Air and Air Pollution
Chapter 8
Long-Distance Transport of Air Pollution
Global Distillation Effect:Chemicals enter the atmosphere in warm regions and are moved to cooler areas.Yukon, Northern CanadaChemicals concentrate (bioaccumulate) in the body fat of animals at the top of the food chainA single bite of whale skin contains more PCBs than what is safe to consume in one weekBreast milk of Inuit women (where whale is part of the diet) has 5 times more PCB than in women in Southern Canada
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Long-Distance Transport of Air Pollution
Atmospheric conditions blow pollution from Asia to America across the Pacific OceanMany countries have policies and regulations to limit pollution from being transported
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Long-Distance Transport of Air Pollution
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Learning Objectives:
Define atmosphere and list the major gases comprising the atmosphere
Briefly describe the four major concentric layers of the atmosphere
Define Coriolis effect
The Atmosphere
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The AtmosphereAtmosphere Gaseous envelope surrounding the EarthOxygen and Nitrogen = 99% of dry airOther gases = 1%Water and traces of air pollutantsFour concentric layers:
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
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The Atmosphere
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The Atmosphere
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Environmental InSight
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The AtmosphereAtmosphereEcosystem Services:Protects Earth from UV radiation, x-rays, cosmic raysKeeps Earth’s temperature within living rangeOrganisms depend on the atmosphereOrganism modify and balance the atmospherePhotosynthesisRespiration
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The AtmosphereAtmospheric CirculationGlobal Circulation PatternsDifferences in air temperatures drive circulationHot air near Equator expands and risesAs it rises, it cools and sinks againConvection process causes air currents that mix warmer and cooler parts of the atmospheremoderates temperatures over Earth’s surfaceWinds Smaller-scale horizontal movementsFluctuations in atmospheric pressuresPlanet’s rotation
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The Atmosphere
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The AtmosphereWindSmaller-scale horizontal movementsFluctuations in atmospheric pressuresAir pressure is variable depending on altitude, temperature, and humidityWinds blow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure The bigger the difference between the high and low pressures, the stronger the windsPlanet’s rotationCoriolis effectPrevailing WindsPolar EasterliesWesterliesTrade Winds
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The Atmosphere
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Global Climate Change
What gases make up the atmosphere?
What two layers of the atmosphere are closest to Earth’s surface? How do they differ from one another?
What is the Coriolis effect, and how does it influence atmospheric circulation?
Types and Sources of Air PollutionLearning Objectives
Define air pollution and distinguish between primary and secondary air pollutants
List the seven major classes of air pollutants and describe their characteristics and sources
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Air Pollution:Various chemicals (gases, liquids, solids) present in the atmosphere in high enough leve.
This document provides an overview of air pollution, including its definition, units of measurement, sources, classification of pollutants, types of pollutants, effects on the environment and humans, and actions to control and prevent it. It discusses key topics such as smog formation, temperature inversions, indoor air pollution, health impacts, effects on agriculture/forests, materials, acid rain, ozone depletion, and climate change/global warming. The document is an educational resource that comprehensively addresses the various aspects of air pollution.
The document summarizes various topics related to air pollution:
1) It describes the different layers of the atmosphere and the composition of air. Outdoor air pollution comes from both natural and human-caused sources like burning fossil fuels.
2) Smog forms from reactions between nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. Industrial smog contains particles from burning coal and oil. Photochemical smog irritates the respiratory system.
3) Acid deposition occurs as rain or particles and can damage statues, decrease visibility, and kill fish by acidifying lakes. Prevention efforts aim to reduce emissions.
Ecology is the study of interactions between living organisms and their environment. Key components of ecology include producers, consumers, decomposers and the biosphere. Ecology studies different levels of organization from populations and communities to ecosystems and the biosphere. Human activities directly and indirectly impact ecology through land use changes, agriculture, construction, pollution and more. Governments are taking actions to promote more environmentally friendly practices and mitigate human impacts on the environment.
Amamda and robert air pollution and ozone pptMaria Donohue
Here are multiple choice samples from past AP Environmental Science exams:
1998 Exam:
1. Which of the following best describes the greenhouse effect?
A) Gases in the atmosphere allow visible light to pass through but absorb infrared radiation, warming the lower atmosphere.
B) Gases in the atmosphere absorb all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, trapping heat near the surface of the Earth.
C) Gases in the atmosphere reflect most visible light and infrared radiation back into space, preventing warming of the lower atmosphere.
D) Gases in the atmosphere allow most infrared radiation to pass through into space, preventing significant warming of the lower atmosphere.
E) Gases in the atmosphere absorb visible light but allow most infrared radiation to
This document discusses air pollution. It begins by defining air pollution and listing common sources such as vehicles, industry, and fires. It then outlines several health problems caused by air pollution, including heart disease, cancer, and respiratory diseases. It explains how different types of pollutants like particulate matter can cause these issues. The document also distinguishes between primary and secondary pollutants. Laws and acts passed to control air pollution, such as the Clean Air Act and Philippine Clean Air Act, are mentioned. Finally, the formation and risks of temperature inversions are briefly explained.
Air Quality Presentation - EEH Chapter 10misteraugie
This chapter discusses air quality and air pollution. It describes historically important air pollution episodes and lists health effects associated with air pollution. It defines key terms like smog and criteria air pollutants. It discusses natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution and describes common air pollutants like particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. It also covers topics like temperature inversions, diesel exhaust, and the Air Quality Index.
This document provides an overview of atmospheric pollution. It discusses how pollutants are emitted from various sources and undergo chemical reactions and transport processes in the atmosphere. Some key points:
- Primary pollutants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter are directly emitted from combustion and industrial activities. Secondary pollutants like ground-level ozone and aerosols form through atmospheric reactions between primary pollutants.
- Events like London's Great Smog of 1952 demonstrated the deadly impacts of air pollution, spurring early controls on emissions. While pollution levels have declined in some areas, air quality problems persist and some pollutants contribute to climate change.
- Atmospheric chemistry and transport are complex
The document discusses air pollution, defining it as gases or particles released in sufficient quantities to harm human health, plants, or the environment. It then discusses the major causes and types of air pollution, focusing on India. The top three causes are traffic, which releases particulate matter and gases from vehicle exhaust; power plants, which emit sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates from burning fossil fuels; and industrial plants, which can continuously or accidentally release pollution. The document also lists natural causes like forest fires and health and environmental impacts of air pollution.
This document provides an overview of air pollution, including its definition, units of measurement, sources, classification of pollutants, types of pollutants, effects on the environment and humans, and actions to control and prevent it. It discusses key topics such as smog formation, temperature inversions, indoor air pollution, health impacts, effects on agriculture/forests, materials, acid rain, ozone depletion, and climate change/global warming. The document is an educational resource that comprehensively addresses the various aspects of air pollution.
The document summarizes various topics related to air pollution:
1) It describes the different layers of the atmosphere and the composition of air. Outdoor air pollution comes from both natural and human-caused sources like burning fossil fuels.
2) Smog forms from reactions between nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. Industrial smog contains particles from burning coal and oil. Photochemical smog irritates the respiratory system.
3) Acid deposition occurs as rain or particles and can damage statues, decrease visibility, and kill fish by acidifying lakes. Prevention efforts aim to reduce emissions.
Ecology is the study of interactions between living organisms and their environment. Key components of ecology include producers, consumers, decomposers and the biosphere. Ecology studies different levels of organization from populations and communities to ecosystems and the biosphere. Human activities directly and indirectly impact ecology through land use changes, agriculture, construction, pollution and more. Governments are taking actions to promote more environmentally friendly practices and mitigate human impacts on the environment.
Amamda and robert air pollution and ozone pptMaria Donohue
Here are multiple choice samples from past AP Environmental Science exams:
1998 Exam:
1. Which of the following best describes the greenhouse effect?
A) Gases in the atmosphere allow visible light to pass through but absorb infrared radiation, warming the lower atmosphere.
B) Gases in the atmosphere absorb all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, trapping heat near the surface of the Earth.
C) Gases in the atmosphere reflect most visible light and infrared radiation back into space, preventing warming of the lower atmosphere.
D) Gases in the atmosphere allow most infrared radiation to pass through into space, preventing significant warming of the lower atmosphere.
E) Gases in the atmosphere absorb visible light but allow most infrared radiation to
This document discusses air pollution. It begins by defining air pollution and listing common sources such as vehicles, industry, and fires. It then outlines several health problems caused by air pollution, including heart disease, cancer, and respiratory diseases. It explains how different types of pollutants like particulate matter can cause these issues. The document also distinguishes between primary and secondary pollutants. Laws and acts passed to control air pollution, such as the Clean Air Act and Philippine Clean Air Act, are mentioned. Finally, the formation and risks of temperature inversions are briefly explained.
Air Quality Presentation - EEH Chapter 10misteraugie
This chapter discusses air quality and air pollution. It describes historically important air pollution episodes and lists health effects associated with air pollution. It defines key terms like smog and criteria air pollutants. It discusses natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution and describes common air pollutants like particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. It also covers topics like temperature inversions, diesel exhaust, and the Air Quality Index.
This document provides an overview of atmospheric pollution. It discusses how pollutants are emitted from various sources and undergo chemical reactions and transport processes in the atmosphere. Some key points:
- Primary pollutants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter are directly emitted from combustion and industrial activities. Secondary pollutants like ground-level ozone and aerosols form through atmospheric reactions between primary pollutants.
- Events like London's Great Smog of 1952 demonstrated the deadly impacts of air pollution, spurring early controls on emissions. While pollution levels have declined in some areas, air quality problems persist and some pollutants contribute to climate change.
- Atmospheric chemistry and transport are complex
The document discusses air pollution, defining it as gases or particles released in sufficient quantities to harm human health, plants, or the environment. It then discusses the major causes and types of air pollution, focusing on India. The top three causes are traffic, which releases particulate matter and gases from vehicle exhaust; power plants, which emit sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates from burning fossil fuels; and industrial plants, which can continuously or accidentally release pollution. The document also lists natural causes like forest fires and health and environmental impacts of air pollution.
The document discusses air pollution in India. It defines air pollution and notes that many Indian cities have very high levels of air pollution, with 14 of the world's most polluted cities located in India. The major sources of air pollution in India are traffic, power plants that burn fossil fuels, industrial plants and factories, construction sites, crop burning, and garbage incineration. The main types of air pollutants are sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, particulates, and ozone. Air pollution has detrimental health impacts and also affects agriculture, ecosystems, buildings, and the climate.
This document discusses air pollution in India. It begins by defining air pollution and introducing the topic. It then discusses the major causes of air pollution in India, including traffic, power plants, industrial facilities, agriculture, and more. The document outlines the various types of air pollutants and their sources. It also discusses the major health, environmental, and economic impacts of air pollution. Finally, it proposes several strategies to control and reduce air pollution in urban areas, including better city planning, supplying cleaner fuels, controlling refuse burning, improving waste management, and controlling dust at construction sites.
This slide show consists of slides related to air pollution .It consists of sources of air pollution, atmospheric stability , classification of air pollutants and other information.
The document discusses air pollution and control engineering. It begins with an introduction to the structure and composition of the atmosphere. It then defines air pollution and classifies sources and effects. It discusses effects on human health like respiratory issues and premature death. It also covers effects on vegetation like leaf damage and crops as well as effects on materials like corrosion. The document outlines ambient air quality standards and emission standards. It concludes with descriptions of ambient air sampling and stack sampling to analyze particulate and gaseous pollutants.
The document discusses several topics related to air pollution and global warming including:
1) It describes different types of air pollution such as smog and their causes.
