This document summarizes research on health insurance coverage disparities faced by same-sex couples in the United States. The research finds that men and women in same-sex relationships are less likely to have employer-sponsored health insurance nationally compared to married opposite-sex couples. The largest gaps are found in the South for men and Midwest for women. Living in a state that recognizes same-sex relationships through marriage, civil unions, or domestic partnerships is associated with higher employer-sponsored insurance rates for women in same-sex relationships. The document concludes by discussing policy options like requiring coverage of same-sex spouses by employers and repealing laws that create barriers to coverage.
Poverty in the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual USLGBTBIZHUB.com
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A severe global recession has brought heightened attention to poverty in the United States as the poverty rate rose over time, leveling off at 15.0% in 2011. Recent U.S. Census Bureau data demonstrates the persistence of higher poverty rates for African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, Children, single mothers, people with disabilities, and other groups, for example. An earlier Williams Institute study and other research showed that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB)
people we are also more vulnerable to being poor, and this
study updates and extends that earlier report.
FOR MORE INFORMATION:
The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law
Box 951476
Los Angeles, CA 90095-1476
(310) 267-4382
williamsinstitute@law.ucla.edu
www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute
Data Presentation for ServiceLink of Carroll County by Jess Carsonjanethuntslrc
What Do We Know About Carroll County? Using Data to Shape a Common Agenda
Prepared by Jess Carson, Vulnerable Families Research Scientist, Carsey School of Public Policy, University of New Hampshire
October 15, 2014
For more information contact Janet Hunt, jhunt@servicelinklrpph.org
Poverty in the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual USLGBTBIZHUB.com
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A severe global recession has brought heightened attention to poverty in the United States as the poverty rate rose over time, leveling off at 15.0% in 2011. Recent U.S. Census Bureau data demonstrates the persistence of higher poverty rates for African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, Children, single mothers, people with disabilities, and other groups, for example. An earlier Williams Institute study and other research showed that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB)
people we are also more vulnerable to being poor, and this
study updates and extends that earlier report.
FOR MORE INFORMATION:
The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law
Box 951476
Los Angeles, CA 90095-1476
(310) 267-4382
williamsinstitute@law.ucla.edu
www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute
Data Presentation for ServiceLink of Carroll County by Jess Carsonjanethuntslrc
What Do We Know About Carroll County? Using Data to Shape a Common Agenda
Prepared by Jess Carson, Vulnerable Families Research Scientist, Carsey School of Public Policy, University of New Hampshire
October 15, 2014
For more information contact Janet Hunt, jhunt@servicelinklrpph.org
Georgia Facts: A Look at the "Five Georgias"Andy Carswell
This presentation was made before the Society of Georgia Archivists in 2009. It helps to show the diversity within the state of Georgia, and some of the trending patterns within different pockets of the state. This presentation is dedicated to the memory of long-time state demographer Doug Bachtel, who passed away in the summer of 2013, and who is listed as my co-presenter here.
Key findings from a Florida statewide survey of 600 registered voters and a statewide survey of 400 Republican primary voters conducted November 3, 5-6, 2011 and January 15-17, 2012, respectively.
A large, national survey conducted by the CDC in 44 states, D.C., and Puerto Rico finds that more than 20% of Americans are unpaid caregivers. Here's more:
•Overall trends: Between 2015-2017, nearly 21% of people who responded to a phone survey on health risks were classified as unpaid caregivers. An additional 17% said they expected to become caregivers in the two years following the survey.
•Demographics: Nearly 60% of caregivers were women, and nearly 45% of caregivers were aged 45 and younger.
•Regional trends: 14% of those in Puerto Rico reported being caregivers, compared to more than 28% of those in Tennessee. Unpaid caregivers were most common in Tennessee, Alabama, Arkansas, and Louisiana, all with a 25% or higher prevalence.
This newsletter article summarizes the proposed Homeless Children and Youth Act of 2017 and analyzes its potential impacts. This is one of many weekly policy updates I published for the Alliance for Strong Families and Communities.
