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Agricultural extension system of different countries
- 1. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SYSTEM OFDIFFERENT COUNTRIES COURSE NAME: FUNDAMENTALS OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION Prepared by: SUDIP KUMAR GORAI M.Sc Student Division of Agricultural Extension ICAR-IARI
- 2. INTRODUCTION: Agricultural extension continuesto be transition worldwide Different countries all over the world are advancing structural, financial and managerial reforms to improve agricultural extension services Apart from public extension system, private extension, pluralistic extension, e-extension through application of ICT etc. are some of the innovations in extension’s current transition all over the world I have selected a) a developed country: Japan b) a developing country: Sri Lanka c) my own country: India
- 3. Parameters Japan SriLanka India A. Land area i. Irrigated 24,690 sq. Km 5700 sq. Km 667,000 sq. Km ii. Total area 364560 sq. Km 65610 sq. Km 3,287,263 sq. Km iii. Arable land 11.52% 20.7% 52.8% iv. Area under permanent crops 0.80% 15.8% 4.2% v. Area under forest/wood 68.46% 29.4% 23.1% vi. Area under 1.7% 7% 3.5%
- 4. Parameters Japan SriLanka India 2. Date of Independence May 3, 1947 February 4, 1948 August 15,1947 3. Border countries None None Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, China, Nepal, Pakistan 4. Coast line 29,751 Km 1340 km 7000 km 5. Climate Tropical in South, cool temperate in North Tropical monsoon, northeast monsoon (Dec- March), S-W monsoon (june-october) Varies from tropical monsoon in South to temperate in North 6. Natural resources Ocean, forests Limestone,gra phite, mineral Coal, iron ore, manganese,
- 5. Parameters Japan SriLanka India 7. Transportation i. Railways 27,311 km 1447 km 68525 km ii. Highways 1,218,772 km 114093 km 4699024 km iii. Waterways 1770 km 160 km 14500 km iv. Pipelines Gas: 4456 km, oil: 174 km Gas: 13581 km, oil: 8943 km, LPG: 2054 km, refined products: 11069 km v. Ports and harbors Chiba, Kawasaki, Kobe, Moji, Osaka Colombo Chennai, Kandla, Kolkata, Mumbai, Vishakhapatna m
- 6. Parameters Japan SriLanka India 9. GDP: purchasing power parity $5.405 trillion $278.2 billion $9.447 trillion 10. GDP: real growth rate 1.5% 4.7% 6.7% 11. GDP- per capital: ppp $42,700 $13000 $7200 12. GDP- composition by sector i. Agriculture ii. Industry iii. Services 1% 29.7% 69.3% 7.8% 30.5% 61.7% 17.4% 28.9% 53.7% 13. Population below poverty line 16.1% 6.7% 21.9%
- 7. Parameters Japan SriLanka India 14. Household income or consumption by percentage share i. Lowest 10% ii. Highest 10% 2.7% 24.8% 1.6% 39.5% 3.6% 29.8% 15. Inflation rate 0.4% 6% 3.8% 16. Labor force 67.77 million 8.937 million 521.9 million 17. Labor force- by occupation i. Agriculture ii. Industry iii. Others 2.9% 26.2% 70.9% 28.4% 25.7% 45.9% 47% 22% 31%
- 8. Parameters Japan SriLanka India 19. Budget I. Revenue II. expenditur e $1.678 trillion $1.902 trillion $12.64 billion $16.66 billion $248.7 billion $330.3 billion 20. Industries Among world’s largest and most technologically advanced products of motor vehicle, electronic equipment, machine tools etc Processing of rubber,tea, coconuts,toba cco, telecommunic ation, banking, insurance, Tourism Textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, cement, software 21. Industrial production growth rate 1.4% 5.4% 7.5%
- 9. Parameters Japan SriLanka India Natural hazards Earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption Cyclones and tornadoes Drought, floods Electricity production 976.3 billion kW-h 12.64 billion kW-h 1.289 trillion kW-h Electricity consumption 933.6 billion kW-h 11.72 billion kW-h 1.048 trillion kW-h Agricultural products Vegetables,ric e,fish, poultry, fruit,pork,flow ers Rice, sugarcane, grains,pulses, oilseed,spices, vegetables,tea Rice, wheat, oilseeds,cotto n, just, tea, sugarcane, lentils, dairy products
- 10. Parameters Japan SriLanka Indian Exports $683.3 billion $10.93 billion $299.3 billion Export commodities Motor vehicle, iron and steel products, semiconductors Textiles,tea,spic es, rubber,stones Petroleum products,stones , vehicle, machinery, chemicals Export partners US, China, South Korea US, UK, India US, UAE, Hong Kong Imports $625.7 billion $21.14 billion $426.8 billion Import commodities Petroleum, liquid natural gas, clothing,coal Petroleum, textiles, machinery and transportation equipment Crude oil, stones, machinery, chemicals, fertilizer Import partners China, US, Australia India, China,UAE China, US, UAE Debt-external $3.24 trillion $47.8 billion $483.4 billion Currency Yen Sri Lankan Indian Rupee
- 11. Parameters Japan SriLanka India Population : Agricultural population : 126.71 million 2.09 million(1.64%) 22.4 million 7.12 million(31.8%) 1281 million 691.7 million(54%) Age structure: 0-14 years 15-64 years 65 years and over 12.3% 59.9% 27.8% 24.06% 66.3% 9.67% 27.34% 66.43% 6.24% Population growth rate -0.03% 0.76% 1.17% Birth rate 7.6 births/1000 population 15.2 births/1000 population 19 births/1000 population Death rate 10.8 deaths/1000 6.2 deaths/1000 7.3 deaths/1000 Net migration rate 0 -1.3 migrants/1000 0 Infant mortality 2.1/1000 births 8.4/1000 births 39.1/1000