2) Health effects of air pollution include respiratory diseases and damage to plants and aquatic life.
3) Global warming is caused by increased greenhouse gases from human activities and can lead to issues like rising sea levels and more extreme weather.
4) Solutions discussed include international agreements to reduce emissions and transition to cleaner energy sources.
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, soil, marine, noise, thermal, and nuclear pollution. It provides definitions and descriptions of each type of pollution as well as their causes, effects, and methods of control. Specifically, it focuses on air pollution, describing its history, structure of the atmosphere, types and sources of air pollutants, how pollutants behave in the atmosphere, and examples of air pollution events like the London Smog of 1952. The document also categorizes pollutants as degradable, slowly degradable, and non-degradable and discusses acid deposition as a secondary air pollutant.
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, soil, marine, noise, thermal, and nuclear pollution. It provides definitions and descriptions of each type of pollution as well as their causes, effects, and methods of control. Specifically, it focuses on air pollution, describing its history, structure of the atmosphere, types and sources of air pollutants, how pollutants behave in the atmosphere, and examples of air pollution events like the London Smog of 1952. The document also categorizes pollutants as degradable, slowly degradable, and non-degradable and discusses acid deposition as a secondary air pollutant.
This document outlines pollution topics that will be covered in Chapter 5, including definitions of pollution, causes and effects of different types of pollution (air, water, soil, marine, noise, thermal, nuclear), solid waste management, the role of individuals in prevention, case studies, and disaster management related to floods, earthquakes, cyclones and landslides. Section 5.2.1 provides details on the history and sources of air pollution, including key pollutants from industries and vehicles. When pollutants enter the atmosphere, they are transported, transformed through physical or chemical changes, or removed by precipitation. Examples of localized air pollution due to topography and meteorological conditions are also given.
This document defines and discusses air pollution. It begins by explaining that air provides oxygen which is essential for life. It then defines air pollution as the introduction of chemicals or other materials into the atmosphere that can harm living things or damage the environment. The document outlines the major components of air, both natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution, common air pollutants and their effects, and strategies for monitoring and preventing air pollution.
This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
This document provides an overview of various types of environmental pollution including air pollution, acid rain, greenhouse gases, smog, and their causes and effects. It discusses six major air pollutants regulated by the EPA and sources of air pollution from industries and vehicles. Acid rain is caused by sulfur and nitrogen oxides from burning fossil fuels which can damage ecosystems and infrastructure. Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere and are contributing to global warming, with consequences like sea level rise and effects on human health and agriculture. The document also outlines different pollution control technologies.
AIR POLLUTION in Environmental and occupational health which comes under Publ...NayanaMR4
Air pollution is caused by substances emitted into the atmosphere from human activities that interfere with human health and the environment. Over 100 air pollutants have been identified including particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide. Both outdoor and indoor air pollution impact health and can cause respiratory diseases. Meteorological conditions, topography, pollutant type, and emission sources influence how pollutants disperse in the air. The ozone layer protects the Earth from UV radiation but is depleted by ozone-depleting substances, increasing UV levels at the surface. Air pollution is controlled through containment, replacement, dilution, legislation, and international cooperation. Ventilation of indoor spaces brings in fresh air and removes stale air using natural
This document provides an introduction to air pollution presented by Capt. Adib Bin Rashid. It defines air pollution and discusses the types and sources, including the burning of fossil fuels, agricultural activities, exhaust from factories and industries, mining operations, and indoor air pollution. Major air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and effects like respiratory and heart problems, global warming, acid rain, and depletion of the ozone layer are explained. Solutions to air pollution like using public transportation and conserving energy are also provided.
Air pollution is introduced by both natural and human-made sources that release contaminants such as chemicals and gases into the atmosphere. Major causes of air pollution include the burning of fossil fuels for energy, transportation, industrial processes, and agriculture. Effects of air pollution include increased global warming, respiratory and heart diseases in humans, and damage to wildlife and ecosystems. Control measures involve reducing pollution at the source through clean energy use, fuel substitution, and increasing green spaces.
This document discusses various topics related to pollution including the definition of pollution, types of pollutants, effects of pollution, and nature's mechanisms for treating pollutants. It focuses specifically on air pollution, describing its history, sources, types of air pollutants, effects on living organisms, and control measures. Pollution occurs due to undesirable contamination of the environment from human activities. Air pollution can be controlled through preventive techniques like installing equipment to remove particles and treating gaseous pollutants, as well as through effluent control measures.
Air pollution comes from both natural and human-made sources. Major human-made pollutants include sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds which are emitted from burning fossil fuels for energy and transportation. Long-term exposure to air pollutants can cause health issues like heart and lung diseases. Governments establish regulations and industries use control technologies to reduce air pollutant emissions and improve air quality.
This document discusses various topics related to environmental pollution and protection. It defines biodegradable and non-biodegradable pollutants, and mentions automobile pollution and its control. It also discusses electrostatic precipitators, drinking water quality standards, impacts of modern agriculture on soil, and primary waste water treatment methods. Other sections cover the greenhouse effect, global warming causes, the ozone layer and ozone depletion, major environmental protocols like the Montreal Protocol and Kyoto Protocol, and greenhouse gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect. Finally, it provides short questions to test understanding of topics like air pollution, soil pollution, global warming, ozone depletion, solid waste management, and noise pollution.
The document outlines a syllabus for a course on air pollution and control technology. It covers 5 units: (1) introduction to air pollution and its effects; (2) meteorology and air quality monitoring; (3) dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere; (4) control of gaseous pollutants; and (5) particulate control equipment. It also defines key terms like criteria pollutants and provides an overview of causes and sources of air pollution, as well as regulation of particulate matter.
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Table of Contents
Phase 1: Educational and Employment History 2
Educational History and Goals (Include Certifications) 2
Employment History and Goals (Do NOT mention the name of the company you are writing about). 2
Phase 2: Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols implemented by your company (Fully describe 3 of the following components. Do NOT mention your company’s name, only the Industry) 2
Hosts and Nodes 2
IPv4 versus IPv6 2
Firewall 2
Virtual Private Network (VPN) 3
Proxy Servers 3
Network Address Translation (NAT) 3
Routers, Switches, and Bridges 3
The Domain Name System (DNS) 3
Intrusion Detection Systems and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS) 3
Network Access Control 3
Phase 3: As a Security Consultant and based on what you have learned in this course, how would you improve your company’s Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols? 3
Improvement 1 3
Improvement 2 3
Improvement 3 3
Bibliography 4
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LETTERS
nature materials | VOL 3 | APRIL 2004 | www.nature.com/naturematerials 249
T issue engineering aims to replace, repair or regeneratetissue/organ function, by delivering signalling molecules andcells on a three-dimensional (3D) biomaterials scaffold that
supports cell infiltration and tissue organization1,2. To control cell
behaviour and ultimately induce structural and functional tissue
formation on surfaces, planar substrates have been patterned with
adhesion signals that mimic the spatial cues to guide cell attachment
and function3–5. The objective of this study is to create biochemical
channels in 3D hydrogel matrices for guided axonal growth. An agarose
hydrogel modified with a cysteine compound containing a sulphydryl
protecting group provides a photolabile substrate that can be
patterned with biochemical cues. In this transparent hydrogel we
immobilized the adhesive fibronectin peptide fragment, glycine–
arginine–glycine–aspartic acid–serine (GRGDS),in selected volumes of
the matrix using a focused laser.We verified in vitro the guidance effects
of GRGDS oligopeptide-modified channels on the 3D cell migration
and neurite outgrowth. This method for immobilizing biomolecules in
3D matrices can generally be applied to any optically clear hydrogel,
offering a solution to construct scaffolds with programmed spatial
features for tissue engineering applications.
Hydrogels have been widely studied as tissue scaffolds because they
are biocompatible and non-adhesive to cells, allowing cell adhesion
to be programmed in6–8. Current microfabrication methods for
3D hydrogel matrices with controlled intrinsic structure mainly
include photolithographic patterning9–11, microfluidic patterning12,
electrochemical deposition13 and 3D printing14. Notably, although these
layering techniques can conveniently shape the hydrogel on X–Y planes,
they have limited control over both the coherence of the layers along the
z direction and the local chemistry. Combining photolabile hydrogel
matrices with focused light provides the possibility of eliminating the
layering process and directly modifying the local physical or chemical
properties in 3D. This results in a promising (and perhaps facile) way to
fabricate novel tissue constructs15,16, as is described herein to control cell
behaviour by controlling the local chemical properties of gels.
Reconstituting adhesive biomolecules into biomaterials is of great
importance to understanding cell–substrate interactions that can be
translated to tissue-regeneration designs. Using 2D lithographic
techniques, adhesive biomolecules can be localized in arbitrary shapes
and sizes17,18. For example, patterning narrow strips of the extracellular
matrix (ECM) adhesion protein, laminin, on non-cell-adhesive 2D
substrates elicited.
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The document discusses air pollution in India. It defines air pollution and notes that many Indian cities have very high levels of air pollution, with 14 of the world's most polluted cities located in India. The major sources of air pollution in India are traffic, power plants that burn fossil fuels, industrial plants and factories, construction sites, crop burning, and garbage incineration. The main types of air pollutants are sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, particulates, and ozone. Air pollution has detrimental health impacts and also affects agriculture, ecosystems, buildings, and the climate.
This document discusses air pollution in India. It begins by defining air pollution and introducing the topic. It then discusses the major causes of air pollution in India, including traffic, power plants, industrial facilities, agriculture, and more. The document outlines the various types of air pollutants and their sources. It also discusses the major health, environmental, and economic impacts of air pollution. Finally, it proposes several strategies to control and reduce air pollution in urban areas, including better city planning, supplying cleaner fuels, controlling refuse burning, improving waste management, and controlling dust at construction sites.
This slide show consists of slides related to air pollution .It consists of sources of air pollution, atmospheric stability , classification of air pollutants and other information.
The document discusses air pollution and control engineering. It begins with an introduction to the structure and composition of the atmosphere. It then defines air pollution and classifies sources and effects. It discusses effects on human health like respiratory issues and premature death. It also covers effects on vegetation like leaf damage and crops as well as effects on materials like corrosion. The document outlines ambient air quality standards and emission standards. It concludes with descriptions of ambient air sampling and stack sampling to analyze particulate and gaseous pollutants.
The document discusses several topics related to air pollution and global warming including:
1) It describes different types of air pollution such as smog and their causes.
2) Health effects of air pollution include respiratory diseases and damage to plants and aquatic life.
3) Global warming is caused by increased greenhouse gases from human activities and can lead to issues like rising sea levels and more extreme weather.
4) Solutions discussed include international agreements to reduce emissions and transition to cleaner energy sources.
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, soil, marine, noise, thermal, and nuclear pollution. It provides definitions and descriptions of each type of pollution as well as their causes, effects, and methods of control. Specifically, it focuses on air pollution, describing its history, structure of the atmosphere, types and sources of air pollutants, how pollutants behave in the atmosphere, and examples of air pollution events like the London Smog of 1952. The document also categorizes pollutants as degradable, slowly degradable, and non-degradable and discusses acid deposition as a secondary air pollutant.
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, soil, marine, noise, thermal, and nuclear pollution. It provides definitions and descriptions of each type of pollution as well as their causes, effects, and methods of control. Specifically, it focuses on air pollution, describing its history, structure of the atmosphere, types and sources of air pollutants, how pollutants behave in the atmosphere, and examples of air pollution events like the London Smog of 1952. The document also categorizes pollutants as degradable, slowly degradable, and non-degradable and discusses acid deposition as a secondary air pollutant.