Georgia Facts: A Look at the "Five Georgias"Andy Carswell
This presentation was made before the Society of Georgia Archivists in 2009. It helps to show the diversity within the state of Georgia, and some of the trending patterns within different pockets of the state. This presentation is dedicated to the memory of long-time state demographer Doug Bachtel, who passed away in the summer of 2013, and who is listed as my co-presenter here.
Key findings from a Florida statewide survey of 600 registered voters and a statewide survey of 400 Republican primary voters conducted November 3, 5-6, 2011 and January 15-17, 2012, respectively.
A large, national survey conducted by the CDC in 44 states, D.C., and Puerto Rico finds that more than 20% of Americans are unpaid caregivers. Here's more:
•Overall trends: Between 2015-2017, nearly 21% of people who responded to a phone survey on health risks were classified as unpaid caregivers. An additional 17% said they expected to become caregivers in the two years following the survey.
•Demographics: Nearly 60% of caregivers were women, and nearly 45% of caregivers were aged 45 and younger.
•Regional trends: 14% of those in Puerto Rico reported being caregivers, compared to more than 28% of those in Tennessee. Unpaid caregivers were most common in Tennessee, Alabama, Arkansas, and Louisiana, all with a 25% or higher prevalence.
This newsletter article summarizes the proposed Homeless Children and Youth Act of 2017 and analyzes its potential impacts. This is one of many weekly policy updates I published for the Alliance for Strong Families and Communities.
CHAPTER II-LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Generally, the U.S health care system is unique considering all the advanced industrialized countries because it does not have a uniform health care coverage for all its population (Williams, 2017). However, it recently enacted legislation that mandates health care coverage for almost everyone regardless of gender or ethnicity. Joseph & Marrow (2017) suggests that high cost is the primary reason that leads to challenges that Americans face in accessing health care. In 2013, about 31 percent of the uninsured adults reported facing challenges like delayed medical care while accessing health care services (Williams, 2017). The paper provides a literature review by examining the disparities in health care in the U.S.
Literature Review
Disparities in healthcare in the U.S
Health care disparity is socially constructed, and it results in tangible effects on the health status of individuals. Health care disparity is differences in the healthcare coverage, access to, and quality care that various groups receive. Wheeler & Bryant (2017) mentioned that racial and ethnic disparities are arguably the most form of inequalities in the U.S health care system. However, they become the most silent factors while examining health inequity. The report released by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) reveals that racial and ethnic minorities, especially blacks, are more likely to receive a low valued medical care which leads to increasingly poor health outcomes among the population (Dickman et al., 2017). Over the years, efforts have been made to eliminate various disparities in health care to achieve health equity
Root causes of Disparities in Health Care
According to Kelley et al. (2015), health disparities often result from system conflict, inadequate resources, and the distribution of the resources. The American government is responsible for ensuring control of the distribution of health services and resources to various individuals in need. For instance, the government should ensure that people living in extreme poverty are provided with medical care at a low cost (Travers et al., 2017). However, the government may not offer the required resources to every person in need due to the increased population. As such, some patients may not be in a position to receive the care that they require. Notably, these individuals tend to be from poverty-stricken regions because they cannot afford the required cost.
Poverty
Grubbs (2019) defines poverty as a state in which individuals lack the socially acceptable material possession such as income and productive resources that promote sustainable livelihood. Based on a 2018 report, more than 41 million Americans live in poverty (Grubbs, 2019). Regarding the information, the individuals experience detrimental health impacts due to their socioeconomic status and environmental conditions (Sanyal et al., 2010). As a result, the persons experience various health conditions and heal ...
Presentation by Steven H. Woolf, MD, MPH at the 2009 Virginia Health Equity Conference.
Dr. Woolf shared research on the dramatic influences of social conditions on health inequities nationally and in the Commonwealth of Virginia. He also discussed the importance of packaging the evidence in compelling formats for policymakers and the public.
