Critical Analysis of Extension System of SAARC, BRICS and other selected countries (USA, Japan, Philippines, Israel etc.)

1. WELCOME

2. Credit Seminar
on
Critical Analysis of Extension System of
SAARC, BRICS and other selected
countries (USA, Japan, Philippines, Israel
etc.)
DAIRY EXTENSION DIVISION
ICAR-NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Arjun Prasad Verma
Ph.D. Scholar
Speaker

3. Introduction
• Historically agricultural extension system as a change engine
played a significant role in the development of agriculture in
developing countries.
• Agricultural extension may be defined as the application of
scientific research and new knowledge to agricultural practices
through farmer education.

4. History of Extension Systems in SAARC
Countries
Agriculture contributes 20 % to the national GDP.
50 to 60 % of the peoples are engaged in agriculture directly or
indirectly.
British ruled over the Indian sub-continent.
Outside the colonial empire were Bhutan and Nepal.
SAARC Agriculture Centre (SAC),
2014

5. Post colonial countries
• In India organized extension started in 1952.
• Bangladesh, agricultural extension per se started in 1947 but in 1971 it
became impendent.
• Pakistan did not have a separate structure for agricultural extension till
1962.
• Under the colonial rules, Sri Lankan agriculture had emphasis on
plantation crops and with the independence of the country in 1948,
extension service put emphasis of other food crops like rice and
subsidiary food crops.
• Historical records of agriculture in Nepal started in 195Os and Bhutan
in 196Os respectively

6. Organization of National
Agricultural Extension Systems
in India
Union Government play a major role in formulation of policies,
programs and budgetary support.
Four major organization devoted to extension work for agriculture
and rural development;
 First line extension system of ICAR institutes and AUs
 Extension system of MoA and State department of agriculture
Extension system of MoRD and State development department
Development work by NGO

7. Post-Independence Innovations in Indian
Agricultural Extension
Community Development
Technological Development
Development with Social Justice
Indian Council of Agricultural Research/Technology
Transfer Projects/Services

9. National Agricultural Extension System in
Bangladesh
• There are many mono-crop extension organizations.
• September 1982 Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE, staff
strength is 23,000 ) formed by merging six agencies.
• Extension Planning Processes- Work Programming
• Upazila level is the basic unit for planning, implementing, monitoring and
evaluating local extension program.
• Decentralized system started in the late 1990s.
• Institutional reforms and efficiency enhancement of extension system -
Krishi Gobeshona Foundation (KGF), NATP has been designed,
decentralization of planning and funding for agricultural extension started.

10. Organizational structures of Extension system in
Bangladesh
Accountabilityhierarchyinextension
systems

11. National Agricultural Extension Systems
in Bhutan
• Organised extension activity started in 1960.
• Whole country was covered by extension network in early 1980s.
• Decentralization was further taken down to Geog (block) level in
early 1990s.
• Extension Planning Processes- GYT , DYT, MoAF, GNHC or PC
• Coordination mechanisms- Agriculture, Forest and Park Services,
Livestock, Agri. Marketing and Cooperatives
• Public-Private-NGO Partnership- involvement of NGOs is at the
nascent stage

12. Organization of extension system in Bangladesh
Accountabilityhierarchyinextensionsystems

13. Historical Perspective of National
Agricultural Extension Development in
Nepal
 Agricultural Extension Service was formally constituted in 1953 with the
Tribhuvan Village Development Programme .
 Earlier, EA were termed as Village Development Workers who were later
renamed as Junior Technicians (JTs) and Junior Technical Assistants
(JTAs).
• Extension planning process- participatory bottom-up planning
• Popular extension program- are The Block Production Programme (BPP,
1982) , The Tuki Extension System (1977) etc.

14. National Agricultural
Extension System in Nepal
Ministry of Agriculture &
Cooperatives
Regional Directorates of Agriculture
(5)
Department of Agriculture
District Development Agricultural
Office (75)
District Development
Committee (75)
Farmers’ Groups and Farmers
Programme
Directorates
Agricultural Service Centre ( (378)
...................................

