This document provides an overview of the field of agricultural economics. It discusses four major areas: 1) production economics, which examines decision-making at the farm level; 2) consumer theory, which analyzes how individuals allocate scarce income across consumption; 3) agricultural marketing, which focuses on activities that transform raw farm products into consumer goods; and 4) resource economics, which studies resource use and conservation within agriculture. Production economics is concerned with optimal resource allocation at farms. Traditional analysis uses tools like budgets and linear programming, while more recent work examines efficiency, competitiveness, and environmental interactions.
This document provides an introduction to agricultural economics. It defines economics as dealing with the allocation of scarce resources to meet unlimited wants. The key concepts discussed include utility, scarcity, price, opportunity cost, and marginal analysis. Agricultural economics specifically studies issues related to food and fiber production, while agribusiness encompasses all businesses involved in agriculture. The document also discusses graphs used to show economic relationships and the assumptions made in graphing models.
Agricultural economics deals with how producers, consumers and societies use scarce resources in producing, processing, marketing and consuming food and fiber products. Agricultural development refers to changes in the agricultural sector and overall economy over time as countries become richer. As countries develop, the share of agriculture in GDP, employment and consumer spending declines while the service sector grows. Agricultural policy aims to influence the farm and agribusiness sectors through policies related to inputs, production, consumption and trade.
This document discusses several economic theories of development:
- Classical theories saw diminishing returns limiting growth, while stage theories saw structural changes driving development through different eras.
- Dual economy and dependency theories examined the relationship between core and periphery economies and the importance of agriculture.
- More recent theories emphasize human capital, institutions, and transactions costs in facilitating or impeding development. Overall, the document analyzes how different factors like technological progress, capital investment, food production, and institutional quality influence economic growth.
This document provides an overview of basic economic activities and the four factors of production. It discusses the main economic activities of production, distribution, exchange, and consumption. It also outlines the four factors of production - capital, entrepreneurship, land, and labor - and the corresponding payments for each which are interest, profits, rent, and salary, respectively. The document provides examples and definitions for different types of goods and methods of distribution and exchange.
Risks Related to the use of Chemical Inputs for Crop Production in Nkong-Ni a...AI Publications
This study aims at analysing the risks management of chemical inputs’ use in crops production in the Nkong-Ni and Penka-Michel subdivisions. It aims at analysing the measures taken by the farmers to prevent possible threats caused by chemical inputs such as fertilisers, weed killers, insecticides, fungicides and nematodes in both subdivisions; precisely in Northern Bafou and Balessing. For this purpose, we identified the different chemical inputs used in market gardening, their impact on farmers’ well-being, and their risks. We analysed risks considering actors and policies oriented to limit these risks. Our study sample consists of 239 market gardeners. One hundred and thirty-nine producers received questionnaires: eighty-nine (89) in Ndzieh (Northern Bafou, in the Nkong-Ni subdivision), fifty (50) in Balessing (Penka-Michel), one hundred (100) producers for semi-structured interviews, sixty (60) in Ndzieh and forty (40) in Balessing. The findings show that 67.59% of producers do not comply with inputs prescribed doses. Indeed, they confirm that the use of chemical inputs improves yields, even if it causes some discomfort. Regarding support, relative to chemical inputs use, offered to producers in their agricultural activities, just few of them attended seminars and training, or approach extension agents. As recommended, producers should organize themselves into associations or cooperatives. So, they could benefit from government contributions and actions to raise awareness about environmental safeguarding.
Agriculture production economics is a field that applies economic principles to optimize the use of farm resources like land, labor, capital and management. It analyzes production relationships and rational decision making. The objectives are to provide guidance to farmers and facilitate the most efficient use of resources. Some key aspects covered include input-output relationships, returns to scale, and stages of production. Linear programming is a mathematical tool used to maximize an objective function subject to linear constraints and restrictions on resources.
This document discusses agriculture economics and policy. It notes that while agriculture makes up a small share of GDP in developed countries, food is a large global business sector. Government intervention in agriculture is common through policies aimed at protecting domestic farmers, ensuring food security and availability, and stabilizing markets. However, wealthier countries tend to subsidize agriculture more while poorer countries tax it more. The document then examines the objectives and early failures of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy to support prices. It raises issues around agricultural income statistics and the need for clear property rights and support for small farmers.
- Organic farming is more environmentally friendly than conventional farming as it avoids the use of harmful pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. Organic farming relies more on natural processes to nourish soils and protect crops.
- Conventional farming is controlled by large agribusinesses and relies on monocultures, fossil fuel-based inputs, and global distribution of commodities for profit. This model is unsustainable and damages the environment.
- Organic markets are growing rapidly as consumers demand healthier, locally-grown food. Organic farming is better for both the environment and local economies compared to the corporate-controlled, conventional system.
This document provides an introduction to agricultural economics. It defines economics as dealing with the allocation of scarce resources to meet unlimited wants. The key concepts discussed include utility, scarcity, price, opportunity cost, and marginal analysis. Agricultural economics specifically studies issues related to food and fiber production, while agribusiness encompasses all businesses involved in agriculture. The document also discusses graphs used to show economic relationships and the assumptions made in graphing models.
Agricultural economics deals with how producers, consumers and societies use scarce resources in producing, processing, marketing and consuming food and fiber products. Agricultural development refers to changes in the agricultural sector and overall economy over time as countries become richer. As countries develop, the share of agriculture in GDP, employment and consumer spending declines while the service sector grows. Agricultural policy aims to influence the farm and agribusiness sectors through policies related to inputs, production, consumption and trade.
This document discusses several economic theories of development:
- Classical theories saw diminishing returns limiting growth, while stage theories saw structural changes driving development through different eras.
- Dual economy and dependency theories examined the relationship between core and periphery economies and the importance of agriculture.
- More recent theories emphasize human capital, institutions, and transactions costs in facilitating or impeding development. Overall, the document analyzes how different factors like technological progress, capital investment, food production, and institutional quality influence economic growth.
This document provides an overview of basic economic activities and the four factors of production. It discusses the main economic activities of production, distribution, exchange, and consumption. It also outlines the four factors of production - capital, entrepreneurship, land, and labor - and the corresponding payments for each which are interest, profits, rent, and salary, respectively. The document provides examples and definitions for different types of goods and methods of distribution and exchange.
