AGEISM
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Life expectancy has increased in most countries due to better healthcare, nutrition, and medical advances. This aging population causes demographic issues such as a higher old age dependency ratio, with more retirees per working individuals. As a result, greater portions of country budgets must support dependent elderly populations' medical care and social services. The UN predicts more people over 60 than under 15 by 2025, raising challenges of supporting this shift in population structure.
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Ageism
Ageism is the systematic stereotyping and discrimination against individuals based on their age. It can affect both the elderly and young people through negative age stereotypes. Institutional ageism is reflected in things like higher poverty standards, lack of job training for young workers, and health care systems that focus on acute care rather than preventative care for the elderly. The elderly are commonly stereotyped as asexual, unproductive, forgetful, and passive. In response, they often accept, deny, avoid, or try to reform ageist attitudes. Elder abuse is underreported with only 1 in 6 incidents reported. Ageism also affects health care, nursing homes, emergency response, workplaces, and media representation of the elderly.
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Ageism refers to discrimination against people based on their age. It most commonly targets younger and older people. Ageism is similar in nature to racism and sexism in that it discriminates against a particular group. The term "ageism" was first coined in 1967 with the passage of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) in response to widespread job losses among older workers due to age discrimination. While laws like the ADEA have attempted to address age discrimination, it remains a problem as older unemployed individuals still struggle to find work and ageist attitudes persist in media and society.
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A08
Population ageing will significantly impact society in several ways. It will affect populations, economies, and health systems. Some areas will become overcrowded and urban areas will become more polluted. This will increase the need for clean water and improved sanitation. Pension costs and healthcare costs will rise as people live longer. Economies will struggle to fund retirement and healthcare for larger elderly populations. More people will suffer from chronic age-related illnesses, increasing healthcare demands. Addressing these challenges will require cooperation between governments, economists, and scientists to develop long-term solutions.
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Global Health and Aging
2 Global Health and AgingPhoto credits front cover, left to right (Dreamstime.com): Djembe; Sergey Galushko; Laurin Rinder; Indianeye;
Magomed Magomedagaev; and Antonella865.
3
Preface
Overview
Humanity’s Aging
Living Longer
New Disease Patterns
Longer Lives and Disability
New Data on Aging and Health
Assessing the Cost of Aging and Health Care
Health and Work
Changing Role of the Family
Suggested Resources
Contents
Rose Maria Li
1
2
4
6
9
12
16
18
20
22
25
4 Global Health and Aging
5
Preface
The world is facing a situation without precedent: We soon will have more older people than
children and more people at extreme old age than ever before. As both the proportion of older
people and the length of life increase throughout the world, key questions arise. Will population
aging be accompanied by a longer period of good health, a sustained sense of well-being, and
extended periods of social engagement and productivity, or will it be associated with more illness,
disability, and dependency? How will aging affect health care and social costs? Are these futures
inevitable, or can we act to establish a physical and social infrastructure that might foster better
health and wellbeing in older age? How will population aging play out differently for low-income
countries that will age faster than their counterparts have, but before they become industrialized
and wealthy?
This brief report attempts to address some of these questions. Above all, it emphasizes the central
role that health will play moving forward. A better understanding of the changing relationship
between health with age is crucial if we are to create a future that takes full advantage of the
powerful resource inherent in older populations. To do so, nations must develop appropriate
data systems and research capacity to monitor and understand these patterns and relationships,
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well-being. And research needs to be better coordinated if we are to discover the most cost-effective
ways to maintain healthful life styles and everyday functioning in countries at different stages of
economic development and with varying resources. Global efforts are required to understand and
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existing knowledge about the prevention and treatment of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and
cancer.
Managing population aging also requires building needed infrastructure and institutions as soon as
possible. The longer we delay, the more costly and less effective the solutions are likely to be.
Population aging is a powerful and transforming demographic force. We are only just beginning
to comprehend its impact ...
Ageing as a social problem
This document discusses aging as a social problem and outlines several key points. It defines elders as those aged 60 and over, notes that the global population of those over 60 will double by 2050, and states that Sri Lanka currently has one of the fastest aging populations in Asia. It then explores how an aging population can strain government resources by requiring more spending on housing, healthcare, and pensions. The document also examines vulnerabilities older people face in emergencies related to health issues, isolation, and economic challenges. Finally, it suggests that families, communities, and governments all have roles in supporting the elderly.
article hcs 400
This document discusses the challenges that the elderly face in accessing affordable and adequate healthcare. As the elderly population increases in size, more will require long-term care which is very expensive. Many elderly live on fixed incomes from social security and have to choose between basic needs like food and medication due to rising healthcare costs. The limited coverage of Medicare often leaves elderly shouldering thousands of dollars in medical bills. Improving preventative care and increasing the number of geriatricians could help alleviate costs and ensure the needs of the growing elderly population are met in the future.