New CDC data find that 1 in 7 people in 2018 reported trouble with paying medical bills, a figure that represents a dip since 2011. Here’s more:
•Overall trends: In 2011, nearly 20% of people reported having trouble with medical bills in the year prior to being surveyed, but that dropped to 14% of respondents in 2018.
•Demographics: Females, Black individuals, and those aged 17 and under were most likely to be in families who had trouble paying bills.
•Insurance status: Those under the age of 65 who were uninsured had the most difficulty with health bills. Those aged 65-74 were most likely to report trouble paying bills if they had both Medicare and Medicaid. Among the oldest adults — ages 75 and older — having Medicare only was associated with medical billing problems.
Building Healthy Places: How are Community Development Organizations Contribu...Jonathan Dunnemann
Through a survey conducted by NeighborWorks America of 242 high-performing community development organizations across the United States, we examine health strategies, partnerships, and services delivered by community development
organizations and professionals.
Respond to at least two classmates who identified different areas of.docxpeggyd2
Respond to at least two classmates who identified different areas of disparity than your own. Do you agree or disagree with their assessment of the impact of economic policy on the disparity? Does the disparity discussed have a microeconomic or a macroeconomic impact on health care?
Post # 1
Trina Cox
Disparity in healthcare can be defined as, “differences between groups in health insurance coverage, access to and use of care, and quality of care” (Orger & Artiga, 2018). There are various healthcare disparities; however, the key areas of disparity I have chosen to identify and analyze include health insurance coverage, quality of care, and gender. As most people already know, health insurance is a type of insurance coverage that is designed to cover an insured person’s medical expenses (such as hospital, doctor, laboratory and pharmacy services). Although the number of uninsured Americans have decreased drastically since the passing of ACA, disparities in this area still exist. Some individuals’ annual incomes still are not enough to pay the low premiums that may be required of them to have access to health insurance coverage.
Quality of care can be described as, “the degree to which health care services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge” (AHRQ, 2017). Although it is an unethical act displayed by healthcare professionals; in some areas, all patients are not treated equally with regards to quality of care. According to Dr. Ananya Mandal (2019), discrimination occurs when healthcare providers treat individuals from certain population groups differently to other population groups, whether this is done consciously or not. It is common for this to occur when providers have stereotyped impressions of specific racial or ethnic groups.
Gender can play a major role in healthcare disparities among women, specifically, in some of the developed countries. Researchers have reported that determinants of gender differences, like welfare indicators (e.g., education and income), behavioral factors (e.g., smoking and drinking), and social factors (e.g., social support and socioeconomic status) have direct correlations with some of the existing disparities (Hassanzadeh, et al, 2017). Afghanistan is a country that still has a high rate of gender disparities among women, even though some improvements have occurred. In this country, the biggest disparities that I feel still exist are between women in rural versus urban areas, and those with some education, as opposed to those women with none; showing that as education of women increases, so does their health and that of their children because of the education and resources that they have.
I think several economic policies have impacted these disparities and they include differences in income levels, education, and geographic location. A person’s annual income may have a direct effect on his or her ability.
These slides are taken from the graduate financial planning course "Introduction to Charitable Planning" at Texas Tech University. Details at www.EncourageGenerosity.com
Daniel R. Meyer: A Perspective on Shared Care
from the US. Esitys Lapsen kaksi kotia – vuoroasumisen ja sosiaaliturvan solmukohdat -seminaarissa 26.11.2020.
Exploring Disparities Using New and Updated MEasures on SHADAC's State Health...soder145
Slides from webinar webinar introducing two new measures of health outcomes and social determinants of health on SHADAC’s State Health Compare—Unhealthy Days and Unaffordable Rents. This presentation, hosted by SHADAC researchers Brett Fried and Robert Hest, examine these new measures and highlight how the estimates can be used to explore disparities between states and among sub-populations.
Leveraging 1332 State Innovation Waivers to Stabilize Individual Health Insur...soder145
Presentation by SHADAC Senior Research Fellow Emily Zylla at the 2018 Association for Public Policy Analysis & Management (APPAM) Fall Research Meeting in Washington, DC.
