This document discusses formulations of chemical pesticides. It defines formulation as the physical form in which a pesticide is marketed, consisting of active ingredients and adjuvants. Active ingredients are responsible for pesticidal effects, while adjuvants are non-toxic components that aid in application or pesticide effectiveness. Common formulations include dusts, wettable powders, soluble powders, granules, pellets, emulsifiable concentrates, ultra-low volume concentrates, aerosols, fumigants, and more. Each formulation has advantages and disadvantages regarding safety, equipment needs, and efficacy that must be considered for proper application.

2. FORMULATIONS OF
CHEMICAL PESTICIDES
SUDEEP PANDEY
PALB 6306

3. FORMULATION
• Description of the physical form of the pesticide in which it is put in the
market.
Formulation = Active ingredients+ Adjuvants

4. INGREDIENTS
ACTIVE:
• The active component of the
formulated product.
• Responsible for the pesticidal
effect.
Adjuvants
• Components in the formulation
that are non toxic to the target
pest.
• Not responsible for the pesticidal
effect.

5. ADJUVANTS
• Adhesives/Stickers: materials that increase adhesion of fungicides to the host.
polyvinyl acetate , linseed oil, gelatin
• Carriers: liquid or solid substancses in a formulation to facilitate application.
• Dilutants: any liquid or solid materials used to dilute the active ingredient. Eg: talc,
bentonite clay
• Extenders: retains pesticides longer on target area, slowing evaporation and
inhibiting degradation by sunlight.
• Emulsifiers: chemical that prevents emulsions from mixing and settling.
Emulsifiers are used when ai is soluble in oil but not in water. Eg: soap, sulfonates

6. ADJUVANTS
• Fillers: a diluent in powder form.
• Penetrants: enhances penetration of pesticides into plants.
• Spreaders: a substance added to assist even distribution over the target. Eg:
saponins , mineral oil
• Surfactants: chemicals which physically alter the surface tension of a spray
droplet.
• Wetting agent: a chemical that can be added to a liquid to reduce its surface
tension and make it more effective in spreading over and penetrating surfaces.
Eg: teepol, tergitol and triton

7. TYPES OF FORMULATIONS
• SOLID
• LIQUID
• GAS

8. DUSTS (D)
They contain a low percentage of ai wth a very
fine, dry inert carrier such as talc, chalk or clay.
Ex: Malathion 5D
Advantages
• Mostly used for seed treatment and
home gardening.
• Most are ready to use as purchased.
• Require simple equipment
Disadvantages
• Drift hazards to non targets
• Loose efficacy when used along with
water or other carriers.
• Irritation to eyes, nose throat and skin.
• Difficult to get even distribution of
particles on surfaces.

9. WETTABLE POWDERS (W or WP)
Finely ground formulations that looks like dust but when mixed with
water remains as suspensions. Ai ranges from 5-95%.
Eg: Sulphur 80WP
Advantages
• Easy to store transport and handle.
• Less likely to cause damage to non targets.
• They contain wetting and dispersing agents.
• Less skin and eye absorption than ECs and
other liquid formulations.
• Do not absorb into porous surfaces, when
water evaporates, powder sits on surface and
is readily picked up by insects
Disadvantages
• Inhalation of particles while mixing
concentrate
• Constant agitation of suspension
prior to and during application
• Pumps and nozzles can be damaged
by abrasion of the particles
• Visible residues can occur on dark
surfaces

10. SOLUBLE POWDERS (SP or WSP)
They look like WP however when mixed with water they form a true solution. Ai ranges
from 15-95%.
Advantages
• Easy to store transport and handle.
• Less likely to cause damage to non targets.
• They contain wetting and dispersing agents.
• Less skin and eye absorption than ECs and other
liquid formulations.
• Do not absorb into porous surfaces, when water
evaporates, powder sits on surface and is readily
picked up by insects
• Less agitation.
Disadvantages
• Inhalation of particles while
mixing concentrate

11. WATER DISPERSIBLE GRANULES (WDG)
Similar to WP except ai are in the form of granules rather than powder . They are also
called as dry flowables. These are mixed with water. The ai content ranges 90%.
Ex:Metribuzin 25 DF
Advantages
• Safer and easier to pour and mix
than WP because there is less dust.
Disadvantages
• More agitation is required than that
for WP.

12. GRANULES (G)
These are made by coating or adsorbing the active ingredient on to coarse particles
such as clay, newspaper pellets, etc. they may be applied directly or along with
water or other carriers. Most often used as soil treatments. The amount of ai
ranges from 1-15%.
Advantages
• Fewer hazards to applicators.
• Drift hazard is also low.
• Ready to use- no mixing.
• Simple application equipments needed,
seeders or fertilizer spreaders.
• Break down slowly than WPs or ECs.
Disadvantage
• Often difficult to apply uniformly.
• Will not stick to foliage.
• Irrigation or rainfall may be
required for granules to be
effective.
• Hazardous to birds

13. PELLETS (P or Ps)
Similar to granules.
Advantages
• They are usually more uniform of a
specific weight or shape.
• Many rodents and insect type of
baits are formulated as pellets.

14. EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATES (EC)
They usually contain a liquid ai, one or more petroleum based solvents and an
agent that allows the formulation to be mixed with water to form an emulsion.
Advantages
• Easy to handle, transport and store
• Little agitation required - will not
settle out or separate when equipment
is running.
• Non abrasive
• Will not plug screens or nozzles
Disadvantages
• Due to high concentration of ai caliberation
and application must be done very carefully.
• Flammable
• May cause damage to desirable plants.
• Some surfaces such as plastic or rubber hoses
gaskets and pump surfaces to deteriorate. may
be damaged
• Can easily penetrate skin causing dermal
hazard.
• May be corrosive.

15. READY TO USE LOW CONCENTRATE SOLUTIONS (RTU)
Small amount of active ingredient (often 1% or less per unit volume) in an organic
solvent.
Advantages
• Low concentrate formulations
ready to use.
• No further dilutions required.
• Especially useful for structural and
institutional pests and for
household uses.
Disadvantages
• Limited availability
• High cost per unit of ai
• Many organic solvents are harmful
to foliage thus can not be used as
plant sprays.

16. ULTRA LOW VOLUME CONCENTRATE (ULV)
Contains high percentage of ai in solution with a solvent, usually oil. They are
designed to be applied at rate of only ounces per acre.
Advantages
• Easy to handle, transport and store
• Remain in solution – little agitation
required.
• Non abrasive to equipment
• Will not plug screens or nozzles
• Leave little visible residues on
treated surface.
Disadvantages
• High drift hazard
• Specialized equipment required
• Easily absorbed through skin of
humans or animals.
• Some surfaces such as plastic or rubber parts
of may be damaged
• Due to high concentration of ai caliberation
and application must be done very carefully.

17. INVERT EMULSIONS
It contains a water soluble pesticide dispersed in an oil carrier.
Advantages
• It aids in reducing drift.
• More pesticides reach the target
• Helps to reduce runoff and
improves rain storage.
• Acts as sticker-spreader.
Disadvantages
• It is difficult to get thorough
coverage on the underside of the
foliage.

18. AEROSOLS
These formulations contain one or more ai and a
solvent. Most aerosols contain less percentage of ai.
Wasp Freeze, Ultracide
Ready to use aerosols
• These formulations are usually
small, self contained units that
release pesticide when the nozzle
valve is triggered.
• The pesticide is driven through a
fine opening by an inert gas under
pressure creating fine droplets.
Smoke or Fog generators
• They are used in machines that
break the liquid formulation into a
fine mist or fog using a rapidly
whirling disk.
• These formulations are not under
pressure.

19. READY TO USE AEROSOLS
ADVANTAGES
• ready to use
• portable
• easily stored
• convenient way t buy a small amount of pesticide
• retain potency over fairly long time.
DISADVANTAGES
• limited areas
• inhalation injury
• hazardous if punctured over heated or used near
an open flame
• difficult to confine to target site or pest.
SMOKE OR FOG GENERATORS
ADVANTAGES
• easy way to fill entire enclosed space with pesticide.
DISADVANTAGES
• highly specialized use and equipment.
• difficult to confine to target site or pest.
• inhalation injury.

20. MICROENCAPSULATED PARTICLES
Liquid or dry pesticide particles in a plastic coating to produce a
microencapsulated formulation.
Advantages
• Safer for applicators to mix and
apply.
• Longevity in efficacy.
• Reduce injury to plants.
Disadvantages
• Severe hazard to bees.
• Breakdown depends on weather
conditions.

21. Water Soluble Packaging (Gel Pack)
• Packaging precise amounts of wettable powder or
soluble powder formulations in a special type of plastic
bag.
• When we drop these bags into a filled spray tank, they
dissolve and release their contents to mix with the water.
• reduce the mixing and handling hazards of some
highly toxic pesticides.

22. FUMIGANTS
These are pesticides that form gas when applied. They
may be liquids packed at high or ordinary pressure and
solids.
Advantages
• Toxic to a wide range of pests.
• Can penetrate cracks, crevices,
wood and tightly packed areas
such as soil or stored grains.
• Single treatment usually kills most
pests in treated areas.
Disadvantages
• Target site must be enclosed
• Highly toxic to humans and all
other organisms.
• Specialized protective equipments
may be required.

23. Attractants
• Attractants include pheromones, sugar and protein
hydrolysate syrups and rotting meat.
• Pest managers use these attractants in sticky traps and
capture bags.
• Suitable for evaluating the population density of pest
in the particular field.
• Ex: methyl eugenol- fruit fly

24. Repellents
• Substance prevents the plants or animals by making the food or
living conditions of pest unattractive
• Repellents are available in aerosol and lotion formulations
• Ex: oil of citronella- mosquito
napthalene boll - clothmoth

25. Animal Systemics
• A systemic animal pesticide is one that is absorbed and moves within the
animal
• applied orally or externally
• Oral applications include food additives and premeasured capsules and
liquids
• External applications involve pour-on liquids, liquid sprays, and dusts

26. CONCLUSION
• Having the equipment needed for the type of formulation
• Formulation can applied safely under the conditions of the application
area
• Formulation reach the target and stay there long enough for control
• Possibility of the formulation harming the surface on which it is
applied