SAGT Higher Student Conference Population Presentation
This document discusses population geography and the demographic transition model. It explains that the demographic transition model shows four stages of change from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. More economically developed countries (MEDC) have narrower population pyramids that do not narrow until age 70 due to low birth rates and high life expectancy. Less economically developed countries (LEDC) have wider pyramids that narrow above age 50 due to high infant mortality and poorer living conditions. The document also discusses the impacts of population change, such as school and hospital closures in MEDCs, and improved education and reduced malnutrition in LEDCs. Migration is influenced by push and pull factors relating to opportunities, disasters, jobs and services.
National health policy to older people
This document provides a situational analysis and national policy for older persons in Belize. Some key points:
- Belize's elderly population is increasing and will double by 2025, yet data on the elderly is lacking.
- Chronic diseases are the leading causes of death and hospitalization for those over 50.
- The policy aims to ensure the well-being and participation of older persons through goals like meeting their basic needs, enhancing independence, and developing support programs.
- A National Council on Ageing will be established to oversee implementation and a multi-sectoral approach is needed involving government, NGOs, and private organizations.
Similar to AGEISM (15)
Old age healthcare security an urgent need for the ageing urban population
Old age healthcare security an urgent need for the ageing urban population
Dt pt 4 differences in global health factors income and gender equality
Dt pt 4 differences in global health factors income and gender equality
Study of various population factor and its effect.
Study of various population factor and its effect.
National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthU..docx
National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthU..docx
SAGT Higher Student Conference Population Presentation
SAGT Higher Student Conference Population Presentation
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MEDIEVAL CITIES
Agricultural improvements led to population growth and the rise of cities in medieval Europe. As cities expanded, trade increased between growing urban centers along major routes like the Mediterranean and Baltic seas. Stronger monarchies also developed as kings gained support from prosperous cities in exchange for autonomy, collecting more taxes to fund royal armies and governments. Guilds organized craftsmen in cities and helped regulate skilled trades that supplied the growing urban markets.
The battle of hastings
The Battle of Hastings in 1066 was fought between the armies of William, Duke of Normandy and King Harold Godwinson of England. It resulted from William's claim to the English throne following the death of Edward the Confessor. Harold had been crowned king shortly after Edward's death but William challenged this and invaded England. The two armies met near Hastings on October 14th and fought all day. King Harold was killed, likely by an arrow to the eye, which led to the defeat of the English forces. William, now known as William the Conqueror, became the new King of England, marking the beginning of Norman rule.
Medieval society
Medieval society was divided into three estates: nobility, clergy, and workers. The nobility did not pay taxes and were responsible for defending the population. The clergy's duty was to pray for spiritual salvation and some participated in government. Most workers were peasants who produced food and goods while paying taxes. The feudal system established hierarchies of power and obligations between the king, nobles, and peasants over lands and resources.
2º eso second invasions
Between 850-1100 CE, Europe experienced new invasions from Vikings, Magyars, and Saracens due to the decline of the Carolingian and Byzantine Empires. The Vikings originated from Scandinavia and first raided places like England and France for treasure before eventually conquering territories like Normandy and founding kingdoms in England and Russia. They also engaged in trade along routes like the Baltic coasts and Mediterranean. The Magyars invaded from Asia and established the Kingdom of Hungary after raiding parts of Germany, Italy, and France. Meanwhile, Saracen pirates attacked coastal areas in the Mediterranean seeking treasure but did not aim to spread Islam.
Rural urban migration
Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from rural areas to towns and cities. It began in developed countries during the 19th century Industrial Revolution and spread to developing countries in the mid-20th century. Rural-urban migration occurs due to "push" factors in rural areas like lack of infrastructure, services, and economic opportunities as well as "pull" factors of cities like more jobs, services, amenities, and government investment.
Migration
Migration refers to the movement of people between locations to live or work. There are two types of migration - voluntary and forced. Voluntary migration occurs when people choose to move to places with better economic opportunities or quality of life, while forced migration happens when people are compelled to relocate due to issues like wars or natural disasters. Countries experience benefits and drawbacks from both emigration, where their citizens leave, and immigration, where foreign citizens enter. Benefits include economic gains from remittances or filling jobs locals don't want, while drawbacks involve fewer taxpayers or pressures on housing and social services.
