The immediate environment of man comprises of air on which all the living beings depends. Air supplies the life giving oxygen and also serves several other functions. The body is cooled by air contact, the special senses of smell & hearing also acts through air. Many infectious diseases are spread through air. Air pollutants may cause sickness and death.  The immediate environment of man comprises of air on which all the living beings depends. Air supplies the life giving oxygen and also serves several other functions. The body is cooled by air contact, the special senses of smell & hearing also acts through air. Many infectious diseases are spread through air. Air pollutants may cause sickness and death.  The immediate environment of man comprises of air on which all the living beings depends. Air supplies the life giving oxygen and also serves several other functions. The body is cooled by air contact, the special senses of smell & hearing also acts through air. Many infectious diseases are spread through air. Air pollutants may cause sickness and death. Nitrogen-78.1% O2---------20.93% CO2-------0.03% Traces of Argon,Neon,Krypton,Xenon & Helium In addition, water vapours,traces of Ammonia, suspended matter like dust, bacteria, spores and vegetable debris. In past air pollution means smoke pollution. Air pollution may be either emitted into the atmosphere or formed within the atmosphere itself. Air pollution is the of chemicals, particulates, biological materials, or other harmful materials into the Earth's atmosphere, possibly causing disease, death to humans, damage to other living organisms such as food crops, or the natural or built environment.

1. 9/17/2019
DR.RIAZ AHMED MANGI
(MPH,MBBS) 1BY DR:RIAZ A.M(PUMHSW)

2.  The immediate environment of man
comprises of air on which all the living beings
depends.
 Air supplies the life giving oxygen and also
serves several other functions.
 The body is cooled by air contact, the special
senses of smell & hearing also acts through
air.
 Many infectious diseases are spread through
air.
 Air pollutants may cause sickness and death.
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DR.RIAZ AHMED MANGI
(MPH,MBBS) 2

3.  The requirement of air per day is about
10 to 20 cubic meters for an adult.
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DR.RIAZ AHMED MANGI
(MPH,MBBS) 3

4.  Nitrogen-78.1%
 O2---------20.93%
 CO2-------0.03%
 Traces of Argon,Neon,Krypton,Xenon & Helium
 In addition, water vapours,traces of Ammonia,
suspended matter like dust, bacteria, spores and
vegetable debris.
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5. Human occupancy and activity in an occupied room give a
sense of discomfort to the occupants. Two types of changes
occur in an occupied room, chemical and physical.
 Chemical changes: During respiration
 At rest an average person gives off 0.7 cubic feet of carbon
dioxide every hour. This may go up to 2 cubic feet per hour
during physical activity.
 In a mixed gathering, comprising of all age groups, the per
capita carbon dioxide output is taken as o.6 cubic feet per
hour.
 So in a crowded room oxygen concentration may reduce and
carbon dioxide level increase and cause physically
discomfort.
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6.  Physical changes:
 (a) Rise in temperature: The room temperature tends to rise due to emanation of
body heat. A person at rest gives of about 400 BTU (British thermal unit) of
heat per hour.
 During physical activity the heat out put may by up to1400 BTU per hour.
 b. Rise in humidity: Humidity inside an occupied room goes up due to
evaporation of moisture from skin & lungs. The expired air contains about 6%
of water vapor. An adult at rest release about 700gms of water vapor per day
(24 hours), in the form of perspiration. It is calculated that an average person
gives off 18.4gms of water vapor per hour during sleep and up to 175gms per
hour during vigorous physical activity.
 c.Decrease in air movement: In crowded rooms the natural movement of air is
blocked.
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7.  d. Body odors: Unpleasant odors arise from
perspiration, sweating, bad oral hygiene and bad
breath, dirty cloths and other sources. This depends
on social status, personal hygiene and age of people.
 e.Bacterial pollutants: The exhaled air contains
microorganisms (bacteria & virus). Some of these may
be pathogen (can cause disease).These
microorganisms are release during coughing,
sneezing and talking.
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8.  Discomfort is a subjective sensation which
people experience in ill ventilated and
crowded rooms.
 It is now established that causes of
discomfort are not due to chemical changes
but physical changes of environment.
 These factors determine cooling power of air
with respect to the human body.
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9.  It is the range of Ets(Electrical thermal storage) over
which the majority of adults feel comfortable.
 It is complex subjective experience which not only
depends upon physical, physiological but also
psychological factors.
 Considering environmental factors comfortable thermal
conditions are those under which a person can maintain
normal balance b/w production and loss heat, at normal
body temperature and without sweating.
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DR.RIAZ AHMED MANGI
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10.  1.Air temperature
 2.Air temperature + Humidity
 3.Cooling Power
 4.Effective temperature
 5.Corrected effective temperature(CET)
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11. 3.Cooling power
This takes into consideration the
following factors.
Air temperature
Humidity
Air movements
A device called Kata thermometer
was devised by Hill to measure
cooling power
A dry Kata reading of 6 or above
and an wet Kata above 20
indicates thermal comfort.
9/17/2019 11DR.RIAZ AHMED MANGI (MPH,MBBS)