- 12. Parameters Japan SriLanka India Sex ratio at birth: Under15 years: 15-64 years: 65 years and above: Total population: 1.056 male/female 1.06 male/female 1.02 male/female 0.74 male/female 0.95 male/female 1.04 1.04 0.95 0.74 0.96 1.12 1.13 1.06 0.9 1.08 Life expectancy - Total population: Male: Female: 83.3 years 81.09 years 87.26 years 76.9 years 73.5 years 80.6 years 68.8 years 67.6 years 70.1 years Nationality Japanese Sri Lankan Indian Ethnic groups Japanese: 98.5%, Korean: Sinhalese: 74.9% Tamil: 11.2% Indo-aryan: 72% Dravidian: 25%
- 13. Parameters Japan SriLanka India Literacy rate- Total population: Male: Female: 100% 100% 100% 92.6% 93.6% 91.7% 74.04% 81.3% 69.6% 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Japan Sri Lanka India Comparison of Literacy Rate total male female
- 14. Extension System ofJapan:
- 15. Extension System inJapan Early Extension Efforts: Extension work in Japan was first started by farmer’s organizations and later it was taken up by government Before the second world war, the cooperatives used to be the main agency for agricultural extension They employed the agricultural expert who worked directly under village cooperatives. He looked after most of the needs of the farmers. After the world war, an extension organization on the American patern has been introduced in 1948
- 16. Three principles followedin extension organization : A complete separation of the regulatory and service duties from the educational aspects of extension Giving prominence to the home improvement Joint financing by the National and Provincial governments
- 18. National level: The Ministryof Agriculture and forestry is responsible The extension division has three section: 1. Extension 2. Extension education 3. Home improvement The extension division coordinates the work of prefectures. Main function is pre-service and in-service training and rural youth programmes The home improvement section covers food, clothing and home management problems
- 19. Prefectural level: Responsible forplanning, training and appointment of the local advisors Supply of equipment, plans for extension work and deals with administrative matters of local functionaries
- 20. Local level: Farm advisorsand home advisors are local government officers They are paid half by local and half by national funds Extension work in Japan is organized for what is called “area”. An “Area” consists of about 3000 families with about 7000 acres of land The local staff assists guides the farmers in farm management and all aspects of home economy The village local leaders are selected to be the promoters of the extension work
- 21. Main features ofextension in Japan: Due to high rate of literacy, extension teaching is readily accepted by the farmers It functions through the agency of a department of Agriculture and has no direct links with the research organization except at the prefectural level through SMS Extension is done by a team of farm advisors(7-9), in each of the local area Each person serves on an average about 600 farm households. The representatives of local bodies have little control over extension, but adequate contact is provided through cooperatives
- 22. Extension is entirelyeducational and democratic with no coercive approach Since the national government does not directly offer extension services, agricultural research-extension linkage in Japan operates at the prefectural(state) level It is a bottom-up management system in which decisions on linkage activities are taken at prefectual level without direct involvement of national officers Japan Agricultural Development and Extension Association (JADEA) established a system that could share information possessed by most extension advisors in 1975 In 2000, the new EI-NET system started, so that users can
- 23. Role of Agril.Extension Service in Japan: To improve agricultural production To improve the standard of living in rural areas National government financially supports 40% of prefectural extension services
- 24. Extension System inSri Lanka:
- 25. Extension system inSri Lanka With the beginning of colonial regime, which drove towards the establishment of a centralized administration, the village based social system deteriorated Priority was given on plantation sector Later Division of Agriculture Extension was established under Department of Agriculture in 1963 and agriculture extension which was confined to rice only was extended to other crops as well T &V system was established in 1980 by the assistance of the World Bank
- 26. Cyber agriculture extensionmechanism has been implemented in 2004 to deliver information which is affordable to rural farmers to satisfy their thirst for information, which is dynamic The project established 45 Cyber Extension Units at 45 Govijana Kendra offices (Agrarian Service Centres) Farmers are being educated through use of call centres (toll free on 1920), educational CDs etc.