Risks Related to the use of Chemical Inputs for Crop Production in Nkong-Ni a...AI Publications
This study aims at analysing the risks management of chemical inputs’ use in crops production in the Nkong-Ni and Penka-Michel subdivisions. It aims at analysing the measures taken by the farmers to prevent possible threats caused by chemical inputs such as fertilisers, weed killers, insecticides, fungicides and nematodes in both subdivisions; precisely in Northern Bafou and Balessing. For this purpose, we identified the different chemical inputs used in market gardening, their impact on farmers’ well-being, and their risks. We analysed risks considering actors and policies oriented to limit these risks. Our study sample consists of 239 market gardeners. One hundred and thirty-nine producers received questionnaires: eighty-nine (89) in Ndzieh (Northern Bafou, in the Nkong-Ni subdivision), fifty (50) in Balessing (Penka-Michel), one hundred (100) producers for semi-structured interviews, sixty (60) in Ndzieh and forty (40) in Balessing. The findings show that 67.59% of producers do not comply with inputs prescribed doses. Indeed, they confirm that the use of chemical inputs improves yields, even if it causes some discomfort. Regarding support, relative to chemical inputs use, offered to producers in their agricultural activities, just few of them attended seminars and training, or approach extension agents. As recommended, producers should organize themselves into associations or cooperatives. So, they could benefit from government contributions and actions to raise awareness about environmental safeguarding.
Agriculture production economics is a field that applies economic principles to optimize the use of farm resources like land, labor, capital and management. It analyzes production relationships and rational decision making. The objectives are to provide guidance to farmers and facilitate the most efficient use of resources. Some key aspects covered include input-output relationships, returns to scale, and stages of production. Linear programming is a mathematical tool used to maximize an objective function subject to linear constraints and restrictions on resources.
This document discusses agriculture economics and policy. It notes that while agriculture makes up a small share of GDP in developed countries, food is a large global business sector. Government intervention in agriculture is common through policies aimed at protecting domestic farmers, ensuring food security and availability, and stabilizing markets. However, wealthier countries tend to subsidize agriculture more while poorer countries tax it more. The document then examines the objectives and early failures of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy to support prices. It raises issues around agricultural income statistics and the need for clear property rights and support for small farmers.
- Organic farming is more environmentally friendly than conventional farming as it avoids the use of harmful pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. Organic farming relies more on natural processes to nourish soils and protect crops.
- Conventional farming is controlled by large agribusinesses and relies on monocultures, fossil fuel-based inputs, and global distribution of commodities for profit. This model is unsustainable and damages the environment.
- Organic markets are growing rapidly as consumers demand healthier, locally-grown food. Organic farming is better for both the environment and local economies compared to the corporate-controlled, conventional system.
The document discusses case studies of dairy farming in North Karelia, Finland and Sicily, Italy. It finds that dairy farmers in both regions are adapting to changes in policies and markets through strategies like flexibility, cooperation, and developing new skills. However, farmers face challenges such as market volatility and high costs. The Finnish farmers appeared more innovative and cooperative than the Sicilian farmers, who struggled more with issues like institutional fragmentation and an unsuitable Common Agricultural Policy. Understanding farmers' decision-making is key to promoting sustainable agriculture.
Agricultural sector remains the main source of food and income for most rural communities in Ethiopia. Being dependent mainly on rainfall, this sector has been affected by climate change. Hence, employing adaptation strategies within the agricultural sector to climate change is vital to ensure food security and care for the livelihoods of farmers. Food security and adaptation are among the options to abate the negative impact of climate changes. This study has analyzed factors influencing the impact of climate change on food security and adaptation choices by farm households in eastern Ethiopia. The study used data obtained from 330 household heads randomly and proportionately sampled from two agroecologies in East Hararghe Zone of Oromiya Region and Dire Dawa Administration, Ethiopia. The study used a univariate profit model and multinomial logistic regression model to identify factors affecting food security and the choice of adaptation strategies to climate change. As food security indicator, calorie intake per adult equivalent per day was considered for adaptation strategies; changing planting date, irrigation water use, soil and water conservation, and crop variety selection were considered. The result indicated that farmers in the study area are vulnerable to climate change and the factors determining the choice of climate adaptation options were determined by sex of household head, family size, education status of household head, Agroecology, distance to market, cultivated land, credit access, decreasing precipitation and change of temperature. Policy thrust should focus on linking farmers to fertilizer usage, credit access and social participation as well as in creating awareness of climate change.
Effect of farmer education and managerial ability on food cropAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that examined the effect of farmer education and managerial ability on the technical efficiency of food crop production in Nigeria. The study used survey data from 150 farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. Stochastic frontier production analysis was used to estimate farmers' technical efficiency levels, which ranged from 84.4% to 99.4% with a mean of 94.3%, indicating some room for improved efficiency. The results showed that education level and age contributed to higher efficiency. The study concluded that improving farmer education could increase efficiency and food security in Nigeria.
Microeconomics is the study of individual economic units such as households, firms, and industries. It examines how prices are determined in markets and how resources are allocated. Microeconomics analyzes production and consumption decisions, pricing under different market structures, and resource allocation. The goal is to understand how these economic units interact and the outcomes for efficiency and welfare.
Rao 1b stability of fs; emerging challengesSizwan Ahammed
1) Stability of food security incorporates the ability to withstand shocks and resilience, with chronic food insecurity being constant and transitory insecurity being unpredictable or seasonal. Vulnerable groups include the rural landless, subsistence farmers, cash crop farmers, pastoralists, remote dwellers, the urban informal sector and unemployed, and female-headed households.
2) Food consumption patterns change with income level, from staples to livestock and dairy to fruits and vegetables. Demand is forecast based on population growth, income growth, and price changes using income and price elasticities.
3) Emerging challenges to food security include slower production growth, increasing demand for biofuels,
Mitigating Global Warming through Agriculture: An Untapped Potentialx3G9
Agriculture accounts for 14% of global greenhouse gas emissions, or 25% when including agriculture-driven deforestation. It is a major contributor to climate change on par with the energy sector. Agricultural practices can help mitigate climate change by increasing carbon storage in soils, reducing methane emissions from livestock, improving fertilizer management, and conserving forests and grasslands. However, significant policy reforms are needed to incentivize climate-friendly agriculture and overcome challenges related to measurement, the large number of players, and policies that currently favor other systems. Transitioning to low-emission agriculture will require leveraging multiple approaches through policy changes, financing, and stakeholder engagement.
