emission factors (US AP-42).
Emission factors may be used to estimate emissions. In most cases, these factors are
simply averages of all available data of acceptable quality, and are generally assumed
to be representative of long-term averages for all facilities in the source category.
However, variations in the conditions at a given facility, such as the raw materials used,
temperature of combustion, and emission controls, can significantly effect the
emissions at an individual location.
Whenever possible, the development of local emission factors is highly desirable.
34. Industry
In many industrialized cities across the globe, pollution from stationary industrial sources is a major
component of urban air quality management. U.S. EPA has categorized sources of hazardous air
pollutants (HAPs). U.S. Clean Air Act define two types of stationary sources : major or area. (Large or
small).
Transportation
Mobile sources (e.g., cars, trucks, trains, airplanes) pollute the air through combustion and fuel
evaporation. These emissions contribute greatly to air pollution and are the primary cause of air pollution in
many urban areas.
U.S. EPA and European EEA provides basic information on mobile sources, including definitions of on-
road vehicles and non-road vehicles, and information on the main pollutants (carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter), and control / solutions to the problem.
Agriculture
Air pollution from agricultural sources is derived from emissions of nitrogen and gaseous sulfur compounds
from animal and crop agriculture as well as activities such as prescribed burning.
Indoor Air
Most homes have more than one source that contributes to indoor air pollution. Indoor pollution sources
that release gases or particles into the air are the primary cause of indoor air quality problems in homes.
These include combustion sources such as oil, gas, kerosene, coal, wood, and tobacco products; building
materials and furnishings as diverse as deteriorated, asbestos-containing insulation, wet or damp carpet,
and cabinetry or furniture made of certain pressed wood products; products for household cleaning and
maintenance, personal care, or hobbies; central heating and cooling systems and humidification devices;
and outdoor sources such as radon, pesticides, and outdoor air pollution.
Source CategoriesSource Categories
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40. Hazardous Air Pollutants
Toxic air pollutants, also known as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), are those pollutants
that are known or suspected to cause cancer or other serious health effects (birth
defects, or adverse environmental effects(.
The U.S. EPA is working with state, local, and tribal governments to reduce air toxics
releases of 188 pollutants to the environment. Examples of toxic air pollutants include
benzene (gasoline); perchlorethlyene (dry cleaning facilities); and methylene chloride,
(solvent and paint stripper); dioxins, asbestos, toluene, and metals such as cadmium,
mercury, chromium, and lead compounds.
Until the past few decades, air pollution was mostly considered on the local, urban level.
It is now widely recognized that air pollution is not only a regional and national issue,
but also international as air pollutants can travel great distances (see the United
Nations Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution and the Co-
operative Program for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-Range Transmission of
Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP)
Another major air quality pollution concern involves global warming or greenhouse gases
41. 55Environmental Conventions and 12Environmental Conventions and 12
ProtocolsProtocols::
Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution and its
8 protocols
Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a
Transboundary Context and its protocol
Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary
Watercourses and International Lakes and its protocol
Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial
Accidents and its protocol
Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in
Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental
Matters and its protocol
42. CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARYCONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY
AIR POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTION
• Combats damage from air pollution
• Sets principles of cooperation for air pollution
abatement
• Creates institutional framework for collaborative
research and policy
⇒ Has prompted development of environmental
law and stability
⇒Adopted in 1979; Entered into force in 1983
44. Convention on Environmental Impact
Assessment in a Transboundary Context
Requires Parties:
– Notify and consult each other on projects
likely to have significant adverse
transboundary environmental impact
– Assess environmental impact at early stage
– Provide public opportunity to participate
Adopted in 1991 (Espoo, Finland),
Entered into force 1997, 41 Parties
45. Environmental Agreements -Environmental Agreements -
BENEFITSBENEFITS::
• Set legal basis for action
• Reduce environmental damage & prompt sustainable
development
• Improve environmental legislation and management
• Stimulate transboundary environmental cooperation
• Promote cross-sectoral cooperation
• Prompt capacity-building and awareness-raising
• Prevent and solve conflicts
• Improve access to information and justice by the public