12.  4.Effective temperature
◦ The different factors determining thermal comfort –
air temperature, humidity and air movements are
combined together into a single index – Effective
temperature
◦ Effective temperature is the temperature in an
environment with 100% humidity and no air
movements which will induce the same level of
thermal comfort as in the present situation.
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13.  5.Corrected effective
temperature
◦ The effective temperature
is adjusted by considering
the loss or gain of heat by
radiation to arrive at a
corrected effective
temperature (CET)
◦ Thus CET is determined
by 4 factors
 air temperature
 humidity
 air movements
 radiant heat
◦ Corrected effective
temperature is measured
using a combination of
 globe thermometer – to
measure air temperature
adjusted for radiant heat
 wet bulb thermometer – to
measure humidity
 air speed measurement
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(MPH,MBBS) 13

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(MPH,MBBS) 14

15.  The worst short term civilian pollution crisis in India was
the 1984 Bhopal Disaster. Leaked industrial vapours from
the Union Carbide factory, belonging to Union Carbide,
 Inc., U.S.A. (later bought over by Dow Chemical Company),
killed more than 25,000 people outright and injured
anywhere from 150,000 to 600,000.
 The United Kingdom suffered its worst air pollution event
when the December 4 Great Smog of 1952 formed
over London. In six days more than 4,000 died, and 8,000
more died within the following months.
 An accidental leak of anthrax spores from a biological
warfare laboratory in the former USSR in 1979
near Sverdlovsk is believed to have been the cause of
hundreds of civilian deaths.
 The worst single incident of air pollution to occur in the US
occurred in Donora, Pennsylvania in late October, 1948,
when 20 people died and over 7,000 were injured.
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16.  In past air pollution means smoke pollution.
 Air pollution may be either emitted into the
atmosphere or formed within the atmosphere
itself.
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17. Air pollution is the
of chemicals, particulates, biological
materials, or other harmful materials
into the Earth's atmosphere,
possibly causing disease, death to
humans, damage to other living
organisms such as food crops, or
the natural or built environment.
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18. 1.Primary air pollutants
Those emitted within into the atmosphere like factory
chimney or exhaust pipe
Carbon compounds, such as CO, CO2, CH4, and
VOCs
• Nitrogen compounds, such as NO, N2O, and
NH3
• Sulfur compounds, such as H2S and SO2
Examples  (Natural): forest fires, pollen, dust storm
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19.  2.Secondary air pollutants
The most familiar example is of ozone
 NO2 and Nitric acid(HNO3) formed from NO
 • Ozone (O3) formed from photochemical reactions of
nitrogen oxides and VOCs(volatile organic compounds)
 • Sulfuric acid droplets formed from SO2and nitric acid
droplets formed from NO2.
 • • Organic aerosols formed from VOCs in gas-to-
particle reactions
 Examples like (Unnatural): man-made; coal, wood and other fuels
used in cars, homes, and factories for energy.
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20. 1.Gaseous air pollution: Those present as gases or
vapors in the atmosphere
 2.Particulate air pollution: Solid or liquid phase
suspended in atmosphere, either primary or secondary
like coarse dust and sea salts.
 3.Local scale: Have very short atmospheric life time
e.g:in less developed countries ,poorly controlled
household or neighborhood sources like burning of
biomass fuel; causes serious local pollution.
 4.Urban scale: NO,CO generated by road traffic(short
atmospheric life time)
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21.  5. Regional scale: Pollutants in the form of fine
particles (< 2.5 um diameter but not ultrafine particles)
and some gas phase pollutants such as ozone have
atmospheric life time of days and weeks, which permit
them to be transported on a regional scale.
 6.Hemispheric and global scale: Some pollutants and
especially those asso:with green house
effects(CO2,NO, Methane CH4) have atmospheric life
times of years and are therefore capable of distribution
throughout a hemisphere and ultimately globally.
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22.  1.Automobile
The emit hyderocarbon,CO,lead,NO & particulate matter, black
smoke and malodorous fumes from diesel engines when used
badly.
 2.Industries
Combustion of fuel to generate heat and power produces
smoke,SO2,NO,fly ash.
Petrochemical industries generate hydrogen fluoride,HCL,Organic
halides.
3.Domestic :Combustion of coal ,wood or oil is a major source of
smoke dust SO2,NO.
4.Miscellaneous;like burning refuse incinerators, pesticide spraying
Natural; wind borne dust ,fungi molds, bacteria and nuclear energy
programmes
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23.  The vertical diffusion of
pollutants depends upon the
temperature gradient.
 Where there is rapid cooling
of lower layers of air
(temperature
inversion),there is little
vertical and pollutants and
water vapors remain trapped
at a lower levels and the
result is SMOG.
 The temperature inversion
which is more frequent in
winter months than in spring
or summer is threat of
human health.
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26. Carbon Monoxide
This odorless, colorless
gas is formed from the
incomplete combustion of
fuels.
Thus, the largest source
of CO today is motor
vehicles.
Inhalation of CO reduces
the amount of oxygen in
the bloodstream, and
high concentrations can
lead to headaches,
dizziness, 9/17/2019
DR.RIAZ AHMED MANGI
(MPH,MBBS) 26

27. Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur dioxide (SO2). This compound
is colorless, but has a suffocating,
pungent odor.
The primary source of SO2 is the
combustion of
sulfur-containing fuels (e.g., oil and
coal).
Exposure to SO2 can cause the
irritation of lung tissues and can
damage health and materials.
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DR.RIAZ AHMED MANGI
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28. Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NO and
NO2). NO2 is a reddish-
brown gas with a sharp
odor. The primary source
of this gas is vehicle
traffic, and it plays a role
in the formation of
tropospheric ozone(lower
level)
Large concentrations can
reduce
visibility and increase the
risk of acute and chronic
respiratory disease.9/17/2019
DR.RIAZ AHMED MANGI
(MPH,MBBS) 28

29. Particulate Matter
•particles of different sizes and
structures that are released into the
atmosphere
•particles smaller then 10 μm in
diameter
•present in many sources including
fossil fuels, dust, smoke, fog, etc.
•can build up in respiratory system
•aggravates heart and lung disease;
increases risk of respiratory infection
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DR.RIAZ AHMED MANGI
(MPH,MBBS) 29

30. Ground Level Ozone
•At upper level, ozone shields Earth
from sun’s harmful UV rays
•at ground level, ozone is harmful
pollutants
•formed from car, power and
chemical plant exhaust
•irritate respiratory system and
asthma; reduces lung function by
inflaming and damaging lining of
lungs
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(MPH,MBBS) 30

31.  Tropospheric (“low-level”) ozone is a secondary
pollutant
 formed when sunlight causes photochemical
reactions involving NOX and
 VOCs. Automobiles are the largest source of
VOCs necessary for these
 reactions. Ozone concentrations tend to peak in
the afternoon, and can
 cause eye irritation, aggravation of respiratory
diseases, and damage to
 plants and animals.
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32.  The largest source of Pb in the atmosphere
has been from leaded gasoline combustion.
 Exposure to Pb can affect the blood, Organs
of body.
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38. The burning of fossil fuels (coal and petroleum products),
Releases tons of sulfur and nitrogen oxides
into the atmosphere
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41. AQI: Air Quality Index
•Indicates whether pollutant levels in air may cause health concerns.
•Ranges from 0 (least concern) to 500 (greatest concern)
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42. Air Quality Air Quality Index Protect Your Health
Good 0-50ppb(power per billion) No health impacts are expected when
air quality is in this range.
Moderate 51-100ppb Unusually sensitive people should
consider limiting prolonged outdoor
exertion.
Unhealthy for
Sensitive Groups
101-150ppb Active children and adults, and people
with respiratory disease, such as
asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor
exertion.
Unhealthy 151-200ppb
Active children and adults, and people
with respiratory disease, such as
asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor
exertion, everyone else, especially
children should limit prolonged outdoor
excertion.
Very Unhealthy (Alert) 201-300ppb Active children and adults, and people
with respiratory disease, such as
asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor
exertion everyone else, especially
children, should limit outdoor exertion.
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43. Purple – 1-hr Avg. of over 150 ppb (Rare)
Yellow – 1-hr Avg. of between 80 and 104 ppb
Orange – 1-hr Avg. of between 105 and 124 ppb
Red – 1-hr Avg. of between 125 and 150 ppb
Green – 1-hr Avg. of 79 ppb or lower
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47.  Basic Concepts
 • The process by which fresh air is
introduced and vitiated air is removed.
 • Primary aim: to preserve the qualities of air.
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48.  Most of standards have been based on efficiency
of ventilation to removing body odour.
1.Cubic space=300----3000c.ft /hr/person
 2.Air change- 2-3 /hr and in work room 4-5/hr
 If the change of air is more frequent i-e more than
6 times/hr, it is likely to produce a draught which
should be avoided.
 Based on above concept it is now considered that
a space of 1000—1200c.ft/person is sufficient
 3.Floor space: Optimum floor space/person
should be of height vary from 50—100sq.ft
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49. Natural ventilation is the simplest system
of ventilating small dwelling schools and
offices. These are
1.Wind:
2.Diffusion:
3.Inequality of temperature:
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50.  Mechanical or artificial ventilation is of
following types.
 1.Exhaust ventilation
 2.Plenum ventilation
 3.Balanced ventilation
 4.Air conditioning
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51.  1.Exhaust ventilation: Air is extracted or exhausted to outside by
exhaust fans.
 2.Plenum ventilation: Fresh air is blown into the room by
centrifugal fans so as to create positive pressure and displace the
vitiated air. Plenum or propulsion system is used for supplying air
to air-conditioning buildings and factories. Air is delivered through
ducts at desired points.
 3.Balanced ventilation: Combination of exhaust and plenum system
ventilation. The blowing fans must balance the exhaust fan.
 4.Air conditioning: It is simultaneous control of all or at
least first three factors affecting both physical and
chemical conditions of the atmosphere within any
confined space or room.
 These factors are
temperature,humidity,airmovement,dust,bacteria,odour
toxic gases.
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