Agricultural economics deals with how producers, consumers and societies use scarce resources in the production, processing, marketing and consumption of food and fiber products. Agricultural development refers to changes that occur over time as countries become richer, such as higher income, improved health and more consumption. As countries develop, the share of agriculture in their economies typically declines while the shares of industry and services rise. This is due to factors like declining income elasticity of demand for staple foods and migration of labor and capital to other sectors as returns to agriculture fall relative to other sectors. Agricultural policy aims to guide actions related to farm and agribusiness sectors in areas like agricultural input and output markets.
Rethinking agricultural development,the caribbeanDebbie-Ann Hall
This document summarizes the evolution of thinking around agricultural development and reviews agricultural development strategies in the Caribbean. It traces how development thinking shifted from prioritizing industrialization to recognizing agriculture's role in economic growth. While early strategies in the Caribbean focused on import substitution and export crops, recognition is growing that agricultural development is essential for food security, economic growth, and poverty reduction. The challenges now are to craft new strategies that boost domestic food production through improved policies, infrastructure, research, and support for small farmers.
Boosting Potato Enterprise Performance among Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania ...ijtsrd
Smallholder potato farmers in Tanzania use different on farm risk management strategies to boost potato enterprise performance. However, knowledge on how on farm risk management strategies boost potato enterprise performance remains undocumented and scarce. Therefore, this study uses cross sectional data collected from 384 potato smallholder farmers in 2019, to first identify various on farm risk management strategies and then to determine the effect of risk management strategies on potato enterprise performance. Data is analysed by use of content analysis and descriptive statistics. Further, a multiple regression model is used to determine the effect of risk management strategies’ attributes on potato enterprise performance. First, more and effective risk management strategies such as the use of irrigation system, fungicides, accessing marketing information should be employed to boost potato enterprise performance in Tanzania. Second, since, the cost of risk management strategies had improved potato enterprise performance among smallholder farmers in Tanzania. However, the cost of employing risk management strategies is higher than the benefit potato smallholders get as a result of the strategies employed. The high costs had resulted from employing risk management strategies such as the purchase of irrigation systems during low rainfall and frost bites. Hence, potato smallholder farmers through public private partnerships between Lusitu Agribusiness Group and Tanzania Agricultural Development Bank TADB should establish a village hiring irrigation to dramatically reduce the costs associated with risk management strategies such as irrigation. Semeni Ngozi | Patience Mshenga | Isaac Maina Kariuki | Aloyce Shaban Hepelwa "Boosting Potato Enterprise Performance among Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania through Risks Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38189.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/risk-management/38189/boosting-potato-enterprise-performance-among-smallholder-farmers-in-tanzania-through-risks-management/semeni-ngozi
Poster100: How research is improving response in really high stress systems: ...CIAT
The document discusses research on improving seed aid response during disasters in Africa. Key points include:
- Research is important to understand how disasters affect seed systems and farmer vulnerability in order to design effective aid strategies.
- Studies show that local seed systems are remarkably resilient during disasters and farmers often prefer local sources over aid.
- Misplaced aid responses have undermined local systems and created dependencies. Research aims to guide aid to support, not undermine, existing systems.
Poster100: How research is improving response in really high stgress systems:...CIAT
The document discusses research on improving seed aid response during disasters in Africa. Key points include:
- Research is important to understand how disasters affect seed systems and farmer vulnerability in order to design effective aid strategies.
- Field evidence shows that local seed systems are remarkably resilient during disasters, with farmers preferring local sources over aid.
- Misplaced aid responses have undermined local systems and created dependencies. Research aims to guide more sustainable interventions tailored to context.
Economic Evaluation and Risk Analysis ofIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) in C...sanaullah noonari
Cotton is the important cash crop of Pakistan and a
major source of foreign earnings. However cotton crop is
facing many problems, such as disease and pest attacks. One
way to reduce losses caused by disease and pest attack is the
use integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Keeping in
view the importance of this technique, the present study
analyzed the adoption of IPM along with estimation of risk
involved in the adoption process. To estimate the cotton yield,
two types of production functions (one for adopter and other
for non-adopters) were estimated using the regression
analysis. Then estimate of regression models was used further
in risk analysis. The results of non-adopters of IPM showed
that cost of urea bags, cost of nitro-phosphate bags, cost of
herbicide and rainfall were -0.038, 0.00475, 0.301 and 0.164
respectively and all of these significant at 10 percent level. For
non-adopters of IPM the coefficient values of seed
expenditure, temperature, humidity and spray cost were
0.0035, 0.026,-.0.00093 and 0.00027 respectively. The results
of IPM adopters showed that coefficient of temperature, seed
expenditure, spray cost, urea cost and rainfall equal to
0.0305,0.100,0.0029,-.000213 and 0.894 respectively and
significant at ten percent level. Coefficient values of cost of
nitro-phosphate bags, herbicide cost, humidity were 0.00035,
0.100.-0.000671 and -0.000445 respectively.
Developing a Regional Bioeconomy Strategy for Eastern AfricaSIANI
The document discusses developing a regional bioeconomy strategy for Eastern Africa. It defines the bioeconomy and describes it as the sustainable production, use, and conservation of biological resources and related knowledge, science, technology and innovation. A bioeconomy strategy could help Eastern Africa address challenges like population growth, agricultural exports declining, and underutilized bioresources. The strategy would prioritize improving agricultural productivity, adding value to crops and waste, novel foods, and linking small farmers to markets. It could support health, new industries, clean energy, and green jobs. The bioeconomy could diversify agriculture, strengthen food security, and convert waste into resources through modern bioprocessing.
2019 armenian agriculture and economic crisesARMEN MEHRABYAN
This document discusses strategies for Armenia to address an impending economic crisis and strengthen its agriculture sector and rural livelihoods. It recommends shifting from an input-based model to a knowledge-based, innovative system tailored to local conditions. Key steps for the government include identifying vulnerabilities, boosting education and research, protecting genetic resources, strengthening extension services, and pursuing both short-term relief and long-term strategies. Main challenges are developing infrastructure, ensuring food availability and safety, improving land management, promoting organic production, and cultivating high-value crops through advanced technologies. The overall goal is to enhance resilience, food security, and rural incomes in a sustainable manner.
Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals and small impacting organizations in making decisions on the allocation of limited resources
www.unitedworld.edu.in
Analysis of resource use efficiency in smallholder mixed crop livestock agric...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the resource use efficiency of smallholder mixed crop-livestock farmers in central Ethiopia. It finds that on average, farmers are 26% technically inefficient, 32% allocatively inefficient, and 50% economically inefficient in their production of major crops like teff, wheat, and chickpeas. A regression analysis finds that livestock ownership and off-farm work reduce inefficiency, while large family size and association membership increase inefficiency. The study suggests improving integrated livestock and crop systems, promoting off-farm activities, and reforming farmers' associations to boost efficiency.
Oecd 2014 material resources policy highlights webOECD Environment
Establishing a resource efficient economy is central to achieving green growth. It involves improving resource productivity and putting in place policies that ensure a sustainable resource and materials management building on the principle of the 3Rs — reduce, reuse and recycle, and encouraging more sustainable consumption patterns.
This document provides an overview of microeconomics topics covered in an assignment, including:
1) Microeconomics examines the economic decisions of individuals and small organizations regarding allocation of scarce resources and how supply and demand determine prices.
2) Key microeconomics topics covered include demand and supply theory, elasticities, consumer demand, production theory, and different market structures such as perfect competition and monopoly.
3) The document also discusses assumptions of rationality and completeness in microeconomic models and distinguishes positive from normative economics.
Leguminous vegetables production and marketing in Southern Benin|Ijaar vol-15...Innspub Net
This study assessed the production and marketing of leguminous vegetables in southern Benin. It found:
1) The main leguminous vegetables grown were common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Chinese bean (Phaseolus spp.), with eight varieties of common bean cultivated.
2) Seeds were obtained from local seed companies, saved from previous harvests, or imported. Production occurred in greenhouses or open fields, using organic and inorganic fertilizers.
3) Pests and diseases were controlled chemically. Production was mainly led by men on small plots. The major marketing channels involved collectors, wholesalers, and hotels/restaurants.
4) Respondents faced challenges like
This training manual provides guidance on creating educational content for the Namibian Notesmaster eLearning platform. It covers how to access and register for the Notesmaster site, an overview of the homepage and dashboard features, and step-by-step instructions for creating notes, sharing notes for peer approval, creating assignments, and linking external resources. Appendices list recommended online tools and resources that can be used for multimedia content creation.
- This document outlines a 1 day training package for teachers to learn how to use Notesmaster, an online educational resource.
- The training runs from 9:30am to 3:30pm and covers registering on Notesmaster, its main features, creating and sharing content, and inserting images.
- By the end of the training, teachers will feel comfortable introducing Notesmaster to their peers and students, and incorporating it into classroom lessons.
- Sustainable objectives include teachers creating class groups on Notesmaster to post materials for students to read ahead and comment on, and to assign and collect homework assignments privately.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in mechanical engineering design. It discusses the phases of design including identifying needs, defining problems, synthesizing solutions, analysis and optimization, testing, and presentation. It also covers considerations like functionality, safety, reliability and manufacturability. Design tools like CAD, CAE, standards, codes and economics are reviewed. The responsibilities of design engineers to follow a systematic process are outlined.
The document discusses case studies of dairy farming in North Karelia, Finland and Sicily, Italy. It finds that dairy farmers in both regions are adapting to changes in policies and markets through strategies like flexibility, cooperation, and developing new skills. However, farmers face challenges such as market volatility and high costs. The Finnish farmers appeared more innovative and cooperative than the Sicilian farmers, who struggled more with issues like institutional fragmentation and an unsuitable Common Agricultural Policy. Understanding farmers' decision-making is key to promoting sustainable agriculture.
Agricultural sector remains the main source of food and income for most rural communities in Ethiopia. Being dependent mainly on rainfall, this sector has been affected by climate change. Hence, employing adaptation strategies within the agricultural sector to climate change is vital to ensure food security and care for the livelihoods of farmers. Food security and adaptation are among the options to abate the negative impact of climate changes. This study has analyzed factors influencing the impact of climate change on food security and adaptation choices by farm households in eastern Ethiopia. The study used data obtained from 330 household heads randomly and proportionately sampled from two agroecologies in East Hararghe Zone of Oromiya Region and Dire Dawa Administration, Ethiopia. The study used a univariate profit model and multinomial logistic regression model to identify factors affecting food security and the choice of adaptation strategies to climate change. As food security indicator, calorie intake per adult equivalent per day was considered for adaptation strategies; changing planting date, irrigation water use, soil and water conservation, and crop variety selection were considered. The result indicated that farmers in the study area are vulnerable to climate change and the factors determining the choice of climate adaptation options were determined by sex of household head, family size, education status of household head, Agroecology, distance to market, cultivated land, credit access, decreasing precipitation and change of temperature. Policy thrust should focus on linking farmers to fertilizer usage, credit access and social participation as well as in creating awareness of climate change.
Effect of farmer education and managerial ability on food cropAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that examined the effect of farmer education and managerial ability on the technical efficiency of food crop production in Nigeria. The study used survey data from 150 farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. Stochastic frontier production analysis was used to estimate farmers' technical efficiency levels, which ranged from 84.4% to 99.4% with a mean of 94.3%, indicating some room for improved efficiency. The results showed that education level and age contributed to higher efficiency. The study concluded that improving farmer education could increase efficiency and food security in Nigeria.
Microeconomics is the study of individual economic units such as households, firms, and industries. It examines how prices are determined in markets and how resources are allocated. Microeconomics analyzes production and consumption decisions, pricing under different market structures, and resource allocation. The goal is to understand how these economic units interact and the outcomes for efficiency and welfare.
Rao 1b stability of fs; emerging challengesSizwan Ahammed
1) Stability of food security incorporates the ability to withstand shocks and resilience, with chronic food insecurity being constant and transitory insecurity being unpredictable or seasonal. Vulnerable groups include the rural landless, subsistence farmers, cash crop farmers, pastoralists, remote dwellers, the urban informal sector and unemployed, and female-headed households.
2) Food consumption patterns change with income level, from staples to livestock and dairy to fruits and vegetables. Demand is forecast based on population growth, income growth, and price changes using income and price elasticities.
3) Emerging challenges to food security include slower production growth, increasing demand for biofuels,
Mitigating Global Warming through Agriculture: An Untapped Potentialx3G9
Agriculture accounts for 14% of global greenhouse gas emissions, or 25% when including agriculture-driven deforestation. It is a major contributor to climate change on par with the energy sector. Agricultural practices can help mitigate climate change by increasing carbon storage in soils, reducing methane emissions from livestock, improving fertilizer management, and conserving forests and grasslands. However, significant policy reforms are needed to incentivize climate-friendly agriculture and overcome challenges related to measurement, the large number of players, and policies that currently favor other systems. Transitioning to low-emission agriculture will require leveraging multiple approaches through policy changes, financing, and stakeholder engagement.