This document outlines pollution topics that will be covered in Chapter 5, including definitions of pollution, causes and effects of different types of pollution (air, water, soil, marine, noise, thermal, nuclear), solid waste management, the role of individuals in prevention, case studies, and disaster management related to floods, earthquakes, cyclones and landslides. Section 5.2.1 provides details on the history and sources of air pollution, including key pollutants from industries and vehicles. When pollutants enter the atmosphere, they are transported, transformed through physical or chemical changes, or removed by precipitation. Examples of localized air pollution due to topography and meteorological conditions are also given.
This document defines and discusses air pollution. It begins by explaining that air provides oxygen which is essential for life. It then defines air pollution as the introduction of chemicals or other materials into the atmosphere that can harm living things or damage the environment. The document outlines the major components of air, both natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution, common air pollutants and their effects, and strategies for monitoring and preventing air pollution.
This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
This document provides an overview of various types of environmental pollution including air pollution, acid rain, greenhouse gases, smog, and their causes and effects. It discusses six major air pollutants regulated by the EPA and sources of air pollution from industries and vehicles. Acid rain is caused by sulfur and nitrogen oxides from burning fossil fuels which can damage ecosystems and infrastructure. Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere and are contributing to global warming, with consequences like sea level rise and effects on human health and agriculture. The document also outlines different pollution control technologies.
AIR POLLUTION in Environmental and occupational health which comes under Publ...NayanaMR4
Air pollution is caused by substances emitted into the atmosphere from human activities that interfere with human health and the environment. Over 100 air pollutants have been identified including particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide. Both outdoor and indoor air pollution impact health and can cause respiratory diseases. Meteorological conditions, topography, pollutant type, and emission sources influence how pollutants disperse in the air. The ozone layer protects the Earth from UV radiation but is depleted by ozone-depleting substances, increasing UV levels at the surface. Air pollution is controlled through containment, replacement, dilution, legislation, and international cooperation. Ventilation of indoor spaces brings in fresh air and removes stale air using natural
This document provides an introduction to air pollution presented by Capt. Adib Bin Rashid. It defines air pollution and discusses the types and sources, including the burning of fossil fuels, agricultural activities, exhaust from factories and industries, mining operations, and indoor air pollution. Major air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and effects like respiratory and heart problems, global warming, acid rain, and depletion of the ozone layer are explained. Solutions to air pollution like using public transportation and conserving energy are also provided.
Air pollution is introduced by both natural and human-made sources that release contaminants such as chemicals and gases into the atmosphere. Major causes of air pollution include the burning of fossil fuels for energy, transportation, industrial processes, and agriculture. Effects of air pollution include increased global warming, respiratory and heart diseases in humans, and damage to wildlife and ecosystems. Control measures involve reducing pollution at the source through clean energy use, fuel substitution, and increasing green spaces.
This document discusses various topics related to pollution including the definition of pollution, types of pollutants, effects of pollution, and nature's mechanisms for treating pollutants. It focuses specifically on air pollution, describing its history, sources, types of air pollutants, effects on living organisms, and control measures. Pollution occurs due to undesirable contamination of the environment from human activities. Air pollution can be controlled through preventive techniques like installing equipment to remove particles and treating gaseous pollutants, as well as through effluent control measures.
Air pollution comes from both natural and human-made sources. Major human-made pollutants include sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds which are emitted from burning fossil fuels for energy and transportation. Long-term exposure to air pollutants can cause health issues like heart and lung diseases. Governments establish regulations and industries use control technologies to reduce air pollutant emissions and improve air quality.
This document discusses various topics related to environmental pollution and protection. It defines biodegradable and non-biodegradable pollutants, and mentions automobile pollution and its control. It also discusses electrostatic precipitators, drinking water quality standards, impacts of modern agriculture on soil, and primary waste water treatment methods. Other sections cover the greenhouse effect, global warming causes, the ozone layer and ozone depletion, major environmental protocols like the Montreal Protocol and Kyoto Protocol, and greenhouse gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect. Finally, it provides short questions to test understanding of topics like air pollution, soil pollution, global warming, ozone depletion, solid waste management, and noise pollution.
The document outlines a syllabus for a course on air pollution and control technology. It covers 5 units: (1) introduction to air pollution and its effects; (2) meteorology and air quality monitoring; (3) dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere; (4) control of gaseous pollutants; and (5) particulate control equipment. It also defines key terms like criteria pollutants and provides an overview of causes and sources of air pollution, as well as regulation of particulate matter.
Similar to Air and Air PollutionChapter 8Long-Distanc.docx (20)
Your NamePractical ConnectionYour NameNOTE To insert a .docxnettletondevon
Your Name
Practical Connection
Your Name
NOTE: To insert a different Cover Page select the Insert tab from the Ribbon, then the cover page you want. Insert Your Name. Enter Your Industry and Phase below. You can use this template if you wish. Please erase this note before you submit.
Table of Contents
Phase 1: Educational and Employment History 2
Educational History and Goals (Include Certifications) 2
Employment History and Goals (Do NOT mention the name of the company you are writing about). 2
Phase 2: Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols implemented by your company (Fully describe 3 of the following components. Do NOT mention your company’s name, only the Industry) 2
Hosts and Nodes 2
IPv4 versus IPv6 2
Firewall 2
Virtual Private Network (VPN) 3
Proxy Servers 3
Network Address Translation (NAT) 3
Routers, Switches, and Bridges 3
The Domain Name System (DNS) 3
Intrusion Detection Systems and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS) 3
Network Access Control 3
Phase 3: As a Security Consultant and based on what you have learned in this course, how would you improve your company’s Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols? 3
Improvement 1 3
Improvement 2 3
Improvement 3 3
Bibliography 4
NOTE: To include a Word generated TOC select the References tab from the Ribbon, then Table of Contents. Select the format you wish. Remember, to use the built-in TOC you must use the MS Word “Styles” format from the Ribbon, specifically “Heading 1” for each phase heading, “Heading 2” for the phase sub-headings and “Normal” for the body.
Remember to update the TOC after adding any data to the body of the paper. To update the TOC simply click anywhere in the TOC, select Update Table, then select Update entire table and OK.
Please erase this note before you submit.Phase 1: Educational and Employment HistoryEducational History and Goals (Include Certifications)
Type Your Data Here.
NOTE: For each Phase you must have at least 2 references. Please use the References feature of Microsoft Word to manage your references.
To add a reference to the database do the following:
Select References from the Ribbon
Select Style, then APA
Select Insert Citation
Select Add New Source
Select Type of Source
Fill in the required information, select OK
To insert a reference from the database do the following:
Place the cursor just before the period at the end of the sentence. Then select Insert Citation and select the correct reference from the list (Sewart, 2014).
Please erase this note before you submit.Employment History and Goals (Do NOT mention the name of the company you are writing about).
Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here.Phase 2: Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols implemented by your company (Fully describe 3 of the following components. Do NOT mention your company’s name, only the Industry)Hosts and Nodes
Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Da.
Your namePresenter’s name(s) DateTITILE Motivatio.docxnettletondevon
Your name:
Presenter’s name(s):
Date:
TITILE:
Motivation(s)/Statement of problem(s):
Objective(s):
Approach(s):
a. Materials:
b. Methods:
Findings:
Conclusions
LETTERS
nature materials | VOL 3 | APRIL 2004 | www.nature.com/naturematerials 249
T issue engineering aims to replace, repair or regeneratetissue/organ function, by delivering signalling molecules andcells on a three-dimensional (3D) biomaterials scaffold that
supports cell infiltration and tissue organization1,2. To control cell
behaviour and ultimately induce structural and functional tissue
formation on surfaces, planar substrates have been patterned with
adhesion signals that mimic the spatial cues to guide cell attachment
and function3–5. The objective of this study is to create biochemical
channels in 3D hydrogel matrices for guided axonal growth. An agarose
hydrogel modified with a cysteine compound containing a sulphydryl
protecting group provides a photolabile substrate that can be
patterned with biochemical cues. In this transparent hydrogel we
immobilized the adhesive fibronectin peptide fragment, glycine–
arginine–glycine–aspartic acid–serine (GRGDS),in selected volumes of
the matrix using a focused laser.We verified in vitro the guidance effects
of GRGDS oligopeptide-modified channels on the 3D cell migration
and neurite outgrowth. This method for immobilizing biomolecules in
3D matrices can generally be applied to any optically clear hydrogel,
offering a solution to construct scaffolds with programmed spatial
features for tissue engineering applications.
Hydrogels have been widely studied as tissue scaffolds because they
are biocompatible and non-adhesive to cells, allowing cell adhesion
to be programmed in6–8. Current microfabrication methods for
3D hydrogel matrices with controlled intrinsic structure mainly
include photolithographic patterning9–11, microfluidic patterning12,
electrochemical deposition13 and 3D printing14. Notably, although these
layering techniques can conveniently shape the hydrogel on X–Y planes,
they have limited control over both the coherence of the layers along the
z direction and the local chemistry. Combining photolabile hydrogel
matrices with focused light provides the possibility of eliminating the
layering process and directly modifying the local physical or chemical
properties in 3D. This results in a promising (and perhaps facile) way to
fabricate novel tissue constructs15,16, as is described herein to control cell
behaviour by controlling the local chemical properties of gels.
Reconstituting adhesive biomolecules into biomaterials is of great
importance to understanding cell–substrate interactions that can be
translated to tissue-regeneration designs. Using 2D lithographic
techniques, adhesive biomolecules can be localized in arbitrary shapes
and sizes17,18. For example, patterning narrow strips of the extracellular
matrix (ECM) adhesion protein, laminin, on non-cell-adhesive 2D
substrates elicited.
Your nameProfessor NameCourseDatePaper Outline.docxnettletondevon
Your name
Professor Name
Course
Date
Paper Outline
Thesis: Thesis statement here
I. Rough draft of introduction to essay/paper
II. First Major Point
A. Secondary point
B. Secondary point
C. Transition sentence into next paragraph
III. Second Major Point
A. Secondary point
B. Secondary point
C. Transition sentence into next paragraph
IV. Third Major Point
A. Secondary point
B. Secondary point
C. Transition sentence into next paragraph
(If there are more points, add them as items V, VI, etc. appropriately)
1
V. Rough draft of conclusion of essay/paper
A. Summary of discussion
B. Final observations
Works Cited
Livingston, James C. Anatomy of the Sacred: An Introduction to Religion. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2009.
Rodrigues, Hillary, and John S. Harding. Introduction to the Study of Religion. Routledge, 2009.
.
Your name _________________________________ Date of submission _.docxnettletondevon
Your name: _________________________________ Date of submission: ______________________
ENG201 Milestone 4: #MyWordsChangeLives Project Outline
#MyWordsChangeLives Project Outline
#wordschangelives
Instructions: Save this document on your own computer. Type into each box and expand it as needed for the length of your response. Answer thoroughly!
PART 1: PERSONAL REFLECTION
TOPIC: What is one problem, issue, or need in the world, or in your own community, that you care a lot about?
PERSONAL CONNECTION: Why is this particular issue important to you? Is there something in your life experience or academic studies that relates?
ROOT CAUSE HYPOTHESIS: What do you think are some of the root causes of this issue? Explain.
AUDIENCE HYPOTHESIS: Based on the causes you have identified, who would be a good audience for you to try to make a change on this issue? Why?
RESEARCH QUESTIONS: The next step is research, What are 3 questions related to your issue that you want to answer during your research? Think of information that might help you better understand the issue in order to address or solve it.
PART 2: RESEARCH SUMMARY
SOURCE #1: Include APA-formatted citation here, including link if applicable:
How can you tell that this is a reliable source?