Modeling State-based Reinsurance: One Option for Stabilization of the Individ...soder145
Presentation by SHADAC Director Lynn Blewett at the 2018 Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Fall Research Conference in Washington, DC.
2017 Health Insurance Coverage Estimates: SHADAC Webinar Featuring U.S. Censu...soder145
Join us for an overview of the 2017 health insurance coverage estimates from two key, large-scale federal data sources: The American Community Survey (ACS) and the Current Population Survey (CPS).
This webinar will examine the new estimates with technical insight from experts at the U.S. Census Bureau, which administers both the ACS and CPS, and from SHADAC researchers.
Attendees will learn about:
The new 2017 national and state coverage estimates
When to use which estimates from which survey
How to access the estimates via Census reports and American FactFinder
How to access state-level estimates from the ACS using SHADAC tables
SHADAC researchers and Census experts will answer questions from attendees after the presentation.
Exploring the New State-Level Opioid Data On SHADAC's State Health Comparesoder145
Between 2000 and 2016, the annual number of drug overdose deaths in the United States more than tripled, from 17,500 to 63,500, and most of these deaths involved opioids. Despite widespread increases in overdose death rates from natural and semi-synthetic opioids, synthetic opioids, and heroin, individual states’ death rates varied widely. For example, in 2016, Nebraska’s rate of 1.2 deaths per 100,000 people was the lowest in the U.S. for natural and semi-synthetic opioids, while West Virginia’s rate (the highest) was more than 15 times larger, at 18.5 deaths. These deaths are the most glaring indication of the growing crisis of opioid abuse and addiction that has been spreading unevenly throughout the country over the past two decades.
On this SHADAC webinar, Research Fellow Colin Planalp will examine the United States opioid epidemic at the state level, analyzing trends in overdose deaths from heroin and other opioids, such as prescription painkillers. Using data available through SHADAC’s State Health Compare, he will look at which states have the highest rates of opioid-related deaths and which have experienced the largest increases in death rates.
Mr. Planalp will be joined by SHADAC Research Fellow Robert Hest, who will discuss the data on opioid-related overdose deaths from the U.S. Centers from Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that are available on SHADAC’s State Health Compare. He will also discuss State Health Compare data from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) on sales of common prescription opioid painkillers. Mr. Hest will show users how to access and use the data for state-level analyses.
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
1. Funded by a grant from the RobertWood Johnson Foundation
State Variation in Health Insurance
Coverage Among Same-Sex Couples
Gilbert Gonzales, MHA
Population Association of America
New Orleans, LA
April 12, 2013
2. Background: Who are same-sex couples?
• Sexual minorities
Lesbian, Gay & Bisexual (LGB)
• Partnered
Married
Civil Union
Domestic Partnership
Unmarried, but cohabitating
2
3. States differ in their policies on same-sex couples
3
Source: National Conference of State Legislatures
4. Why does marriage matter?
• Most Americans are covered through a family
member’s employer health plan
“Legal” spouse
Dependent children
4
Example: University of Minnesota, Office of Human Resources
5. The role of employers
Large employers (500+ employees) offering same-sex domestic partner
benefits
5
12%
16%
19%
21%
24%
27%
29%
34% 34%
39% 39%
46%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Source: 2011 Mercer National Survey of Employer-Sponsored Health Plans
6. Federal barriers to coverage
• Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA)
Health insurance coverage is mandated for same-sex
spouses in 16 states, but state mandates only affect fully-
insured employers (42% employees)
Self-insured employers are regulated by the federal
government, not states
• Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)
Does not recognize same-sex unions at the federal level
Insurance for same-sex spouses treated as taxable
income (adds $1,000 annually)
6
Source: Badget MVL. The economic value of marriage for same-sex couples. Drake Law Review. 2010.