Agricultural economics deals with how producers, consumers and societies use scarce resources in the production, processing, marketing and consumption of food and fiber products. Agricultural development refers to changes that occur over time as countries become richer, such as higher income, improved health and more consumption. As countries develop, the share of agriculture in their economies typically declines while the shares of industry and services rise. This is due to factors like declining income elasticity of demand for staple foods and migration of labor and capital to other sectors as returns to agriculture fall relative to other sectors. Agricultural policy aims to guide actions related to farm and agribusiness sectors in areas like agricultural input and output markets.
Rethinking agricultural development,the caribbeanDebbie-Ann Hall
This document summarizes the evolution of thinking around agricultural development and reviews agricultural development strategies in the Caribbean. It traces how development thinking shifted from prioritizing industrialization to recognizing agriculture's role in economic growth. While early strategies in the Caribbean focused on import substitution and export crops, recognition is growing that agricultural development is essential for food security, economic growth, and poverty reduction. The challenges now are to craft new strategies that boost domestic food production through improved policies, infrastructure, research, and support for small farmers.
Boosting Potato Enterprise Performance among Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania ...ijtsrd
Smallholder potato farmers in Tanzania use different on farm risk management strategies to boost potato enterprise performance. However, knowledge on how on farm risk management strategies boost potato enterprise performance remains undocumented and scarce. Therefore, this study uses cross sectional data collected from 384 potato smallholder farmers in 2019, to first identify various on farm risk management strategies and then to determine the effect of risk management strategies on potato enterprise performance. Data is analysed by use of content analysis and descriptive statistics. Further, a multiple regression model is used to determine the effect of risk management strategies’ attributes on potato enterprise performance. First, more and effective risk management strategies such as the use of irrigation system, fungicides, accessing marketing information should be employed to boost potato enterprise performance in Tanzania. Second, since, the cost of risk management strategies had improved potato enterprise performance among smallholder farmers in Tanzania. However, the cost of employing risk management strategies is higher than the benefit potato smallholders get as a result of the strategies employed. The high costs had resulted from employing risk management strategies such as the purchase of irrigation systems during low rainfall and frost bites. Hence, potato smallholder farmers through public private partnerships between Lusitu Agribusiness Group and Tanzania Agricultural Development Bank TADB should establish a village hiring irrigation to dramatically reduce the costs associated with risk management strategies such as irrigation. Semeni Ngozi | Patience Mshenga | Isaac Maina Kariuki | Aloyce Shaban Hepelwa "Boosting Potato Enterprise Performance among Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania through Risks Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38189.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/risk-management/38189/boosting-potato-enterprise-performance-among-smallholder-farmers-in-tanzania-through-risks-management/semeni-ngozi
Poster100: How research is improving response in really high stress systems: ...CIAT
The document discusses research on improving seed aid response during disasters in Africa. Key points include:
- Research is important to understand how disasters affect seed systems and farmer vulnerability in order to design effective aid strategies.
- Studies show that local seed systems are remarkably resilient during disasters and farmers often prefer local sources over aid.
- Misplaced aid responses have undermined local systems and created dependencies. Research aims to guide aid to support, not undermine, existing systems.
Poster100: How research is improving response in really high stgress systems:...CIAT
The document discusses research on improving seed aid response during disasters in Africa. Key points include:
- Research is important to understand how disasters affect seed systems and farmer vulnerability in order to design effective aid strategies.
- Field evidence shows that local seed systems are remarkably resilient during disasters, with farmers preferring local sources over aid.
- Misplaced aid responses have undermined local systems and created dependencies. Research aims to guide more sustainable interventions tailored to context.
Economic Evaluation and Risk Analysis ofIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) in C...sanaullah noonari
Cotton is the important cash crop of Pakistan and a
major source of foreign earnings. However cotton crop is
facing many problems, such as disease and pest attacks. One
way to reduce losses caused by disease and pest attack is the
use integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Keeping in
view the importance of this technique, the present study
analyzed the adoption of IPM along with estimation of risk
involved in the adoption process. To estimate the cotton yield,
two types of production functions (one for adopter and other
for non-adopters) were estimated using the regression
analysis. Then estimate of regression models was used further
in risk analysis. The results of non-adopters of IPM showed
that cost of urea bags, cost of nitro-phosphate bags, cost of
herbicide and rainfall were -0.038, 0.00475, 0.301 and 0.164
respectively and all of these significant at 10 percent level. For
non-adopters of IPM the coefficient values of seed
expenditure, temperature, humidity and spray cost were
0.0035, 0.026,-.0.00093 and 0.00027 respectively. The results
of IPM adopters showed that coefficient of temperature, seed
expenditure, spray cost, urea cost and rainfall equal to
0.0305,0.100,0.0029,-.000213 and 0.894 respectively and
significant at ten percent level. Coefficient values of cost of
nitro-phosphate bags, herbicide cost, humidity were 0.00035,
0.100.-0.000671 and -0.000445 respectively.
Developing a Regional Bioeconomy Strategy for Eastern AfricaSIANI
The document discusses developing a regional bioeconomy strategy for Eastern Africa. It defines the bioeconomy and describes it as the sustainable production, use, and conservation of biological resources and related knowledge, science, technology and innovation. A bioeconomy strategy could help Eastern Africa address challenges like population growth, agricultural exports declining, and underutilized bioresources. The strategy would prioritize improving agricultural productivity, adding value to crops and waste, novel foods, and linking small farmers to markets. It could support health, new industries, clean energy, and green jobs. The bioeconomy could diversify agriculture, strengthen food security, and convert waste into resources through modern bioprocessing.
2019 armenian agriculture and economic crisesARMEN MEHRABYAN
This document discusses strategies for Armenia to address an impending economic crisis and strengthen its agriculture sector and rural livelihoods. It recommends shifting from an input-based model to a knowledge-based, innovative system tailored to local conditions. Key steps for the government include identifying vulnerabilities, boosting education and research, protecting genetic resources, strengthening extension services, and pursuing both short-term relief and long-term strategies. Main challenges are developing infrastructure, ensuring food availability and safety, improving land management, promoting organic production, and cultivating high-value crops through advanced technologies. The overall goal is to enhance resilience, food security, and rural incomes in a sustainable manner.
Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals and small impacting organizations in making decisions on the allocation of limited resources
www.unitedworld.edu.in
Analysis of resource use efficiency in smallholder mixed crop livestock agric...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the resource use efficiency of smallholder mixed crop-livestock farmers in central Ethiopia. It finds that on average, farmers are 26% technically inefficient, 32% allocatively inefficient, and 50% economically inefficient in their production of major crops like teff, wheat, and chickpeas. A regression analysis finds that livestock ownership and off-farm work reduce inefficiency, while large family size and association membership increase inefficiency. The study suggests improving integrated livestock and crop systems, promoting off-farm activities, and reforming farmers' associations to boost efficiency.
Oecd 2014 material resources policy highlights webOECD Environment
Establishing a resource efficient economy is central to achieving green growth. It involves improving resource productivity and putting in place policies that ensure a sustainable resource and materials management building on the principle of the 3Rs — reduce, reuse and recycle, and encouraging more sustainable consumption patterns.
This document provides an overview of microeconomics topics covered in an assignment, including:
1) Microeconomics examines the economic decisions of individuals and small organizations regarding allocation of scarce resources and how supply and demand determine prices.
2) Key microeconomics topics covered include demand and supply theory, elasticities, consumer demand, production theory, and different market structures such as perfect competition and monopoly.
3) The document also discusses assumptions of rationality and completeness in microeconomic models and distinguishes positive from normative economics.
Leguminous vegetables production and marketing in Southern Benin|Ijaar vol-15...Innspub Net
This study assessed the production and marketing of leguminous vegetables in southern Benin. It found:
1) The main leguminous vegetables grown were common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Chinese bean (Phaseolus spp.), with eight varieties of common bean cultivated.
2) Seeds were obtained from local seed companies, saved from previous harvests, or imported. Production occurred in greenhouses or open fields, using organic and inorganic fertilizers.
3) Pests and diseases were controlled chemically. Production was mainly led by men on small plots. The major marketing channels involved collectors, wholesalers, and hotels/restaurants.
4) Respondents faced challenges like
This training manual provides guidance on creating educational content for the Namibian Notesmaster eLearning platform. It covers how to access and register for the Notesmaster site, an overview of the homepage and dashboard features, and step-by-step instructions for creating notes, sharing notes for peer approval, creating assignments, and linking external resources. Appendices list recommended online tools and resources that can be used for multimedia content creation.
- This document outlines a 1 day training package for teachers to learn how to use Notesmaster, an online educational resource.
- The training runs from 9:30am to 3:30pm and covers registering on Notesmaster, its main features, creating and sharing content, and inserting images.
- By the end of the training, teachers will feel comfortable introducing Notesmaster to their peers and students, and incorporating it into classroom lessons.
- Sustainable objectives include teachers creating class groups on Notesmaster to post materials for students to read ahead and comment on, and to assign and collect homework assignments privately.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in mechanical engineering design. It discusses the phases of design including identifying needs, defining problems, synthesizing solutions, analysis and optimization, testing, and presentation. It also covers considerations like functionality, safety, reliability and manufacturability. Design tools like CAD, CAE, standards, codes and economics are reviewed. The responsibilities of design engineers to follow a systematic process are outlined.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in mechanical engineering design. It discusses the phases of design including identifying needs, defining problems, synthesizing solutions, analysis and optimization, testing, and presentation. Important considerations in design are addressed such as functionality, safety, reliability, manufacturability, and economics. Design tools, codes and standards, and a designer's professional responsibilities are also summarized. The document aims to outline the systematic process of mechanical engineering design.
The document provides guidance on how to access and use the Notesmaster eLearning platform. It outlines how to register an account, navigate the homepage and dashboard, create notes and other resources, share notes for peer approval, and use tools to create multimedia content. The appendix also includes a list of recommended external resources and software that can be used for content creation.
This document provides an overview of chapter 3 from a textbook on load and stress analysis. The chapter covers topics such as equilibrium and free-body diagrams, shear force and bending moments in beams, stress, Mohr's circle for plane stress, and other structural analysis concepts. It introduces key equations and definitions for analyzing loads and stresses. The summary focuses on the high-level purpose and scope of the chapter content.
John Skidmore has over 20 years of experience in electrical and automation engineering. He has a strong background in troubleshooting industrial control systems including PLCs, drives, and process control. His current role is as an Automation Specialist and Project Manager where he has experience with projects like retrofitting air handling units and process improvements.
This document discusses Codeigniter frameworks, form helpers, form validation, the URI class, and libraries. It provides examples of how to use Codeigniter's form helper functions to generate form elements, how to perform form validation by loading the validation library and setting rules, and how to retrieve URI segments and convert URIs to arrays using the URI class. It also explains how to create and load custom libraries in Codeigniter.
The document discusses Codeigniter's model, active record, and template components. It describes models as PHP classes that work with database information by inserting, updating, and retrieving data. Active record allows database interactions with minimal scripting. Templates divide pages into header, content, and footer views, which are loaded into a main template view. The document includes examples of creating models, using active record for common database tasks, and building templates.
5 perfiles de TI Más buscados por las EmpresasEmmanuel Olvera
El documento resume los perfiles más demandados en tecnologías de la información en México según un estudio de vacantes en 2014. Menciona que los lenguajes de programación más requeridos son Java, .NET, C#, PHP y JavaScript. También había alta demanda para testers de software, desarrolladores de aplicaciones móviles, consultores de sistemas ERP como SAP y Oracle, y especialistas en infraestructura de redes y bases de datos. Finalmente, predice que perfiles relacionados con Big Data y diseño de experiencia de usuario serán más importantes en el
La salsa se desarrolló a partir de la fusión de influencias musicales cubanas con otros géneros del Caribe, América Latina y jazz afrocubano. Surgió entre músicos latinoamericanos en el Caribe hispano y Nueva York. En México se difundió con orquestas de ritmos afrocubanos desde los años 50, dando origen a grupos como Sonora Santanera.