In this column, make a list of the most important facts or statistics you learned from this source:
In this column, explain in your own words why the facts you included to the left are important:
What was the most important thing you learned from this source? Why?
SOURCE #2: Include APA-formatted citation here, including link if applicable:
How can you tell that this is a reliable source?
In this column, make a list of the most important facts or statistics you learned from this source:
In this column, explain in your own words why the facts you included to the left are important:
What was the most important thing you learned from this source? Why?
SOURCE #3: Include APA-formatted citation here, including link if applicable:
How can you tell that this is a reliable source?
In this column, make a list of the most important facts or statistics you learned from this source:
In this column, explain in your own words why the facts you included to the left are important:
What was the most important thing you learned from this source? Why?
PART 3: PROJECT PLANNING OUTLINE
CREATE YOUR OWN TEXT-BASED CAMPAIGN!
Start outlining the components of your final project here.
You will explain each choice in greater detail and polished prose for your final project.
Headline: What is the “headline” of your campaign? What phrase or hashtag will you use? Why those words?
Message: What is the subtext of the campaign? In other words, what messages are you communicating by the headline?
Audience: With whom is your campaign de.
Your NameECD 310 Exceptional Learning and InclusionInstruct.docxnettletondevon
Your Name
ECD 310: Exceptional Learning and Inclusion
Instructor
Date
Inclusive and Differentiated Learning and Assessments
Hint 1: This template is intended to guide you; however, you’re encouraged to add or delete from this format as long as your final product aligns with the assignment requirements found under Week 3>Assignment.
Hint 2: Delete these highlighted “hints” before final submission.
Hint 3: Delete the prompt text included on each slide and replace it with your own content.
Only use this template if you are enrolled in the Bachelor of Arts in Early Childhood Education
Introduction
On this slide, provide a brief introduction to the topic of standardized assessment.
Hint: For help creating and editing slides in PowerPoint, see this guide on Creating PowerPoint Presentations.
Including All Students
On this slide, describe how you will ensure that all students are included in assessments and how you will make decisions about how children participate in assessments.
Accessibility for All
Summarize how you will make sure that the assessments are designed for accessibility by all.
Ensuring Fairness and Validity
Explain how you will make sure the assessment results are fair and valid.
Reporting the Results
Describe the importance of reporting the results of the assessment for all students.
Evaluating the Process
Examine how you will continually evaluate the assessment process to improve it and ensure student success.
Hint: Use scholarly sources in your presentation to support your ideas. Remember to include in-text citations.
Rationale
Explain your rationale, based on the age of children you plan to work with, the reasons why you would use standardized assessments.
Some reasons might be programmatic planning, differentiating instruction, identifying individual needs, and ensuring alignment with standards.
Hint: Make sure to support your reasoning with at least one scholarly source.
Collaboration
Discuss how, as an early childhood educator, you will collaborate with your colleagues to differentiate the assessment tools you will use to support the children you work with.
Conclusion
Include a brief conclusion to bring closure to your presentation.
.
Your Name University of the Cumberlands ISOL634-25 P.docxnettletondevon
The document discusses defensible space and crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). It defines defensible space as using barriers and surveillance to control an environment and divide it into zones. CPTED is defined as a multidisciplinary approach to reducing crime through the design of environments in a way that improves safety and allows for better physical and operational controls.
Your Name Professor Name Subject Name 06 Apr.docxnettletondevon
Your Name:
Professor Name:
Subject Name:
06 April 2019
Active exhibition
For most people, a hospital is a place that we don't want to go, but we may have to go if
we get ill. Pain and death brought by diseases terrify us, which make us avoid thinking
of a hospital, not to mention visiting a hospital if not necessary. As for me, a hospital is a
special place. My father is a doctor who helps thousands of patients get well. I spent my
childhood watching him cure patients and bring happiness back to their life. A hospital
represents hope and wellness to patients and their loved ones, and we cannot simply
correlate it with the negative image brought by diseases, form an idea for illness and
even hospital fear. I want to propose a series of exhibitions to awaken people's outdated
and even prejudiced views, just like “A Hacker Manifesto” taught us. We need to bring
this spirit to break the perception in the traditional sense. This exhibition, I hope to let
patients or visitors think more deeply about what disease or disability has brought us.
Inspired by ‘A Hacker Manifesto’, I want to subvert mundane ideas and provide a
completely new experience to hospital visitors through this exhibition. Many relate their
past bad experiences and sad stories with hospitals. Thus, they hold a negative and
prejudice attitude toward the hospital and refuse to change. In this exhibition, I will
present the ‘hope’ and ‘wellness’ side of the hospital. Instead of breaking us down, a
hospital is protecting us from losing health or even life. Also, I want to exhibit the
optimism and fortitude the patients have when they fight against diseases. The shining
qualities they maintain to win the battle of life are so inspiring. We can understand the
meaning of life better from the hospital exhibition.
To organize an impressive exhibition, I choose a comprehensive hospital with a large
amount of patients. In this way, more people will be attracted to the exhibition in the
hospital than in smaller hospitals. They can enjoy the exhibition works when they wait in
line. There are many kinds of patients in general hospitals. I hope to bring some new
concept or idea to the patient.
After comparing several local hospitals in San Francisco, I decided to choose the
hospital in Kaiser Permanente. Kaiser's hospitals are widely distributed, and almost all
of California's medical systems are involved. Exhibitions can have more widely flowed,
and the community around Kaiser is rich. There are companies as well as residential
areas and even schools. The success of the exhibition can benefit the surrounding
communities more broadly.
Kaiser Permanente Campus in San Francisco
For a specific location, I chose the Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center
and Medical Offices (2425 Geary Blvd, San Francisco, CA 94115). In the lobby of the
entrance, you can see a very wide area, on the righ.
Your muscular system examassignment is to describe location (su.docxnettletondevon
Your muscular system exam/assignment
is to describe location (superior & inferior attachments, action and innervations of the following muscles: please make sure to describe that mentioned above on each muscles.
Deltoid
Triceps brachii
Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Sartorius
Iliotibial tract/band
Tensor Fascia Lata
Describe glenohumeral joint (anatomy, ligaments, and movements at this articulation).
.
Your midterm will be a virtual, individual assignment. You can choos.docxnettletondevon
Your midterm will be a virtual, individual assignment. You can choose one of the following to complete:
-Website (sites.google.com or wordpress.com)
-Blog (blogger.com or tumblr)
-Vlog
You have to find a way to tie in
ALL
of the following topics in your multimedia midterm project:
-Cellular Reproduction
-Meiosis
-DNA structure/Function
-Bacteria and Archaea
-Protists
You'll either have to explain your information at an elementary, lay (someone not familiar with science), or the scientific level.
Your midterm project will be due on February 26, 2020 at 11:59 pm.
In your project you aren’t giving definitions, you’re explaining in a unique way how all the topics tie in together. If you choose elementary you need to be creative and engaging as they have a short attention span and have little to no knowledge of science. For the lay audience you’ll need to relate it to the real world or real world events. Think of this audience as explaining these subjects to your mother or grandmother. For the scientific audience, you must use scientific language and present your information in a matter of fact way. This requires an innovative mindset.
.
Your local art museum has asked you to design a gallery dedicated to.docxnettletondevon
Your local art museum has asked you to design a gallery dedicated to works of art from one of the following movements:
Modernism
You may use Word or PowerPoint to design your gallery.
You will design your gallery as if you were guiding a visitor to each work of art.
In your gallery, include the following:
A brief introduction to your gallery, which includes a description of the movement and the time period to which your gallery is dedicated.
Six images of works of art that incorporate the characteristics significant to movement and time period. Along with each image of a work of art, include the citation for the work of art. A summary of how the media (materials), methods, and subject are significant to that time period and region, using appropriate art terminology.
A summary of how iconographic, historical, political, philosophical, religious, and social factors of the movement are reflected in the work of art.
Make use of at least three scholarly sources
Cite your sources
.
Your letter should include Introduction – Include your name, i.docxnettletondevon
Your letter should include:
Introduction – Include your name, if you are a full-time or part-time student, your program name and your semester of study.
Body of letter – Why do you think you qualify for an award? Include your volunteer work within the community.
Conclusion – Show your appreciation for being considered and include how receiving an award will assist with your education.
.
Your legal analysis should be approximately 500 wordsDetermine.docxnettletondevon
Your legal analysis should be approximately 500 words
Determine whether Mr. Johnson discriminated against Ms. Djarra based on religion.
Discuss whether Mr. Johnson offered reasonable accommodations to Ms. Djarra.
Identify the amount and type of damages to be awarded, if any.
The Religious Discrimination – Reasonable Accommodations analysis
Tip for what I need for the analysis section: An analysis section draws meaning from the events that occurred. Go in depth about the implications of their viewpoints or actions.
.
Your Last Name 1Your Name Teacher Name English cl.docxnettletondevon
Your Last Name 1
Your Name
Teacher Name
English class number
Due Date
Title
Start typing here. Delete the notes below after you read through them.
Indent each paragraph and use double spacing and the following formatting:
1 inch margins
Times New Roman
12 point font type
DO NOT use any of the following:
NO border,
NO word art,
NO drawings,
NO ALL CAPS,
NO exclamation points!,
Your Last Name 2
NO underlining,
NO bold,
NO italics (except for references to literature)
NO different font types, sizes or colors.
.
Your job is to delegate job tasks to each healthcare practitioner (U.docxnettletondevon
Delegate tasks to healthcare practitioners during the day shift by filling out a staffing table or describing each person's tasks. Use a primary, team, or modular nursing staffing model to help make delegation decisions. Follow APA style guidelines by typing responses into a Microsoft Word document and uploading the completed staffing table or document.
Your job is to look at the routing tables and DRAW (on a piece of pa.docxnettletondevon
Your job is to look at the routing tables and DRAW (on a piece of paper) the topology based on the information in the routing tables. All of the LANS have the first address (.1). Your deliverable is to draw the topology, with the router names, with the interface names and addresses based on the information given. Please take a picture of your drawing and attach it to the dropbox.
I already did this assignment. i am attaching my work also, i am so confused about these ports. i am attaching, my professors note as well. PLEASE READ IT CAREFULLY. and fix it
you did not list the serial ports correctly. The serial ports are what connect the routers together. 2 connecting serial ports will have addresses on the SAME network. The serial port does not stick out of the router like the LANs, the serial ports connect the routers to each other.
.
Your job is to design a user interface that displays the lotto.docxnettletondevon
Your job is to design a user interface that displays the lotto balls that are drawn when drawing up to balls from 5 total of 30 balls.
Use 5 image elements to display the ball images from this zipfile:
lottoballs.zip
(I WILL ATTACH THE FILE)
Use a button to perform the drawing.
Use a Lotto class object in the script lotto-class.js to simulate drawing the balls.
Use a CSS file to set the fonts, colors, and sizes of the elements on your page.
Include a link back to your index page. ** ONLY SHOW FIVE BALLS IN HTML
The Lotto class object draws the balls with replacement and sorts them in numeric order before outputting them.
Allow the user to choose how many balls from which to draw and how many balls to draw. This provides a variety of Lotto games to play.
.
Your Introduction of the StudyYour Purpose of the stud.docxnettletondevon
Your
Introduction
of the Study
Your
Purpose
of the study
Your
Methodology
Add your ethical considerations for the survey to your Methodology
Add your measurement strategy to your Methodology
Include a copy of the questionnaire or survey in the Methodology
Provide your
Data Analysis
with survey results
Data results should be provided in graphic form, making them user-friendly information
Provide your
Conclusion
regarding the study. Be sure to tell how well you answered your research question, the status of your hypothesis (true/false), and the value of your survey results for your topic moving forward
USE the attached paper to complete final.
.