15. Extension system in
Pakistan
• Department Agricultural Extension was created in the provinces in 1962.
• Evolution of agriculture extension activities by launching VCM, V-AID
programme, IRDP, T&V System of Extension etc.
• Extension planning process-central planning process.
• Decentralization process- from the provincial government to the district
government (seasonal Rabi-Kharif plans).
• Institutional reform and efficiency enhancement of extension system-
devolution process has started in 2001.
• Public-Private-NGO Partnership- AKRSP, National Rural Support
Programme, Punjab Rural Support Programme etc.

16. Organisation of Extension system in Pakistan
Accountabilityhierarchyinextensionsystems

17. • Agriculture Instructors (AIs)
• Ratio of one agriculture instructor varies from 1,000 to 7,000
farmers
• Extension planning processes- farming communities/societies
identify and prioritize problems while the state takes leadership
in setting policy and resource allocation
• Coordination mechanisms-due to bottom up planning
processes strong coordination mechanism exit.
Extension system in Sri Lanka
Source: Samuel, R.R. (no date)

18. Hierarchy & Accountability in Extension
system in Sri Lanka
DoA (Director General)
Deputy Director (Extension )Deputy Director (Extension )
District Agricultural Extension
Officer (DAEO)
District Agricultural Extension
Officer (DAEO)
Agricultural InstructorAgricultural Instructor
Krushhi Viapthi Sevaka (KVS)
MoA

19. Historical Perspective of National
Agricultural Extension System of China
• The worlds’ largest public extension system.
• The Public Agricultural Technology Extension (ATE) system-
 The Commercial Reform (1985 )
 Decentralisation of the ATE system (1990)
 Innovation and pilot phase (2012)

20. National Agricultural Extension System in China
The country RAS system: Blue = public institutions; turquoise = fund flows; green = farmers and
cooperatives; red = private sector agencies. (Author’s own figure / indication about the number of extension
staff for the year 2006 (NATESC: 2011))

21. Extension System in Brazil
• Public Institutions
 Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
• Agency for Agrarian Development and Rural Extension (AGRAER ), National Agency for
Rural Extension (ANER), Technical Assistance and Rural Extension Cooperation
(EMATER), Brazilian Association of State Entities for Technical Assistance and Rural
Extension (ASBRAER ) etc.
• Universities (federal and state levels)
 University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo State University , Federal University of Minas Gerais
and Federal University of Vicosa etc.
• Non-Public Institutions
• Private sector
 Monsanto , Cargill, Pioneer, Case Corp (U.S.A. multi-national companies)
 Vanguarda Agro SA , SLC Agricola (Brazilian companies)
• Non-governmental organizations like Viva Rio, Abong, Sustain AGRO etc.

22. Extension System in
South Africa
• Independent status of “Dominion’’ in 1910 from British Commonwealth.
• Extension Service was divided into three separate sections .
• All types of the existing extension services were merged into one extension
service in 1994.
• In 2005, the ratio of extension agents to commercial farmers was 1:21, to
subsistence farmers 1:857, and combined farmers 1:878.
• HR in Public Agricultural Extension in South Africa as of June 2008- 2092
Source: Worth, S.H. (2012)

23. Continue............
Major Institutions Providing Extension/Advisory Services
Public Institutions
• Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (at national level)
• Directorate of Education, Training and Extension Services
• Provincial Departments of Agriculture
• Agricultural Research Council
Non-Public Institutions
• Private sector i.e. Meadow Feeds, Milk-Pro, Rainbow etc.
• Non-governmental organizations i.e. Democratic Alliance (health and
malnutrition), Community Media Trust (producing all forms of media) etc.
• Farmers-based associations, cooperatives and societies i.e. African Farmers
Association of South Africa , Bambanani Farmers Cooperative Limited etc.