El reggae surgió en Jamaica a mediados de los 60 como un estilo rítmico caracterizado por el énfasis del offbeat. Pioneros fueron
Michael Stelma has over 15 years of experience in general maintenance roles for the casino and hospital industries. He has supervised facility operations including electrical, carpentry, plumbing, and painting. Stelma also has extensive experience in audio/video work. His qualifications include the ability to manage multiple projects under pressure while maintaining quality, communication skills to solve complex problems, and experience operating equipment like lift operators and power tools. Stelma's experience includes roles as an Audio Visual Technician and Engineering Maintenance Mechanic at Motor City Casino and Hotel, as well as maintenance roles at Detroit Osteopathic Hospital and Detroit Riverview Hospital. He has additional training in areas like recording, rigging, film, and computer programs.
AAI-2236 Using the new Java Concurrency Utilities with IBM WebSphereWASdev Community
The document discusses the new Java concurrency utilities introduced in Java EE 7, including managed executor services, scheduled executor services, managed thread factories, and context services that allow execution of asynchronous tasks on managed threads while propagating common Java EE contexts. It outlines the goals and APIs of these services and provides examples of how developers can utilize managed executor services, scheduled executor services, and context services in Java EE applications to support concurrency patterns. The document also lists additional related sessions that attendees may be interested in.
John, a stranger, introduces himself to the farm animals and incorrectly names Tommy, Billy, and Paul while showing them around. Paul later confronts John privately about scaring his family and asks him to leave. John pulls out a gun, shoots and kills Paul, then turns the gun on himself, committing suicide. Billy remarks that John was "quackers."
Pear Tree Greetings' graduation collection is filled with beautiful and trendy designs for 2015 graduates. Personalize graduation announcements to fit the style and personality of the graduate. Then, make the party a hit with matching graduation party decorations from bunting banners to cupcake flags to custom posters and more!
This document discusses Codeigniter's file upload, image manipulation, and language features. It describes how to use the File Upload class to upload files with validation and preferences. The Image class allows resizing, cropping, rotating, and watermarking images. Language files can be created and loaded to retrieve translated text for multi-language applications. Examples are provided for uploading files, resizing images, and loading language files.
SenchaCon 2015 - Visualizing Class Dependenciesstan229
Debug tools are vital for building high quality software. We as developers are given tools to help us understand what is going on in our applications. Ext JS and Sencha Touch have a very powerful dependency management and Class System that sits at the core of both the frameworks and every application built with them. What if we wanted to dive a bit deeper under the hood and visualize our application? In this session we will take a look at the Sencha Cmd Dependency Viewer and how we can leverage it for our applications. The Dependency Viewer visualizes an application's class dependency hierarchy. We can trace any dependency down to where it is defined at the source level. This allows us to perform introspection on complex applications and optimize the architecture. We will also speak on how the Dependency Viewer was built by highlighting Sencha Cmd internals and technologies such as D3.js and SVG.
This document provides an overview of fatigue failure resulting from variable loading. It discusses three main fatigue life methods: the stress-life method, strain-life method, and fracture mechanics method. The stress-life method is based on stress levels and is most commonly used for high-cycle fatigue predictions, while the strain-life method considers localized plastic deformation and is better for low-cycle applications. The fracture mechanics method assumes a crack is already present and is used to predict crack growth. Key concepts discussed include fatigue testing methods, S-N diagrams, endurance limits, stress concentrations, and cumulative damage.
Nature, scope and significance of Agricultural Production EconomicsRAVI SAHU
Agricultural production economics is concerned with the productivity and efficient use of farm resources like land, labor, capital and management. It deals with factor-product, factor-factor and product-product relationships. The scope of agricultural production economics includes the economics of agricultural production, problems in the agricultural sector and remedies, agricultural credit, marketing, demand and supply of farm goods, agricultural policies and programs, and taxes on farm productivity. Agricultural production economics is significant as it applies economic theories to address agricultural issues and provides insights into the relationships between crop and animal production systems.
The document discusses the importance of agribusiness in Pakistan's economy and outlines key concepts. It defines agribusiness as the sum of all operations involved in supplying farms, farm production, and processing, marketing and distributing farm products. It discusses important agribusiness sectors in Pakistan like wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton and fruits/vegetables and their issues. It also covers the principles of agribusiness management, including the four key functions of marketing, financial, supply chain and human resource management. Finally, it outlines unique dimensions of food and agribusiness markets like the biological nature of production, seasonal and weather impacts, and the variety of firms and government involvement in the sector.
Agribusiness encompasses all operations involved in farm inputs, agricultural production, and distribution of farm products to consumers. It was defined in 1957 as including manufacture and distribution of farm supplies, on-farm production, and storage, processing and distribution of commodities. Agribusiness consists of interrelated subsystems - inputs, production, processing, marketing, and support. It integrates business management with technical agricultural knowledge across the production and distribution process. As a field of study, agribusiness applies both business and scientific principles to manage agricultural enterprises profitably from farm to consumer.
Farm management production and resource econmics (1).pdf19BAG7124SAHIL
This document provides information about an agricultural economics course on production economics and farm management. The 2-credit course is taught in the Department of Agricultural Economics at CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University in Palampur, India. The course covers topics such as production functions, costs concepts, farm planning and budgeting, and linear programming. Students will be evaluated through mid-term and end-term practical and theory exams worth a total of 100 marks. References for the course include textbooks on farm business management, agricultural production economics, and production economics.
This document provides lecture notes on farm management and production economics. It includes definitions of farm management, the nature and scope of farm management, and its relationship to other sciences. Farm management is defined as the science of organizing and managing a farm for maximum continuous profits. It deals with the business principles of farming from the perspective of an individual farm. The scope of farm management is microeconomic, focusing on resource allocation at the individual farm level. Farm management integrates information from physical and biological sciences related to agriculture to help farmers make efficient production decisions.
This document contains lecture notes on farm management and production economics. It discusses key topics like the meaning and definitions of farm management, economic principles applied to farm organization, the law of diminishing returns, determination of optimum input and output, and cost principles. The notes are intended to help students understand the application of economic theory and decision-making concepts to maximize profits in farm management.
Definition:
Production economics is the application of the principles of microeconomics in production. Based on the theory of firm, these principles explain various cost concepts, output response to inputs and the use of inputs/resources to maximize profits and/ or minimize costs. Production economics, thus provides a framework for decision making at the level of a firm for increasing efficiency and profits
*Goals of Production Economics
*BASIC PRODUCTION PROBLEMS
1. WHAT TO PRODUCE?
2. HOW TO PRODUCE?
3.HOW MUCH TO PRODUCE?
4. WHEN TO BUY AND SELL?
5. WHERE TO BUY AND SELL?
*OBJECTIVES
*SUBJECT MATTER
#AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION FUNCTION
*Thank You..!