Your instructor will assign peer reviewers. You will review a fell.docxnettletondevon
Your instructor will assign peer reviewers. You will review a fellow student's Week 1 materials and provide substantive and constructive feedback to them on the direction for their final paper (250 word minimum). Is something useful missing from the outline? Do you know additional sources (or places to find good sources) the person might want to include? Do you understand clearly his or her topic and thesis?
Fellow Student week I material:
Title of Paper: Long Term Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect.
Introduction:
The voice that is hardly heard. Child abuse and neglect have become predators within human history. As time has passed the outstanding cases that have come about over the many years have raised many eyebrows and society has become appreciative to the revilement of these evil acts within all communities. Child abuse and neglect can take place in a home as well as outside a home places many couldn’t even imagine such as within our school system as well as playgrounds. Even though many times these evil acts take place within a home it can be done by family, friends and acquaintances of the child. Child abuse and neglect can be performed in various ways such as neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse and emotional abuse.
Direct Statement and Research Question:
The voice that is hardly heard. Can child abuse and child neglect affect an individual?
Proposal:
The paper that I am presenting to you today will explore the aspects of child abuse, child neglect, effects of the abuse, signs of abuse, signs of neglect, symptoms, risk factors, treatment and prevention. Individuals have their own presumptions of their definition of child abuse as well as child neglect. Some of those presumptions that I have heard were the failure to provide enough love to a child, the failure to provide enough necessities to a child. Child neglect and abuse goes deeper than this the emotional neglect, physical neglect and medical neglect. Where a child sustained physical injuries due to the act of hitting, shaking, burning and kicking describes physical abuse. Sexual activity that the child cannot consent of or comprehend refers to sexual abuse. These acts involve anal and genital intercourse, oral contact, and fondling. Emotional as well as psychological abuse involves those words of putting children down, vulgar language, screaming and yelling can all involve emotional as well as psychological abuse towards a child.
Methodology and Data:
I plan on delivering my methodology through statistics such as research journals and individuals in society that also work with children who have been abused as well as neglected such as interviewing social workers, teachers, health professionals and individuals within society. Understanding that many abused children do not come forward because of that fear that has been placed in them. The fear of becoming the blame, the fear of being rejected or refused, the fear of the blame and the fear of being ashamed so.
Your initial reading is a close examination of the work youve c.docxnettletondevon
Your initial reading is a close examination of the work you've chosen before you read about it. In order to describe what you see, you might consider:
What do you notice first? Why? What do the colors convey? How? How is the space occupied? Is there a foreground and a background (2D) or is the piece sculptural (3D) with mass and volume? Is there an implied shape, such as a triangle, square, or circle, that brings balance to the composition? Are there diagonal lines that make it dynamic?
Next, read the materials provided about the work of art. You are welcome to do additional research on the internet as long as you use reputable websites, such as those from museums and art publications. Go back to your piece and take an even closer look. Think about what you've read and what you see. How does its meaning deepen from additional information the work of art?
Then, consider how the formal elements play into the artist's intention or audience's interpretation of the work. Making connections and observations about form and content are the key to writing a strong analysis. Remember to cite as appropriate.
Include several of areas from the first and second points to bring you to the third point.
1. Initial Reading (what do you see and understand when you first look at the work?)
Medium (materials)
Formal Elements
Subject
2. Contextual Research
Content
History
Emphasis
Effect
Symbolism
Relevance
Political Parallels
Social Implications
Audience?
Influences?
Captions/Title/Text
Ethical/Logical/Emotional Appeal?
3. Meaning
Bring it together. What does the work of art mean? Develop a persuasive, cohesive analysis that includes what you see through form and context.
.
Your initial posting must be no less than 200 words each and is due .docxnettletondevon
Your initial posting must be no less than 200 words each and is due
no later than Wednesday 11:59 PM EST/EDT.
The day you post this will count as one of your required four unique postings.
Identify the standard that courts use to qualify someone as an expert witness. Then discuss the standards used to allow that individual's testimony in court. Here, you will want to refer to the Federal Rules of Evidence as well as the Daubert Standard and several other important landmark cases. Include in your response the Saint Leo core value of integrity.
Saint Leo Core Value of Integrity:
The commitment of Saint Leo University to excellence demands that its members live its mission and deliver on its promise. The faculty, staff, and students pledge to be honest, just, and consistent in word and deed.
.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
1. Air and Air Pollution
Chapter 8
Long-Distance Transport of Air Pollution
Global Distillation Effect:Chemicals enter the atmosphere in
warm regions and are moved to cooler areas.Yukon, Northern
CanadaChemicals concentrate (bioaccumulate) in the body fat
of animals at the top of the food chainA single bite of whale
skin contains more PCBs than what is safe to consume in one
weekBreast milk of Inuit women (where whale is part of the
diet) has 5 times more PCB than in women in Southern Canada
*
Long-Distance Transport of Air Pollution
Atmospheric conditions blow pollution from Asia to America
across the Pacific OceanMany countries have policies and
regulations to limit pollution from being transported
2. *
Long-Distance Transport of Air Pollution
*
Learning Objectives:
Define atmosphere and list the major gases comprising the
atmosphere
Briefly describe the four major concentric layers of the
atmosphere
Define Coriolis effect
The Atmosphere
*
The AtmosphereAtmosphere Gaseous envelope
surrounding the EarthOxygen and Nitrogen = 99% of dry
airOther gases = 1%Water and traces of air pollutantsFour
concentric layers:
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
3. *
The Atmosphere
*
The Atmosphere
*
Environmental InSight
*
The AtmosphereAtmosphereEcosystem Services:Protects Earth
from UV radiation, x-rays, cosmic raysKeeps Earth’s
temperature within living rangeOrganisms depend on the
atmosphereOrganism modify and balance the
atmospherePhotosynthesisRespiration
4. *
The AtmosphereAtmospheric CirculationGlobal Circulation
PatternsDifferences in air temperatures drive circulationHot air
near Equator expands and risesAs it rises, it cools and sinks
againConvection process causes air currents that mix warmer
and cooler parts of the atmospheremoderates temperatures over
Earth’s surfaceWinds Smaller-scale horizontal
movementsFluctuations in atmospheric pressuresPlanet’s
rotation
*
The Atmosphere
*
The AtmosphereWindSmaller-scale horizontal
movementsFluctuations in atmospheric pressuresAir pressure is
variable depending on altitude, temperature, and humidityWinds
blow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
The bigger the difference between the high and low
pressures, the stronger the windsPlanet’s rotationCoriolis
effectPrevailing WindsPolar EasterliesWesterliesTrade Winds
5. *
The Atmosphere
*
Global Climate Change
What gases make up the atmosphere?
What two layers of the atmosphere are closest to Earth’s
surface? How do they differ from one another?
What is the Coriolis effect, and how does it influence
atmospheric circulation?
Types and Sources of Air PollutionLearning Objectives
Define air pollution and distinguish between primary and
secondary air pollutants
List the seven major classes of air pollutants and describe their
characteristics and sources
*
6. Air Pollution:Various chemicals (gases, liquids, solids) present
in the atmosphere in high enough levels to be harmful to
humans, other organisms, or materialsPrimary Air
Pollutants:Harmful chemicals that enter directly into the
atmosphere due to either human activities or natural
processesSecondary Air Pollutants:Harmful chemicals that form
in the atmosphere when primary air pollutants react chemically
with one another or with natural components on the atmosphere
Types and Sources of Air Pollution
*
Types and Sources of Air Pollution
*
Major Classes of Air Pollutants:Particulate Matter: dusts
(solids) and mists (liquids) suspended in the atmosphere - some
are toxic or carcinogenicSoil particles, soot, lead, asbestos, sea
salt, sulfuric acidScatters and absorbs light, reducing
visibilityCan corrode metals, erode buildings and
sculpturesEventually settles out, but can remain suspended for
many yearsInhaling the particles introduces the chemicals into
the bodySmaller particles are worse because they get deeper
into the lungs
Types and Sources of Air Pollution
7. *
Types of Particulate Matter:Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)Sulfur Oxide
Carbon OxidesHydrocarbonsOzoneHazardous Air Pollutants
(HAPs)
Types and Sources of Air Pollution
*
Types and Sources of Air Pollution
*
Types and Sources of Air Pollution
*
Sources of Outdoor Air PollutantsNot all is human
generatedVolcanoes release particulate matter and sulfur
oxidesPlants can contribute to air pollution in response to heat,
producing compounds to protect themselvesHuman generated
pollutionTransportation (mobile sources)Nitrogen oxides,
carbon oxides, particulate matter, hydrocarbonsIndustry
(stationary sources)Particulate matter, sulfur oxides, nitrogen
8. oxides, carbon oxidesCombustion of fossil fuels is responsible
for most emissions
Types and Sources of Air Pollution
*
What A Scientist Sees
*
Types and Sources of Air Pollution
*
Global Climate Change
What is the difference between primary and secondary air
pollutants?
What are the seven main classes of air pollutants, and what are
some of their effects?
9. Effects of Air PollutionLearning Objectives:
Relate, in general terms, the adverse health effects of air
pollutants
Describe industrial smog, photochemical smog, temperature
inversions, urban heat islands, and dust domes
*
Effects of Air PollutionAir pollutionInjures organismsReduces
visibilityAttacks and corrodes materials (metals, rubber, plastic,
fabrics)Harm the respiratory tracts of animalsCan worsen
existing conditionsLung disease, cardiovascular diseaseReduces
productivity of cropsInvolved in acid deposition, global
warming and ozone depletion
*
Effects of Air PollutionAir Pollution and Human
HealthIrritation of the eyes and inflammation of respiratory
tractSuppression of immune systemChronic emphysema and
bronchitisEmphysema: alveoli become irreversibly
distendedBreathlessness and wheezingBronchitis: bronchi
become permanently inflamedBreathlessness and coughing
*
10. Effects of Air Pollution
*
Effects of Air PollutionUrban Air PollutionSmog/Industrial
SmogSmoke pollutionRelated to coal combustionSulfur oxides
and particulate matterWorse in winter, due to combustion of
fossil fuels for heatingLaws have made it better in developed
countries.Photochemical SmogLos Angeles, 1940sInvolves
nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and sunlight to produce
secondary pollutantsWorse in summer, due to higher
sunlightSources: automobiles, dry-cleaners, bakeries
*
Effects of Air Pollution
*
Effects of Air PollutionEffects of Weather and
TopographyChanges in temperature produce air circulation
11. patterns that help disperse air pollutionTemperature inversion:
pollutants get trapped in a cold layer of air close to the ground,
by an upper layer of warm airCan last several daysCertain
topographies increase the likelihood:Cities in valleys, coastal
areas, leeward side of mountains.
*
Effects of Air PollutionAir Pollution in Los AngelesSome of the
worst smog in the worldTopography and climate are conducive
to temperature inversions1969, CA became the first state to
enforce emissions standards on motor vehiclesStringent smog
control lawsLA now has the cleanest air since the 1950s, but
still exceeds federal air quality standards on more days than any
other city in US
*
Effects of Air Pollution
*
EnviroDiscovery
12. *
Effects of Air PollutionUrban Heat IslandsLocal heat buildup in
an area of high populationStreets, rooftops, parking lots absorb
lots of heat during the day and radiate it back during the
nightHeat from human activities, such as combustionAffect
local weather conditionsIncrease the number of thunderstorms
in the summer
*
Effects of Air Pollution
*
Effects of Air PollutionUrban Dust Domes:A dome of heated air
that surrounds an urban area and contains a lot of air pollutionIf
wind speed increases, the particulate matter moves downwind
from the city and the polluted air spreads to rural areas
*
13. Effects of Air Pollution
*
Global Climate Change
What are some of the health effects of exposure to air pollution?