24. History of Extension System in
USA
• Morrill Act (1862)
• Hatch Act (1887)
• Farm demonstration work (1903)
• Smith Liver Act (1914)

25. Outline of Organisation of
Co-operative Extension Service
• Federal congress United states department of agriculture secretary,
Director of extension (one of many divisions in the
department)
• State legislatures land-grand institution
President of governing board
College of agriculture
Research, teaching
Co-operative extension service
Director of extension
Supervisors and specialists
Other colleges
• County government county sponsoring organisation
County extension service
County extension agents

26. Comparison b/w Extension system in developing countries & U.S.
Cooperative Extension System
MoA
Hierarchical organisation
Ill-trained staff
Outside funding
MoA
Hierarchical organisation
Ill-trained staff
Outside funding
University based
Flat organisation
Highly educated staff
Funded by local, state, national government
University based
Flat organisation
Highly educated staff
Funded by local, state, national government
Emphasis on agriculture
Often weak linkage to research
Emphasis on productivity
National production goal
Top down approach
Include agriculture, home economics, youth &
community development
Strong research base
Emphasis on profitability
Needs of individual & communities
Locally planned programs
Programme content
Organisation
Audiences
Farmers & rural areas
Uneducated clientele
More than 50 % of population
engaged in farming
Includes rural, suburban, & urban
programming
Educated clientele
<2% of population engaged in farming

27. Agricultural Extension system in
Japan
• Extension system for agriculture which started in 1948 .
• Central government (6%) and prefectures (94%).
• There are 7,645 staff members of prefecture government, at 369 extension
centers in 2011.
Indicators of Research –extension linkage formsIndicators JAPAN
1.(a) Number of national research institutes 19
(b) Number of research institutes/experimental stations operating
at state level
255
2. Ratio of extension worker to farm families 1.252
3. Adult Literacy (Percentage of total population with basic
education)
99.0%
4. (a) Nature of agricultural administration Decentralized and many role
given to prefectures
(b) Number of Bureaux/departments/agencies in agricultural
ministry
8
Source: Koichi Fukuda (2006)

28. Organization of Extension Services in Japan

29. Agricultural Extension Delivery
System in the Philippines
• Ministry of agriculture and food
• Bureau of Agricultural Extension was created in 1952.
• The Department of Agriculture’s (DA) extension services, was devolved to:
• Provincial LGU
• City LGU
• Municipal LGU

30. Agriculture
Sector
Farm Families
Community-
Based
Organization
Local Govt.
Units/Councils
Service Delivery
Mechanism
Receiving Mechanism
Clients System
Receiving Mechanism
Clients System
Service Delivery
Channel

31. Extension System in Israel
• Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
• Joint Centre for Agricultural Extension.
• HR in Public Agricultural Extension System in between 2009 and 2012-
150
• The main section of the centre is as follows:
 Training and guidance section in new settlement
 Audio visual aid section
 Information and publication centre
 Home economics section
 Auxiliary section

32. Conclusion
• Public sector plays the leading role in extension
delivery system.
• Institutional reform and in some cases policy reform
are taking place.
• Extension planning, coordination mechanism and
decentralization process differ considerably from
country to country.
• There is growing trend of pluralism in delivering
agriculture extension services.

33. References
• Rahman et al. (2014) National Agricultural Extension Systems in SAARC Countries - An Analysis
of the System Diversity. SAARC Agriculture Centre (SAC).
• Paudel, L. K. (2011) Governance of Agriculture Service Delivery in Nepal: Status, Issues, and
Challenges. Nepalese Journal of Public Policy and Governance, Vol. xxix, No.2, December
• FAO. (2010) Agricultural Extension Services Delivery System in Nepal. Pulchowk, Nepal, June
2010
• NATESC. (2011) Overview of the Development of Agricultural Technology extension in China.
National Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center. Beijing, China.
• Koichi Fukuda (2006) “Current Situations and Future Figure of Agricultural Information Network
System for Farmers’ Use in Japan”, Workshop on the Utilization of the ATT &T Networking
System, APEC- Agricultural Technical Cooperation Working Group Agricultural Technology
Transfer and Training ( ATT&T).
• Worth, S.H. (2012) Agricultural Extension in South Africa: Status Quo Report, Dept. of Agriculture,
Forestry & Fisheries, Republic of South Africa: Phuhlisani, available at:
http://www.extensionpolicy.za.net/view.asp?ItemID=27&tname=tblComponent1&oname=News%20/%