7. What are the outcomes?
• Men and women in same-sex couples are less
likely to have health insurance
BRFSS (Buchmueller & Carpenter, 2010)
CPS (Ash & Badget, 2006)
NHIS (Heck et al., 2006)
7
8. What are the outcomes?
• Men and women in same-sex couples are less
likely to have health insurance
BRFSS (Buchmueller & Carpenter, 2010)
CPS (Ash & Badget, 2006)
NHIS (Heck et al., 2006)
• What can the American Community Survey tell us
about national and regional disparities in health
insurance coverage?
8
10. GLB Population in the ACS
• Same-sex spouses / unmarried partners
10
11. Control Variables & Outcomes
• Educational attainment
• Age
• Sex
• Race
• Employment
• Hours Worked
• Industry
• Own child in household
• Citizenship
11
• Health Insurance
• Employer-Sponsored
Insurance (ESI)
• Individual
• Medicare
• Medicaid
• Uninsured
12. Limitations to the ACS
• Missing Information
• Sexual orientation and gender identity
• Health status
• Firm size
• Source of coverage (own ESI or dependent)
• Missing Same-Sex Couples
• If identified as roommates or unrelated adults
• If neither is the respondent
12
15. Disparities in Insurance: Men
Compared to married men in opposite-sex relationships
15
Adjusts for race/ethnicity, age, employment, industry, income, region, citizenship, minor child, survey year
Source: American Community Survey, 2008-2010. * indicates p<0.05
0.58
0.75
1.31
1.04
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Employer Individual Medicaid Medicare
*
*
*
16. Disparities in Insurance: Women
Compared to married women in opposite-sex relationships
16
0.49
0.64
0.90
1.09
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
Employer Individual Medicaid Medicare
Adjusts for race/ethnicity, age, employment, industry, income, region, citizenship, minor child, survey year
Source: American Community Survey, 2008-2010. * indicates p<0.05
*
*
18. Coverage Gaps in ESI
Men in SS relationships vs. Married Men in OS Relationships
18
RD: 0-10%
RD: > 10%
Same-sex couples
equal or better off
Adjusts for race/ethnicity, age, employment, industry, income, region, citizenship, minor child, survey year
Source: American Community Survey, 2008-2010. RD=relative difference.
19. Coverage Gaps in ESI
Women in SS relationships vs. Married Women in OS relationships
19
RD: 0-10%
RD: > 10%
Same-sex couples
equal or better off
Adjusts for race/ethnicity, age, employment, industry, income, region, citizenship, minor child, survey year
Source: American Community Survey, 2008-2010. RD=relative difference.
21. MEN in Same-Sex Relationships
21
Compared to living in states without provisions
• Same-Sex Marriage: +1.45% (p>0.10)
• Civil unions or domestic partnerships: +1.66% (p>0.10)
Adjusts for race/ethnicity, age, employment, industry, income, region, citizenship, minor child, survey year
Source: American Community Survey, 2008-2010
22. WOMEN in Same-Sex Relationships
22
Compared to living in states without provisions
• Same-Sex Marriage: +3.84% (p<0.01)
• Civil unions or domestic partnerships: +3.00% (p<0.01)
Adjusts for race/ethnicity, age, employment, industry, income, region, citizenship, minor child, survey year
Source: American Community Survey, 2008-2010
23. Summary
• Men and women in same-sex couples are less
likely to be insured through an employer
nationwide
• Largest ESI coverage gaps located in the South
for men and in the Midwest for women
• Living in a state with same-sex marriage, civil
unions or domestic partnerships is associated
with increased levels of ESI for women in
same-sex relationships
23
24. Policy Implications
• Potential for states to require fully insured
employers to extend benefits to same-sex
spouses
• Employers can voluntarily expand coverage to
same-sex spouses as a strategy to attract
employees
• Repealing DOMA could remove barriers to
coverage for same-sex couples
24
25. Sign up to receive our newsletter and updates at
www.shadac.org
@shadac
Gilbert Gonzales, MHA
Doctoral Student
Graduate Research Assistant
gonza440@umn.edu
University of Minnesota
School of Public Health
Division of Health Policy & Management