What are urban heat islands? What are dust domes?
Controlling Air PollutantsLearning Objectives:
Summarize the Effects of the Clean Air Act on US air pollution
Contrast air pollution in highly developed countries and in
developing countries
*
Controlling Air PollutantsTechnology exists to deal with Air
Pollutionsmokestacks with precipitators, fabric filters,
scrubbers reduce particulatesCareful excavation, sprinkling
water over soil being moved also reduce particulatesMeasures
that increase fuel efficiency also reduce pollutionUsing low
sulfur fuels, or removing sulfur before combustionModification
14. of furnaces and engines to provide fuller combustionCatalytic
afterburnersReduction of spills and evaporation of petroleum
and benzene
*
Controlling Air Pollutants
*
Controlling Air PollutantsThe Clean Air Act (CAA)Air quality
has improved since 1970s, thanks to CAAUpdated and amended
in 1977, 1990Authorizes EPA to apply and enforce CAA by
establishing limits on the amounts of specific air pollutants
permitted in the USLead, particulates, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides, ozoneLead showed a 98% decrease between
1970 and 1990Since 2008, EPA can also regulate CO2
*
Controlling Air Pollutants
15. *
Controlling Air PollutantsAir Pollution in Developing
CountriesEnvironmental quality is a low priority in economic
developmentOld technology is less expensiveAir pollution laws
are non-existent or not enforcedAir quality is deteriorating
rapidly in many developing nationsGrowing number of
automobilesNo pollution control devices, 10+ yrs oldLead
pollution form leaded gasolineRespiratory disease is the leading
cause of death for children worldwideMore than 80% of deaths
is for children under 5 who live in cities in developing countries
*
Controlling Air Pollutants
*
Global Climate Change
What is the U.S. Clean Air Act, and how has it reduced air
pollution?
Where is air pollution worse: in highly developed nations or in
developing countries? Why?
16. Indoor Air PollutionLearning Objectives:
Summarize at least four sources of indoor air pollution and
explain their role in sick building syndrome
Describe the effects of indoor air pollution in developing
countries
*
Indoor Air PollutionDeveloped CountriesMost common indoor
air pollutants- Radon, cigarette smoke, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde, household pesticides, cleaning
solvents, ozone, asbestosViruses, bacteria, fungi, dust mites,
pollenSick Building SyndromeEye irritations, nausea,
headaches, respiratory infections, depression, and fatigue
caused by indoor pollution 20 million employees are exposed to
health risks from indoor air pollutionEPA estimates $50 billion
cost in loss of work, productivity, health costs to the economy
*
Indoor Air PollutionDeveloping Countries:Most common air
pollutantsSmoke form indoor cooking with firewood or animal
dung containsCarbon monoxide, particulates, hydrocarbons,
formaldehyde and benzeneWomen and children are most
exposed and harmedLower respiratory infections, eye
17. infections, lung cancerWHO estimates 1.6 million people die
each year from the health hazards of smoke from indoor cooking
*
Indoor Air Pollution
*
Indoor Air PollutionRadonColorless, odorless, tasteless
radioactive gasImportant indoor air pollutant in USSeeps
through ground and enters buildings, where it
concentratesCauses 12% of lung cancersCigarette smoking
makes it worseEPA: 6% of US homes have too much
RadonSoutheastern PA, northern NJ and NY
*
Indoor Air Pollution
*
18. Indoor Air Pollution
*
Global Climate Change
What are some common indoor air contaminants?
Why is indoor air pollution such a serious health hazard in
developing countries?
Case StudyCurbing Air Pollution in ChattanoogaWorst air
pollution in the US in 1960sHeadlights were necessary during
the dayToday, air is cleanCAA allowed the city to apply and
enforce air quality regulationsIn 2000s, Chattanooga continued
to move toward environmental sustainability Planning to
renovate a brown-field and convert it into an industrial
ecosystem, where people live near their places of work
*
Case Study
19. *
Human Population Change and the Environment
Chapter 7
India’s Population PressuresWorld’s second most populous
nation1.2 billion1950s - government sponsored family
planningNumber of children per woman declined from 5.3
(1980) to 2.7 (2009)Despite successPopulation pressure has
cause environmental degradation76% live under poverty level
(less than $2 /day)
*
India’s Population Pressures
Learning Objectives:
20. Define population ecology
Explain the four factors that produce changes in population size
Define biotic potential and carrying capacity
Population Ecology
*
Population EcologyPopulation:Individuals of the same species,
living in the same place at the same timePopulation
Ecology:Study populations’ responses to
environmentCompetition for food and resources; predation,
disease, etc.How environmental pressures affect population
growth
*
Population Ecology
*
Population EcologyHow Do Populations Grow in Size?Two
factors:Birth Rate (b) = expressed as number per 1000
people/yrDeath rate (d) = expressed as number per 1000
people/yrGrowth Rate (r): rate of change of population size
21. (natural increase)R = b – dIf population is growing, r > 0 (d <
b)If population is shrinking, r < 0 (d > b)If population is stable,
r = 0 (d = b)
*
Population EcologyGrowth rate is also affected by
dispersal:Immigration (i) = individuals enter a
populationEmigration (e) = individuals leave population
r = (b – d) + (i – e)
*
Population Ecology
*
Maximum Population GrowthBiotic Potential (maximum rate of
increase under optimal conditions)Life history
characteristics:Age at first reproductionReproductive fraction of
life spanNumber of reproductive periods/eventsNumber of
offspring per reproductive eventLarger organisms tend to have
smaller biotic potentials (e.g., whales)Smaller organisms tend to
have larger biotic potentials (e.g., bacteria)
Population Ecology
22. *
Population EcologyPopulation Growth Rates:Some bacteria
time, the
graph looks like a JJ-shaped growth is called exponential
growthExponential growthAccelerating population growth that
occurs when optimal conditions allow a constant reproductive
rate
*
Population Ecology
*
Population EcologyEnvironmental Resistance:Environmental
factors that limit the exponential growth of populationsFood,
water, shelter, disease, predation, waste accumulationAs the
environment deteriorates population growth declinesdeath rate
increasesThe environment controls population sizeAs the
population grows, so does environmental resistance, which
limits population growthExponential growth is no longer
23. possible
*
Population EcologyCarrying Capacity (K):The largest
population a particular environment can support sustainably
(long term), if there are no changes in that environmentAt K,
population growth (r) is nearly zeroGause, 1930s ecologist,
experiments with ParameciumLimited daily amount of food, and
removal of wasteAt first, exponential growth, then leveled offS-
shaped curve
*
Population Ecology
*
Population EcologyCarrying Capacity:Populations rarely
stabilize at KUsually, the overshoot K, then drop back
belowSometimes, there is a Population CrashAbrupt decline
from high to low numbersResource depletionE.g., Reindeer
crash, 1911
24. *
Population Ecology
*
Global Climate Change
What is population ecology?
How do each of the following affect population size: birth rate,
death rate, immigration, and emigration?
How do biotic potential and/or carrying capacity produce the J-
shaped and S-shaped population growth curves?
Human Population PatternsLearning Objectives
Summarize the history of human population growth
Identify Thomas Malthus, relate his ideas on human population
growth, and explain why he may or may not have been wrong
Explain why it is impossible to precisely determine how many
people Earth can support—that is, Earth’s carrying capacity for
humans
25. *
Human Population PatternsExponential growth curve of Human
Population 8000 BCE to 180
billion
*
Human Population Patterns
*
Human Population PatternsThomas Malthus (1766–1834)British
economistPopulation can’t grow indefinitelyConsequences
would be famine, war, diseaseSince Malthus’ timeHuman
populations have continued to increase exponentiallyBirth rates
have not increased dramaticallyDeath rates have decreased
dramaticallyFood production has kept pace due to scientific
advancesHealth improvements
26. *
Human Population Patterns
*
Human Population PatternsProjecting Future Population
NumbersZero population growthThe population size remains
constantBirth rate equals death rateUnited Nations and World
Bank experts predict we will reach ZPG by end of 21st
centuryBy 2050, there will be 7.7–10.6 billion peopleMain
unknown factor: Earth’s Carrying CapacityEstimates say Earth
can support 4–16 billionAnalysis of 69 studies says 7.7 billion
*
Human Population Patterns
*
Human Population PatternsApproaching Earth’s KWhat will
happen to humans?Optimists: Birth rates will decrease,
27. population will stabilizePessimists:Environmental degradation
from growing population will make Earth uninhabitable for
humans and other speciesMassive human suffering and
deathMany experts say we have already surpassed K
*
Human Population Patterns
*
Human Population Patterns
*
Human Population Patterns
*
Human Population Patterns
28. *
Global Climate Change
How would you describe human population growth for the past
200 years?
Who was Thomas Malthus, and what were his views on human
population growth?
When determining Earth’s carrying capacity for humans, why is
it not enough to just consider human numbers?
Demographics of CountriesLearning Objectives:
Define demographics and describe the demographic transition
Explain how highly developed countries differ in population
characteristics such as infant mortality rate, total fertility rate,
replacement-level fertility, and age structure
*
Demographics of CountriesDemographics:Applied branch of
sociology that deals with population statisticsCountries are
grouped byPopulation growth ratesDegree of
industrializationRelative prosperityGNI PPP = gross national
29. income in purchasing power parityPer person GNI PPP = GNI
PPP/number of peopleThe amount of goods and services an
average citizen of a particular country could buy in the US
*
Demographics of Countries
*
Demographics of CountriesHighly Developed CountriesLowest
birth rates (some have shrinking pops)Low infant mortality
ratesLonger life expectanciesHighest per capita GNI
PPPModerately Developed CountriesHigher birth and infant
mortality ratesMedium industrializationLower GNI PPPLess
Developed CountriesShortest life expectanciesHighest birth and
infant mortality rates
*
Demographics of Countries
30. *
Demographics of CountriesReplacement-level Fertility RateThe
number of children a couple must produce to replace
themselvesKeeps population size stable2.1 children per
womanTotal Fertility RateThe average number of children born
to each womanCurrently 2.6 children per woman
*
Demographics of CountriesDemographic Transition:Stages
through which a population progresses as it becomes
industrializedFour Basic Stages
Preindustrial
Transitional
Industrial
Postindustrial
*
Demographics of Countries
*
31. Demographics of CountriesWhat happens when a population
reaches the 4th stage?We don’t know:We see that TFR are
dropping as countries become more industrializedBrazil1960 =
6.7 children/woman, 2010 = 2Worldwide1970 = 6.1
children/woman, 2010 = 2.7Despite great advances, population
still increasing
*
Demographics of Countries
*
Demographics of CountriesAge Structure of CountriesThe
number and proportion of people at each age in a
populationRepresented in an age-structure diagramHelps predict
future population growthRapid growthSlow
growthStableDecliningPopulation Growth momentum
*
32. Demographics of Countries
*
Demographics of CountriesGrowing PopulationsMostly in
developing countries82% of world’s populationDue to high
population growth momentumGreat economic difficulty
supporting growthDeclining Fertility RatesSocial and economic
implicationsAging populationsReduces country’s productive
workforceIncreases tax burdenStrains social security and health
systemsLower violent crime rates
*
Demographics of Countries
*
Global Climate Change
What is the demographic transition?
What is infant mortality rate? How does it vary in highly
developed and developing countries?
