This document discusses environmental management and environmental management systems. It defines environmental management as managing an organization's activities that impact the environment. An environmental management system is the organizational structure and processes used to implement environmental management. The main goals of an EMS include complying with regulations, improving environmental performance, and reducing costs. An EMS follows a continual cycle of planning, implementing, reviewing and improving environmental actions. It also discusses risk management, environmental impacts, standards like ISO 14001 and EMAS, environmental impact assessments, and their significance.

1. Environmental Management
and
Environmental Management System (EMS)
“Environmental management is management of an organization's activities that
have or can have an impact on the environment.......”
❖ The term “Environmental Management System,” or EMS, isused to
describe the organi ational structure, responsibilities,practices,
resources for implementing and maintaining
processes and
environmental management.
EM S is a continual cycle of planning, implementing, revie ing and
improving the actions that an organi ation takes to meet its environmental
obligations.
Puposes:
➢ Manage and improve its environmental performance (managing negative
impacts) and helping to increase resource efficiency (e.g. cutting waste and
energy use);
➢ Comply with environmental laws and regulations;
➢ Generate financial savings through well-managed use of resources and
efficient practices; and
➢ Improve its standing and reputation with staff, client companies, partner
organisations and wider stakeholders;
➢ Adapt to a changing environment (either its operations or its products
services).
Main stepsin EMS
1.Plan what you’re going to do;
2.Do what you planned to do;
3.Check to ensure that you did what you planned; and
4.Act to make improvements.

2. sudden changes in market situation, image risks).
Result ofEMS
➢ Improve environmental performance
➢ Enhance compliance
➢ Prevent pollution and conserve resources
➢ Reduce/mitigate risks
➢ Attract new customers and markets
➢ Increased efficiency/reduced costs
➢ Enhanced employee morale
➢ Enhance image with public, regulators, lenders, investors; i.e. stakeholders.
➢ Achieve/improve employee awareness of environmental issues and
responsibilities
➢ Employee awareness of environmental issues and responsibilities
➢ Reduced liabilities
➢ Competitive advantages
➢ Fewer accidents.
Risk Management
“Risks are uncertain future events that could expose the organisation to the chance
of loss”
Different indsof Risks
a.Organi ational risks:(i.e. follow-up regulation, legally consistent assignment
of tasks).
b.Financial risks:(i.e. organisation financing, loan/interest/currency risks, bad
debt loss).
c.Operativerisks:(i.e. insurance of production, process control, quality
management, safety know-how, IT-risks).
d. Market risks: (i.e. dependency on single customers and suppliers, risk of

3. information to the public.
e.egal risks:(i.e. liability resulting from non-compliance with legal
requirements, risks resulting from product liability, patent risks).
f.Environmental risks: (residual waste, gaps in insurance coverage, emergency
preparedness).
A risk management system can consist of six modules:
1)Riskanalysis:Identification of the organisation’s risks.
2)Riskassessment: Assessment according to quantifiable and reproducible
criteria (risk categories).
3)Enhancedanalysisin problematicsectors: Examination of sectors identified
as being proble matic by specialists.
4)Action plan: Establishment of adequate instant measures (prevention before
minimization before shifting before self support).
5) Reali ation of measures: Realizing planned measures.
) Riskcontrolling:Introduction of an early warning system with regular audits
and reviews(establishment of early warning indicators).
Environmental Impacts and egal Re uirements of ISO 14001
Environmental impacts could be for instance:
• Air pollution.
• Resource depletion.
• Noise.
• Water pollution.
EMAS(Eco-Management and Audit Scheme)
EMAS (Eco-Management and Audit Scheme) is a management tool for
organizations to “evaluate, report and improve their environmental performance.”
It is a voluntary scheme that aims at promoting on-going improvements in
environmental performance of organisations and the provision of environmental

4. Ho an organi ation can achieveEMAS certification
1. Develop an environmental policy.
2. Make an initial environmental review.
3. Develop an environmental programme.
4. Establish an EMS.
5. Carry out an internal environmental audit.
6. Review once more.
7. Develop an environmental statement.
8. Get validation and register.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Definition
The environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an interdisciplinary and multistep
procedure to ensure that environmental considerations are included in decisions
regarding projects.
Simply defined, the EIA process helps identify the possible environmental effects
of a proposed activity and how those impacts can be mitigated.
Objective :
➢ To disclose significant environmental effects of proposed projects to
decision-makers and the public.
➢ To identify ways to avoid or reduce environmental damage.
➢ To prevent adverse environmental impacts by requiring implementation of
feasible alternatives or mitigation measures.
➢ To disclose reason of approvals for the projects with significant
environmental impacts to the public.
➢ To foster interagency co-ordination.
➢ To enhance public participation.