Population pyramids
A population pyramid graphs a population broken down by age and sex. It is useful for governments to plan policies as the pyramid's shape predicts future population changes. Developing countries have pyramids with narrow tops but wide bases, as life expectancy is low but birth rates are high. More developed countries have higher life expectancies and lower birth rates, resulting in wider tops and narrower bases. Developed countries with aging populations have pyramids where the percentage of old people is highest and fewer children exist to support them. Population pyramids also show impacts of events like war, migration, and independence of countries.
Chinese population
China implemented a one child policy in 1979 to control its rapidly growing population of over 1.3 billion people which comprised 20% of the world's population. The policy restricted couples to only one child and imposed fines for additional children. It succeeded in significantly reducing the birth rate from 31 to 19 births per 1000 people over 20 years, avoiding an estimated 230 million more people. However, later the replacement rate declined too much, so exceptions were made to the policy to increase births and ensure future population replacement.
Chinese population
China has the world's largest population with 1.3 billion people, which is 20% of the global population despite having only the third largest land area. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Chinese government encouraged large families but population growth became a problem by the 1970s due to lack of resources. To control the population, China instituted a one-child policy in 1979 that limited urban families to one child through fines and other penalties for additional children. The policy was successful in reducing birth rates from 31 to 19 per 1000 people over 20 years, avoiding an estimated 230 million more people. However, by the late 20th century this caused concerns about replacing the aging population, so restrictions were lifted and China's population is now recovering
Population density and absolute population
The document discusses population density and factors that influence it. It provides data on the population and population densities of various countries. Belgium has a high population density of 360 people/km2 while Russia has a much lower density of 8 people/km2 due to its larger size. Countries with the highest population densities include Monaco, Singapore, and The Vatican, while those with the largest total populations are China, India, and the United States. High population densities are influenced by positive physical and human factors like good climate, resources, and economy, while low densities result from challenges such as harsh weather, lack of resources, and economic or political problems.
Population density and absolute population
The document discusses population density and factors that influence it. It provides data on the population and population densities of various countries. Belgium has a high population density of 360 people/km2 while Russia has a much lower density of 8 people/km2 due to its larger size. Countries with the highest population densities include Monaco, Singapore, and Malta, while China and India have the largest total populations. Areas tend to have higher densities due to positive physical and human factors like good climate, resources, and economy, while low densities are seen in areas with extreme weather, few resources, and economic/political challenges.
Population growth, demographic transition model and overpopulated places
This document discusses population growth and the demographic transition model. It explains that a population's growth is determined by the birth rate and death rate. If births exceed deaths, the population increases, and vice versa. It then outlines the 5 stages of the demographic transition model: 1) high birth and death rates with steady population, 2) high births and falling deaths leads to rapid growth, 3) falling birth and death rates leads to rapid growth, 4) continuing fall in rates leads to slower growth, 5) potential future stage with below replacement fertility and stable/falling population. The document provides examples of countries at different stages of the model.
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AGEISM
- 1. AGEING POPULATION Life expectancy is increasing in almost every country. This factor affects in developed countries. However, in the less economically developed countries like Kenya, they have had an increase Longer life expectancy + low birth rate Ageism
- 2. Why has life expectancy increased? Better primary health care New medicines and drugs Advances in medical knowledge Better diet and hygiene REASONS
- 3. DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE INCREASE OF LIFE INCREASE IN THE OLD AGE DEPENDENCY RATIO old age dependancy ratio = Number of pensioners per 100 people of working age. If the ratio is very high There will be many problems to maintain those people CHANGES IN THE POPULATION STRUCTURE The replacement of a population is not guaranteed. Besides, a big percentage of the state budget will be for dependant people PROBLEMS IN THE BALANCE BETWEEN OLD AND YOUNG POPULATION United Nations predicts that by 2025 there will be more people in the World who vill be more than 60 than people who will be less than 15. The end of the humans?
- 4. Problems created by the increase of the life expectancy More money is needed for residential homes, hospitals, free social services... Old people’s cares take most of the budget and the time of the sanitary systems There aren’t enough taxes to maintain the public services Less money is available for younger age groups (education, public services, security...)
- 5. Problems that elderly people have in this society Many of them live alone without their partners or their families Their pensions are low. Thus, most of them can’t afford the cost of residential homes Long waits for hospital operations because the sanitary budget is low Even if they can work, they won’t be hired because companies have prejudice against their age
- 6. Living in cities is dangerous because of the traffic, the crime and the polution Living in villages is dangerous because of the lack of hospitals and doctors
- 7. Living in cities is dangerous because of the traffic, the crime and the polution Living in villages is dangerous because of the lack of hospitals and doctors