33. Stabilizing World PopulationLearning Objectives:
Relate total fertility rates to each of the following: cultural
values; social and economic status of women; the availability of
family planning services; and government policies
Explain the link between education and total fertility rates
*
Stabilizing World PopulationReducing fertility rates to reduce
Population GrowthCultural traditionsWomen’s social and
economic statusFamily planningGovernment policies
*
Stabilizing World PopulationCulture and FertilityCulture is
defined (partly) by Values and norms of a societyVarying roles
men and women are expected to playDifferent societies have
different gender expectationsFertilityA couple is expected to
have the traditional number of children for their society
*
34. Stabilizing World Population
*
Stabilizing World PopulationHigh TFRs are traditional in many
societiesInfant and child mortality are high, but
decliningImportant economic and societal roles of children218
million children under 15 yrs work full-timeChronic health
problems, no childhood, no educationAs they grow, the provide
for aging parentsContrast with HDCs (highly developed
countries)Children have no value in work force, less labor is
required in industrialized economy, social security provides for
the elderly, so children attend schoolSocial pressure to produce
male childrenReligious values
*
Stabilizing World Population
*
Stabilizing World PopulationSocial and Economic Status of
35. WomenGender inequityLower political, social, economic, and
health status of womenIn developing countries, more women
live in poverty than menNot guaranteed equal legal rights,
employment and earnings, education, political participationGirls
are kept home to work (instead of being sent to school) more
often than boysHigher percentage of women are illiterate
*
Stabilizing World Population
*
Stabilizing World PopulationSingle most important factor
affecting high TFRs in many society is the low status of
womenMarriage is the only option to achieve social status and
economic securityImproving the social and economic status of
women will help deal with population issues
*
Women with more education Marry later and have fewer
childrenReduces childbearing years, increases time between
36. generationsHave lower infant mortalityHave more control over
fertilityChildren with more education have better chance at
improving standard of livingParents may choose to invest in
fewer children who earn more
Stabilizing World Population
Family Planning ServicesReducing fertility can’t happen
without access to health and family planning servicesPrenatal
contraceptionProvide contraception devicesDon’t try to limit
the number of children in a family, just explain why it is better
to have fewer children
Stabilizing World Population
*
Family Planning ServicesWork best if sensitive toCultural and
social beliefsRole of males in the planning (women may not
want any more children but they are pressured by husbands and
in-laws)In HDCs, 68% of married women use contraceptivesIn
developing countries where contraceptives are available, TFRs
are declining
Stabilizing World Population
*
37. Stabilizing World Population
*
What a Scientist Sees
*
EnviroDiscovery
Microcredit ProgramsSmall loans ($50–500) to very poor people
to help them establish businesses and generate incomesewing
machines to make clothingused refrigerators for opening small
grocery storesFINCA (Foundation for International Community
Assistance)Not for profit agency, administers microloansTargets
women (70% of world’s poorest are women)If mothers are
employed, children benefitStatus of women is raised when they
have their own income
*
Stabilizing World PopulationGovernment Policies and
FertilityInvolved in childbearing and childrearingMinimum
38. marriage ageAmount of educationBudgetary support to family
planning services, education, incentives for smaller or larger
family sizesGovernments of at least 78 countries have
recognized they must limit population growthSponsor family
projectsHealth care, education, economic development,
women’s social status
*
Global Climate Change
What is family planning? Is family planning effective in
reducing fertility rates?
What is the relationship between fertility rate and educational
opportunities for women?
Population and UrbanizationLearning Objectives:
Define urbanization and describe trends in the distribution of
people in rural and urban areas
Describe some of the problems associated with rapid growth
rates in large urban areas
Explain how compact development makes a city more livable
*
39. Population and UrbanizationUrbanization:Movement of people
from rural areas to densely populated citiesApproximately 79%
of people in US live in citiesCities are urban ecosystems:Flow
of energy, water, and other resources is linked to the flow of
money and the human populationPolitical power is important in
wealthy neighborhoods
*
Population and Urbanization
*
Population and UrbanizationCharacteristics of Cities:Size,
climate, culture, economic developmentHeterogeneous
populationRace, ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic statusCity
populations tend to be youngerInflux of younger people looking
for workMale to Female ratiosIn developing countries, more
males than femalesIn developed countries, equal
*
Population and UrbanizationUrban Environmental
40. ProblemsBrownfields: abandoned areas, usually contaminated
from previous industriesVacant factories, warehouses,
residential sitesResult form people moving to suburban
areasSuburban Sprawl: Suburbs expand around a city,
encroaching onto natural areas and farmlandMany cities are
redeveloping brownfieldsImportant land resources (after
pollution clean-up)New residential and commercial sites
*
Population and Urbanization
*
Population and Urbanization
*
Population and UrbanizationTransportationCommuting is a
necessityPeople live in suburbs, work in cityIncreases air
pollution and other environmental problemsPollutionHigh
density of cars, factories, etc.Buildup of airborne emissions,
particulates, Sulfur oxides, carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides,
VOCsWorst urban pollution is in developing countriesWater
41. FlowBuildings and paved soilsNo soil to absorb
precipitationRain water becomes polluted with organic waste,
motor oil, lawn fertilizer, etc.If sewage is not treated, polluted
runoff affects other water sources away from the city
*
Population and UrbanizationEnvironmental Benefits of
UrbanizationCompact DevelopmentEfficient design of cities,
uses less landTall buildings, lots of housing on small
footprintClose to shopping and jobsConnected by public
transportationFewer parking lots and highwaysBusiness
development along pub. transportation linesMore open room
for parks, open space, etc.More livable and attractive to
peoplePortland, Oregon
*
Population and UrbanizationUrbanization Trends50% of world’s
population lives in urban areas75% in HDCs40% in developing
countriesIncreasing rapidly400 cities have more than 1 million
peopleMegacities, more than 10 million peopleAlso
increasingUrban agglomerationsUrbanized core regionsSeveral
cities or megacities and surrounding suburbsTokyo-Yokohama-
Osaka-Kobe; 50 million people
42. *
Population and Urbanization
*
Population and Urbanization
*
Population and UrbanizationUrbanization Trends Highly
Developed Countries ( e.g., US) Most migration to cities in last
150 yrsNeed for industrial laborSlow growth, services could
keep upWater purification, sewage treatment, education,
adequate housingDeveloping CountriesRapid growth - cities
can’t provide basic servicesLow job possibilities (still greater
than in rural areas)Substandard housing
(slums)PovertyUnemploymentPollution, water, and sewage
issues
*
43. Population and Urbanization
*
Global Climate Change
Which countries are the most urbanized? The least urbanized?
Which countries have the highest rates of urbanization today?
What are some of the problems caused by rapid urban growth in
developing countries?
How does compact development affect city living?
Case StudyUrban Planning in Curitiba, Brazil2.9 million
peopleEfficient mass transit systemHigh density development
restricted to buss lines (72% of commuters use the bus)Since
1970s, population has doubled, but traffic has declined 30%Less
traffic congestionCleaner air“Big Sidewalk” of 49 blocks of
pedestrian walkways connected to bus stops, parks, and bicycle
pathsExcellent example of compact urban planning
*
Case Study
44. *
How Ecosystems Work
Chapter 5
Lake Victoria’s Ecological ImbalanceWorld’s second largest
freshwater lake400 species of cichlids, important food
sourceNile Perch introduced in 1960s1985, most catch was
perch, ate cichlidsToday, more than 50% of cichlids and other
native fish are extinctAlgae eating cichlids disappeared, algal
cichlids disappear, perch won’t have anything to eat, and fisher
will collapse
*
Lake Victoria’s Ecological Imbalance
45. What is Ecology?Learning Objectives:
Define ecology
Distinguish among the following ecological levels: population,
community, ecosystem, landscape, and biosphere
*
What is Ecology?The study of the interactions among organisms
and between organisms and their abiotic
environmentEnvironment:Biotic (living) - all organismsAbiotic
(non-living) - physical factors: space, temperature, sunlight,
soil, precipitation, etc.Focus can be local or globalBroadest
field of BiologyLinked to all parts of biology, and to geology,
chemistry, physics
*
What is Ecology?Levels of Interest:Population: a group of
organisms of the same species that live in the same place at the
same time, e.g., population of marsh grass,
walrusesCommunities: a natural association that consists of all
the populations of different species that live and interact
together within an area at the same time, e.g., Alpine meadow,
tidal poolEcologists would study how species interact with each
other, including feeding relationships
46. *
What is Ecology?
*
Ecosystem: includes all the biological interactions of a
community AND the interactions of organisms with their abiotic
environmentVery complex interactions between energy flow and
nutrient cyclingEcologists would study how energy, nutrients,
or water level affects the organisms living in a desertLandscape:
studies ecological processes over large areas and several
interacting ecosystems
What is Ecology?
*
What is Ecology?
*
Biosphere: the layer of Earth that contains all living
47. organismsEcologists study the global interrelationships among
water, land, atmosphere, and organismsIncludes organisms,
communities, ecosystems, landscapes, etc. depend on the
Earth’s other layers:Atmosphere: layer of airHydrosphere:
supply of waterLithosphere: soil and rock of Earth’s crust
What is Ecology?
*
Global Climate Change
What is the definition of ecology?
What is the difference between an ecosystem and a landscape?
Between a community and an ecosystem?
The Flow of Energy Through EcosystemsLearning Objectives
Define energy and state the first and second laws of
thermodynamics
Distinguish among producers, consumers, and decomposers
Summarize how energy flows through an ecosystem
*
The Flow of Energy Through EcosystemsEnergy: the ability to
48. do workPotential energy: stored Kinetic Energy: energy of
motion
*
The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems
*
The Flow of Energy Through EcosystemsThermodynamics:
study of energy and its transformationsFirst Law of
ThermodynamicsEnergy cannot be created not destroyedCan
change from one form to anotherPhotosynthesis/cellular
respirationHeat - not usable for biological workTotal energy of
organisms and surroundings is constant
*
The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems
*
49. The Flow of Energy Through EcosystemsThe Second Law of
ThermodynamicsThe amount of usable energy in the universe
decreases over timeAs energy is converted form one form to
another, some of it is degraded into ‘heat’Heat: less usable form
of energy, disperses into environment, less organized than
usable energyEntropy: a measure of disorder or
randomnessEnergy conversions are is not 100% efficient
*
The Flow of Energy Through EcosystemsProducers, Consumers
and DecomposersProducers: manufacture large organic
molecules from simple inorganic moleculesConsumers: consume
other organisms as a source of energy and bodybuilding
materialsPrimary Consumers/Herbivores: eat
producersSecondary Consumers/Carnivores: eat primary
consumersTertiary Consumers/Carnivores: eat secondary
consumersOmnivores: eat everythingDetritivores/Detritus
feeders: eat detritus (animal carcasses, leaf litter,
feces)Decomposers: break down dead organisms and waste
productsRelease simple inorganic molecules that can be re-used
by producers
*
The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems
50. *
The Flow of Energy Through EcosystemsThe Path of Energy
Flow in EcosystemsEnergy Flow The passage of energy in a
one-way direction through an ecosystem, as part of a food
chainFood ChainA diagram showing linear feeding
each link
in a food chain First trophic level: producersSecond: primary
consumersThird: secondary consumers, etc.Decomposers are at
every stepFood WebA complex of interconnected food webs in
an ecosystem
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The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems
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The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems
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51. The Flow of Energy Through EcosystemsEnergy FlowLinear
movement of energy along food chain or food webFrom one
organism to the nextWhen ‘food’ energy is converted into
‘work’ energy, some is degraded into heatSecond Law of
thermodynamicsThe longer the food chain, the less energy is
available for higher trophic levelsLimited numbers of trophic
levels
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Global Climate Change
What is the first law of thermodynamics? What is the second?
Why is a balanced ecosystem unlikely to contain only producers
and consumers? Only consumers and decomposers? Explain
your answer.