5. ❖ Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is used to identify the
environmental and social impacts of a proposed project prior to decision-
making in order to predict environmental impacts at an early stage in project
planning and design, while Strategicenvironmental assessment (SEA) is
used at the policy, planning and programming levels.
Benefits of The EIA Process
➢ Potentially screens out environmentally-unsound projects.
➢ Proposes modified designs to reduce environmental impacts.
➢ Identifies feasible alternatives.
➢ Predicts significant adverse impacts.
➢ Identifies mitigation measures to reduce, offset, or eliminate major impacts.
➢ Engages and informs potentially affected communities and individuals.
➢ Influences decision-making and the development of terms and conditions.
Generali ed EIA ProcessFlo -Chart
➢ Identifying and Defining the Project or Activity
➢ Screening
➢ Scoping
➢ Preparing Terms of Referance
➢ Preparing Draft EIA
➢ Public Participation
➢ Preparing Final EIA
➢ Decision
➢ Administrative or Judicial Review
➢ Project Implementation
➢ Monitoring
Identifyingand DefiningtheProject or Activity : The goal of this step is to
define the project with enough specificity to accurately determine the zone of
possible impacts and to include activities that are closely connected with the
proposal so that the entire scope of environmental impacts is evaluated.

6. Screening: The screening process determines whether a particular project
warrants preparation of an EIA. The threshold requirements for an EIA vary from
country to country.
Scoping: Scoping is a stage, usually involving the public and other interested
parties, that identifies the key environmental issues that should be addressed in an
EIA. This step provides one of the first opportunities for members of the public or
NGOs to learn about a proposed project and to voice their opinions.
The following techniques are used for scoping.
• Checklist technique
• Matrix technique
• Networks technique
• Overlay technique
PreparingTermsofReference: The Terms of Reference serve as a roadmap for
EIA preparation and should ideally encompass the issues and impacts that have
been identified during the scoping process.
PreparingDraft EIA : This step will ideally engage a wide range of technical
specialists to evaluate baseline conditions, predict the likely impacts of the project,
and design mitigation measures.
PublicParticipation: Best EIA practice involves and engages the public at
numerous points throughout the process with a two-way exchange of information
and views. Public participation may consist of informational meetings, public
hearings, and opportunities to provide written comments about a proposed project.
PreparingFinal EIA : This step produces a final impact assessment report that
addresses the viewpoints and comments of the parties that reviewed the draft EIA.
Decision: A decision to approve or reject a mining project is generally based on
the final EIA, but in some instances, an environmental clearance may be just one
step in the mine permitting process.
Administrativeor Judicial Revie :A country’s judicial review or administrative
procedure act, or sometimes the EIA law itself, will usually identify the kinds of
issues that can be raised in an appeal and the type of relief that may be granted.

7. ProjectImplementation: Provided all regulatory requirements and permits,
administrative and/or judicial review the project decision will proceed.
Monitoring: Monitoring is an important part of project implementation.
Monitoring serves three (03) purposes:
(1)ensuring that required mitigation measures are being implemented;
(2) evaluating whether mitigation measures are working effectively;
(3)validating the accuracy of models or projections that were used during the
impact assessment process.
Significance of EIA
➢ EIA is more than technical reports, it is a means to a larger intention – the
protection and improvement of the environmental quality of life.
➢ EIA is a procedure to identify and evaluate the effects of activities (mainly
human) on the environment - natural and social. It is not a single specific
analytical method or technique, but uses many approaches as appropriate to
the problem.
➢ EIA is not a science but uses many sciences in an integrated inter
disciplinary manner, evaluating phenomenon and relationships as they occur
in the real world.
➢ EIA should not be treated as an appendage, or add-on, to a project, but be
regarded as an integral part of project planning. Its costs should be
calculated as an adequate part of planning and not regarded as something
extra.
➢ EIA does not give decisions but its findings should be considered in policy
and decision-making and should be reflected in final choices. Thus it should
be part of the decision-making process.