- 27. Extension System ofIndia:
- 28. Agriculture Extension Systemof India There are 4 major components of agricultural extension system in India: Extension system of ICAR Agricultural extension approaches of Central and State government Extension role of SAUs Extension role of input industries in public and private sector and role of voluntary organisations and NGOs
- 29. Extension approaches ofICAR: ICAR plays a catalystic and supportive role in agricultural extension system This system has three approaches: Special transfer of technology programme Transfer of technology and training by the KVKs Training to the master trainers (subject matter specialist) through monthly workshop
- 30. Special Transfer ofTechnology programme: NDP (National Demonstration Project) ORP (Operational Research Project) KVK (Krishi Vigyan Kendra) LLP (Lab to Land Programme)
- 31. Transfer of technologyand training by the KVKs: The ICAR started a scheme to establish KVKs during 1974 The main objective of KVK is to provide need based and skill oriented vocational training to the farmers It conduct on farm testing to identify location specific agricultural technologies KVKs are creating awareness about improved agricultural technologies through large number of extension programmes Critical and quality inputs are produced by the KVKs and made available to farmers
- 33. Extension approaches ofthe Central and State government: The central government implements several scheme having transfer of technology through state government The main extension system comprises the Directorate of Extension in Union Ministry of Agriculture & farmers welfare, that plans extension activities at national level and disseminates information through mass media and publication of literature The Sub Mission on Agricultural Extension (SMAE) pertains to Extension activities. It focuses on awareness creation and enhanced use of appropriate technologies in agriculture & allied sectors. It has four main components, namely: Support to State Extension Programmes for Extension Reforms Mass Media Support to Agricultural Extension Establishment of Agri-Clinic and Agri-Business Centres by Agriculture
- 34.
- 35. Extension role ofSAUs: SAUs have evolved several innovative extension models to effectively reach the farming community SAUs publish agriculture literature (books, booklets, folders and leaflets) in local languages Mobile message services and Kisan Call Centre are providing timely information to the farming community regarding agricultural technologies, weather data and market information Provides specialized training to the rural youth, adult men and women Conduct survey and points farmers’ problems for research Conduct demonstration on farmer’s field Conduct training programmes Provide advisory service to the farmers
- 37. Role of voluntaryorganizations or NGOs: They are more competent at facilitating farmers to learn from own experiences and from each other Most VOs are small organisations that concentrate on a particular area VOs may be able to persuade farmers to adopt new technologies VOs can modify general plans and models to suit local needs VOs are generally efficient in comparison to government extension agencies
- 38. Role of inputindustries in public and private sectors: Private input companies are involved only in the transfer of chemical, mechanical and biological technologies developed by them Public sector companies and seed corporations also undertake transfer of technology activities
- 39. Reference: Mondal, Sagar 2013,Agricultural Extension, Kalyani Publication Annonymous, Development of Japanese Agriculture extension system, retrieved from http://fao.org, on 14 November,2018 Katharina Raabe, Reforming the agriculture extension system of India, retrieved from http://ifpri.org, on 14 November,2018 Anonymous, India: country profile, retrieved from http://indexmundi.com, on 15 November,2018