How does energy mover through a food web?
Learning Objectives:
Diagram and explain the carbon, hydrologic, nitrogen, sulfur,
and phosphorous cycles
The Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems
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52. Biogeochemical CyclesMatter: the material of which organisms
are composedBiogeochemical: involves biological, geological,
and chemical processesHumans have GREAT influenceCycling
vs. Flow:Matter cycles through ecosystemFrom abiotic
environment to organisms to environmentEnergy flows through
the ecosystemFrom producers to consumers to decomposers, to
heat
The Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems
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The Carbon CycleThe global movement of carbon between the
abiotic environment (atmosphere, ocean) and
n is an essential component of organisms’ moleculesAlso
essential component of abiotic environment
The Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems
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The Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems
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53. The Hydrologic CycleWater circulates from the ocean to the
atmosphere to the land, and back to the oceanProvides
renewable supply of purified waterBalance of water on land,
oceans, and
atmosphereEvaporationTranspirationPrecipitationRunoff from
watershedsPercolation
The Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems
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The Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems
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The Nitrogen CycleNitrogen is an essential component of
proteins and nucleic acidsAtmosphere is 78% Nitrogen
gasSteps:Nitrogen fixation: N gas into ammonia, by bacteria
physical, and human activities Nitrification: ammonia to nitrate,
bacteriaAssimilation: plants absorb
nitrate/ammoniaAmmonification: organisms produce N-
containing wasteDenitrification: nitrate is converted back into N
gas
The Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems
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54. The Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems
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The Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems
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The Sulfur CyclePoorly understoodMost Sulfur is
undergroundErosion releases Sulfur to oceanS gases enter
atmosphere from natural sourcesSea delivers sulfates to
landVolcanoes release Hydrogen sulfides and Sulfur
oxidesHydrogen sulfides react with water to form sulfuric
acidSome sulfur compounds in living organismsBacteria drive
the Sulfur cycle (like the Nitrogen cycle)
The Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems
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The Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems
55. *
The Phosphorous CycleCycles from land into living organisms
and backNo atmospheric componentErosion of rocks releases
phosphorous into soilPlants absorb it and use it for nucleic
acids and ATP, pass it on to consumersDecomposers release
phosphorous into waterCan be lost at bottom of ocean fro
millions of yearsAquatic cycle is also interesting
The Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems
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The Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems
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Global Climate Change
What are the differences and similarities between the five
biogeochemical cycles, particularly in the roles organisms play
in them?
Ecological NichesLearning Objectives:
56. Describe the factors that contribute to an organism’s ecological
niche
Explain the concept of resource partitioning
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Ecological NichesNiche:The totality of an organism’s
adaptations, its use of resources, and the lifestyle to which it is
fittedDescribes the place and function of an organism within the
ecosystemTakes into account all aspects of an organism’s
existenceThe “way of life of an organism”Habitat:Part of an
organism’s niche, the place where the organism lives
*
Ecological NichesFundamental Niche:The potential, idealized
niche of an organism It’s probably broader than it is in
natureRealized Niche:The niche an organism actually has and
the resources it actually usesCompetition and other factors
usually make the realized niche narrower than the fundamental
niche
*
57. Ecological Niches
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Ecological NichesResource PartitioningThe reduction in
competition for environmental resources among coexisting
species, by reducing similarities in their nichesWhen two
species are very similar, their niches may overlapEcologists
think that species cannot occupy the same niche in a
communitySpecies with similar niches divide up resources in
such a way that they reduce competition among themselves
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What a Scientist Sees
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Global Climate Change
What are three aspects of an organism’s ecological niche?
What is resource partitioning?
58. Interactions Among OrganismsLearning Objectives:
Distinguish among mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism
Define predation and describe predator-prey relationships
Define competition and distinguish between intraspecific and
interspecific competition
Discuss an example of keystone species
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Interactions Among OrganismsOrganisms are not independent
from othersSymbiosisPredationCompetitonKeystone Species - a
special case
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Interactions Among OrganismsSymbiosisAn intimate
relationship or association between members of two or more
speciesOne species lives in or on another speciesRelationship
may be beneficial, neutral or harmfulResult of
coevolutionInterdependent evolution of two interacting
speciesE.g., plants and pollinators
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59. Interactions Among Organisms
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EnviroDiscoveryBee Colonies Under ThreatCoevolutionary
relationships are very specificIf one species is affected suffers,
so is the otherColony Collapse Disorder (CCD)Since 2006, 30–
90% of bees in colonies in US have diedPesticides, pathogens,
parasites, viruses Bees are necessary for pollination of many
important crops and wild species
*
EnviroDiscovery
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Interactions Among OrganismsSymbiosisThree
types:MutualismAn association where both organisms
benefitBull Horn Acacia and acacia antsCommensalismOne
species benefits, the other doesn’t benefit or is harmedTropical
60. trees and epiphytesParasitismOne species benefits, the other is
harmedParasite-Host relationshipInternal and external types of
parasites
*
Environmental InSight
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Interactions Among OrganismsPredationThe consumption of one
species (prey) by another species (predator)Coevolutionary
“arms race”Predator strategies - more efficient ways to catch
preyPrey strategies - more efficient ways to escape/avoid
predator
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Interactions Among Organisms
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61. Interactions Among Organisms
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Interactions Among OrganismsCompetitionThe interaction
among organisms that vie for the same resources in the same
environmentResources are limitedFood, shelter, living space,
sunlight, etc.Intraspecific CompetitionAmong individuals of the
same population (same species)Interspecific CompetitionAmong
individuals of different species
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Interactions Among OrganismsKeystone SpeciesVital in
determining an ecosystem’s species composition Crucial to the
maintenance of an ecosystemWhen keystone species is removed
other organisms may become more common, more rare, or
extinctUsually not numerous, but very influentialAffect
availability of food, water, or other resourcesE.g.,Gray Wolf
*
62. Global Climate Change
What is one example if mutualism? Of parasitism?
What is one example of a predator-prey interaction? Or
competition?
What is the difference between interspecific and intraspecific
competition?
How does a keystone species affect its ecosystem?
Global Climate Change:How does it affect the Carbon
cycle?Biggest culprit: levels of CO2 in atmosphereLevels of
CO2 have increased 20% in last 50yrsGenerated by burning of
fossil fuels, clearing and burning land and forestsNeed to
stabilize and reduce emissions with ‘stabilization wedges”, each
reduces 1 billion tons/yr
Case Study
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Case Study
Vincent Smith
63. ES 200, Entry 4
2 July 2016
Environment in the News
To be completely honest, I did not know much about the issue
of Air Pollution prior to
reading chapter 8 of this text. I never considered all the sources
of air pollutions and it’s effect on
us. The book shows a pie chart outlining the sources of primary
air pollutants listing
transportation at 57%, fuel combustion (electric power plants)
at 21%, industrial processes at
12%, and miscellaneous pollutants at 10%. So what does this all
mean? What effects do our cars
and trucks and planes really have on us? I’m aware there must
be some effect on our
environment, but it has never personally impacted me (that I’m
aware of) so my ignorance has
kept me in the dark. According to the text, air pollution actually
injured our organisms, reduces
visibility, and attacks and corrodes materials such as plastics
and metals. The list of things it
effects is momentous, everything from worsening existing
medical conditions, to reducing the
64. productivity of crop plants, and effects ozone depletion (Berg,
page 201). This is incredibly
dangerous even more so because we can’t actually physically
see the damage that is being done.
So while I wasn’t completely aware of it’s effect on me
personally, this whole time my
encounters with everything from smog to carbon monoxide
could have been surprising my
immune system or reducing my bloods ability to transport
oxygen (Berg, page 203). It’s effects
are incredibly significant, and if we aren’t actively working to
combat it’s effects, the results can
be detrimental.
Last September a series came out in the National Geographic
profiling the struggles of
three different neighborhoods in each city that Pope Francis
visited. These included Washington
DC, New York City, and Philadelphia. This was a great tool to
see the realities of air pollution
illustrated in real life, present day scenarios. This also shined a
light on the reality that the
poorest people are always the most effected by worst
65. environmental turmoil. The pope’s
entreaties about the link between poverty and the environment
are especially pertinent in East
Harlem. A vast number of families being effected by air
pollution due to mold, cockroaches, and
other poor housing conditions all of which are directly
impacting their health (Konkel). This also
has a correlation to race. East Harlem’s population is over half
Hispanic or Latino, and
approximately one third black. The director if Columbia
University’s Center for Children’s
Environmental Health said that “[t]he fumes—linked to asthma
attacks but also to cancer,
reduced IQs, child behavioral problems, and heart attacks—waft
across the city” (Konkel). In
fact, 73 our of every thousand kids under the age of fifteen are
treated by emergency room doctor
for asthma attacks, which is more than two times the city’s rate.
In addition, “chronic stressors of
poverty may fundamentally alter the way the body reacts to
everyday pollutants” (Konkel). So
those who are more susceptible to being in contact with air
pollutants are also less susceptible to
be able to fight off its negative effects. The pope throughout his
66. trip does a good job describing
the link between good housing and good health. The conclusion
of this paper proposes that
everyone must come together, not just who are being personally
effected, but those who are in
positions of privilege, to advocate for better living conditions
for all New Yorkers. Of course,
this message isn’t specific to New York but world wide. What
this assignment has left me is not
just to get better housing for minorities in New York, but also
to work on external factors that are
effecting our air pollution such as conserving energy (turning
off lights and unplugging electric
appliances when they’re not in us), using other forms of
transportation such as walking or biking,
reporting smoking heckles, buying environmental products, etc.
References
Berg, Linda R.; Hassenzahl, David M.; Hager, Mary Catherine
(2013). Visualizing
Environmental Science, 4th Edition. Wiley. Kindle Edition.
Konkel, Lindsey. "Kids Struggle to Breathe in This
67. Neighborhood on Pope's Tour." National
Geographic. National Geographic Society, 24 Sept. 2015. Web.
Environment in the NewsES 200
Student guideline:
I want you to do two different assignments both assignments
should be approximately two double-spaced pages in length. So,
total of 4 pages, two different topics, two different files. I
provided the three chapters for this week these two assignment
should be related to the course topics for this week. I also added
a sample for the Environment in the news so you can have an
idea how this assignment looks like.
Professor guideline:
You will complete two Environment in the News log activities
per week for each of the four weeks. Each log entry must
describe an environmental event that has happened since June 1,
2015, is tied in some way to human effects on the environment,
and is related to the course topics covered in the textbook for
that week. A good log entry describes the event, explains why
the event caught the student’s interest, relates the event to
specific course content in the textbook, and is based on a strong
reference source. The event can be something that humans did
to the environment or something that the environment did to
humans (as long as humans had a role in creating the event); it
can also be release of new data or studies on topics related to
the impact of humans on the environment. Because
environmental science is a broad umbrella (see Chapter 1), it
includes the social sciences as well as the physical and
biological sciences; consequently, log entries can also include
social science topics related to human impact on the
environment. Sample data sources are provided on the course
Moodle site. Log entries should be approximately two double-
spaced pages in length.
68. Web Resources for Environment in the News Posts
Here are some web resources for your Environment in the News:
1. NASA News: http://www.nasa.gov/news/index.html
2. NOAA News: http://www.noaa.gov/newsarchive.html
3. American Geophysical Union
News: http://www.agu.org/news/press/
4. National Science Foundation News: http://nsf.gov/news/
5. National Geographic
Newswatch: http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/
6. Environmental News Network: http://www.enn.com/
7. United Nations Environment
Programme: http://www.unep.org/
8. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency: http://www2.epa.gov/newsroom
9. Grist: http://www.grist.org