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Formulations
Pesticide formulations are prepared to improve handling, storage, application, effectiveness, and safety compared to the technical or pure form. Common formulations include emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, solutions, dusts, aerosols, granulars, baits, and microencapsulated products. Each formulation type has advantages and disadvantages for application methods, residues, toxicity, and pest control properties. Formulations are selected based on the target pest species, application equipment, and desired duration and properties of pest control.
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Formulations
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- 2. Why Formulate Pesticides! •Pesticides are rarely applied in their technical form. • They are usually formulated to improve – Handling – Storage – Application – Effectiveness – Safety
- 3. Terminology for Formulations •AI = active ingredient, chemicals that are responsible for the pesticidal effect • Inert ingredient = any substance in a pesticide formulation having no pesticidal action • Formulation = the way a pesticide is prepared for practical use • Carrier = inert liquid or solid added to an active ingredient to prepare a pesticide formulation
- 4. Terminology for Formulations •Diluent = any liquid or solid material used to dilute an active ingredient. In liquid formulations, water or oil is used; in dry formulations, talc, clay or other fine dust is used • Emulsifier = a chemical that aids in suspending one liquid in another • Emulsion = a mixture of one liquid in another liquid
- 5. Terminology for Formulations •Wetting agent = a chemical which causes a liquid to contact surfaces more thoroughly • Suspension = a mixture of fine solid particles in a liquid • Soluble = dissolves in a liquid • Surfactant = increases the emulsifying, dispersing, spreading, and wetting properties of a formulation
- 6. Types of Formulations •Emulsifiable concentrates • Wettable powders • Solution • Dusts • Aerosols • Granular formulations • Baits • Microencapsulated products
- 7. Emulsifiable Concentrates • Designatedby E or EC – Examples are Dursban 2E, Prevail TC, Gentrol, Dursban Pro, Archer, Dragnet – 2E stands for 2 lbs/gal • AI + solvent + emulsifier = EC • EC + water = emulsion • Emulsion is a fine suspension of oil droplets in water and appears milky in color • They do not require constant agitation prior to each application
- 8. Emulsifiable Concentrates • Advantages –Bind well to fabrics and fibers in carpet. – Easy to mix and use – Spreads evenly over foliage – Binds well to soil particles
- 9. Emulsifiable Concentrates • Disadvantages –Mild to strong odors – Absorption onto porous surfaces – Potential burning of plant material – Errors in mixing the concentrate with water – Some surfaces such as plastic or tile may be damaged – Can easily penetrate skin
- 10. Wettable Powders • Desginatedby W or WP – Examples of wettable powders are Demon WP, and Tempo WP – 50WP stands for 50% WP • AI + carrier + wetting agent = WP • WP + water = suspension • Suspensions are fine particles suspended in water • Suspensions require constant agitation prior to each application
- 11. Wettable Powders • Advantages –No oil based solvents – Low to no odor – Little hazard of burning plants – Little hazard of penetrating skin – Do not absorb into porous surfaces, when water evaporates, powder sits on surface and is readily picked up by insects
- 12. Wettable Powders • Disadvantages –Inhalation of particles while mixing concentrate – Constant agitation of suspension prior to and during application – Large mesh strainer must be used (>50 mesh) in sprayers – Pumps and nozzles can be damaged by abrasion of the particles – Visible residues can occur on dark surfaces
- 13. Solution • Technical pesticide+ diluent = solution • Designated with SP = Soluble Powder, or SC = Soluble Concentrate • Example Premise SC, Termidor SC, Bora-Care • Advantage is also a solution • Form clear liquids for spraying
- 14. Dusts • Designated byD – Examples of dusts are Deltadust, Ficam D, Drione, Sevin D, and malathion D – 5D represents 5% D • Technical pesticide + dry carrier = dust • Dusts cannot be mixed with water and must be applied dry • Common carriers are clay, talc, silica gel, or diatomaceous earth • Some dusts are the insecticide themselves like boric acid or diatomaceous earth
- 15. Dusts • Advantages – Longlasting— they often do not break down – Low odor – Easy to apply – Not absorbed into surfaces and are readily picked up by pests – If spilled, dusts can be easily cleaned up
- 16. Dusts • Disadvantages – Readilybecome airborne and can contaminate non-target surfaces – Readily inhaled by the applicator, technicians should wear a respirator for application – Can be abrasive, and eye protection should be worn
- 17. Aerosols • AI +solvent + propellent + nozzle = aerosol • Technical insecticide + propellent = aerosol • Examples of aerosols are Wasp Freeze, ULD-BP-50, Ultracide, UltraGuardian • Propellents may be butane
- 18. Aerosols • Advantages – Easeof use – Ease of storage – No dilution or storage of concentrates • Disadvantages – Expensive – Odor of solvents – Atomized droplets are easy to inhale and drift to non-target surfaces
- 19. Granular Formulations • Designatedby G • Technical pesticide + clay = granules • Examples of granular formulations are Dursban G, Talstar G • 2.5G represents 2.5% G
- 20. Granular Formulations • Advantages –Low drift – Ease of application – Long residual life outdoors • Disadvantages – Water is required to release the insecticide • Although some manufacturers are overcoming this aspect – Limited to outdoor application – Application equipment must be calibrated often
- 21. Baits • AI +food base = bait – Food base can be liquid, meal, seed, pellet, bait block, or gel • Some baits are packaged in childproof bait trays • Examples of baits are MaxForce FC, Siege, Recruit, Drax, Dual Choice, Firstline, Niban, Amdro
- 22. Baits • Advantages – Easyto use – Little or no mixing – Readily control pests moving into or out of an area • Disadvantages – Other food sources compete with baits – Very specific for certain species of pests – Can be attractive to children or pets
- 23. Microencapsulated products • Oftenreferred to as ME (microencapsulated emulsion), FM (flowable microencapsulated), CS (Capsulated suspension) • AI + plastic polymer + emulsifiers = ME – The capsules enclose the insecticide and protect it from degradation and release the insecticide slowly • Examples of MEs are Demand CS
- 24. Microencapsulated products • Advantages –Long term control – Low odor – Safety— if swallowed the capsules do not release the insecticide – No absorption into surfaces • Disadvantages – Require constant agitation – May leave visible residues on dark surfaces – Not effective in wet areas
- 25. Fumigants • Gaseous insecticidesusually packaged under pressure and stored as liquids • Some are tablets or pellets that release gas when mixed with water • Examples of fumigants are sulfuryl fluoride (Vikane) and methyl bromide (Meth-o-gas), Phostoxin (aluminum phosphide)
- 26. Fumigants • Advantages – Toxicto a wide variety of pests – Good penetration of target areas – Single treatment will usually kill al pests in treated area • Disadvantages – Treated area must be closed or tented to prevent gas from escaping – Highly toxic to people
- 27. Miscellaneous • Lacquer orpaint formulations – Killmaster is 2% Dursban formulated in lacquer. – Lacquers slowly release insecticide to the surface providing long residual • Briquets – Altosid contains methoprene that is slowly released after application for mosquito larvae control