This document discusses integrated farming systems and provides definitions. It describes farming systems as a resource management strategy that combines agricultural enterprises like cropping, livestock, fisheries, etc. in a sustainable way to meet household needs while preserving the environment. The prosperity of countries and farmers depends on adopting improved technologies and allocating resources judiciously between different integrated enterprises. Farming systems consider local agroclimatic conditions, soil types, economic factors, and infrastructure when determining the optimal combination of enterprises for a given farm.
Production economics & farm maagement pptMowardun Maring
Agricultural economics applies economic principles to issues related to agricultural production, natural resources, and rural development. It focuses on applying principles of microeconomics and seeks to efficiently allocate scarce resources like land, labor, and capital on farms. The field addresses problems faced by farmers, agribusinesses, and the agricultural industry through principles of choice and efficient resource use.
Agricultural chemists study chemical processes involved in food production to increase yields and quality. They research reactions related to plant and animal growth to develop chemicals that help control these reactions, such as herbicides, fungicides, and fertilizers. They also regulate the safe use of these chemicals and ensure they are safe for humans and the environment through testing. Agricultural chemists work in a variety of roles, including developing new chemicals, improving food production efficiency, and collaborating with other scientists.
This document discusses the challenges facing agricultural systems due to climate change, shifting consumption patterns, increasing population and resource pressures. It notes the transition from cereals to meat and high-value crops requiring more resources. New patterns of global demand and increasing energy consumption and prices are also discussed. The core challenges include diverse land-use systems under high pressure, and increased competition over land and environmental resources. This has led to consequences like land grabs, social impacts, and increased economic disparities. The document calls for a new research agenda focusing on smallholder farmers and sustainability, as well as approaches that consider interactions and strengths within complex agricultural systems. It emphasizes the need for innovation competencies around integration, co-learning, and balanced development across different
This document discusses the challenges facing agricultural systems due to climate change, shifting consumption patterns, increasing food and energy prices, and land degradation. It notes the transition from cereals to meat and high-value crops requiring more resources. Smallholder farmers play a central role in driving development but face increasing pressures. There is a need to redefine research agendas to address issues like competition over land and environmental services, economic disparities, and poverty. Approaches should focus on smallholders' innovations, systems thinking, collective action, and multi-level economic and social organizations. Capacity building for innovation is needed at the individual, organizational, partnership, and institutional levels.
Agricultural production economics examines how to maximize output from limited resources on farms. It considers two key production decisions - how to organize resources to maximize a single commodity, and what combination of commodities to produce. The goals are to provide guidance to farmers on efficient resource use and facilitate efficient resource use economy-wide. Farmers face basic problems in deciding what and how to produce, how much to produce, when to buy and sell, and where to buy and sell. Agricultural production economics aims to determine optimal resource use and analyze factors influencing existing resource use patterns. It examines relationships and principles for rational resource allocation and management decisions.
Climate change and variability and extreme events adaptation: what are the ch...ILRI
A presentation prepared by John Ingram for the workshop on Dealing with Drivers of Rapid Change in Africa: Integration of Lessons from Long-term Research on INRM, ILRI, Nairobi, June 12-13, 2008.
Lecture 1 Farming system scope importance and concept.pdfThrishaM3
This document provides definitions and concepts related to farming systems. It defines farming systems as an appropriate mix of farm enterprises that allows farmers to profitably raise crops and livestock while maintaining ecological and socioeconomic balances. Integrated farming systems aim to efficiently utilize resources and recycling of farm wastes to increase productivity and sustainability. The key principles of farming systems are that they are cyclic, rational, and ecologically sustainable. Farming systems provide benefits like higher profits, food security, adoption of new technologies, and environmental protection. The goals of integrated farming systems are to provide a steady income while maintaining the productivity of resources and achieving agro-ecological equilibrium.
Agricultural Marketing Concept and Definitions.pdfAbdullahDanish13
Agricultural marketing has grown considerably in India over the past century as production has shifted from self-reliance to commercialization. Technological advancements have led to increased farm production and marketable surplus. An efficient agricultural marketing system is now essential to connect producers and consumers. It helps optimize resource use, increase farm incomes, widen markets, stimulate agro-industry growth, transmit price signals, and adopt new technologies. The government has implemented various policies and infrastructure over time to improve the agricultural marketing system in India.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in agricultural economics and related fields. It defines agricultural economics as the application of economic principles to agricultural production and distribution. It also defines and discusses the importance of concepts like agricultural production economics, farm management, agricultural finance, agricultural marketing, goods and services, utility, and different types of utility. The document aims to establish the foundational concepts and scope of agricultural economics as a field of study.
Agriculture is the main source of income and employment in rural areas, especially in poorer countries where it is often the principal employer. Agricultural growth is key to reducing both rural and urban poverty. Agricultural policy instruments include government expenditures on infrastructure, price and trade controls, direct management of production and marketing, improving product and factor markets, developing adequate institutions, and establishing legislative frameworks. However, there is skepticism that current policies primarily benefit large corporations and prioritize high-yield technologies over small farmers and more sustainable approaches.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This lesson plan is for a 7th grade English class and focuses on teaching students how to participate in a panel discussion. The objectives are for students to discuss issues through a panel discussion process, perform a panel discussion, and actively participate in a group activity. Students will learn about panel discussions, including the roles of moderator and experts. They will then participate in a mock panel discussion where some students role play different stakeholders discussing the issue of poor garbage collection causing health problems in the community. Afterwards, students will evaluate each other's participation using a rating sheet and are assigned an essay explaining the importance of learning panel discussion skills.
This document discusses point of view in narratives. It defines three points of view: first person, second person, and third person. First person narration uses pronouns like "I" and "me" and the narrator is a character in the story. Second person is rarely used and directly addresses the reader as "you." Third person uses pronouns like "he" and "she" and there are three types: omniscient knows all characters' thoughts, limited is confined to one character, and objective can only convey external actions and events. Examples are provided to illustrate each point of view.
Apresentar dados na forma de distribuição de frequênciasdean dundas
Este documento explica como organizar dados quantitativos coletados em classes de frequência para facilitar a análise. Primeiro determina-se o número de classes e a largura de cada uma. Em seguida, definem-se os limites inferiores e superiores de cada classe. Por fim, conta-se a frequência de dados em cada classe para gerar a distribuição de frequência.
Apresentar dados na forma de distribuição de frequênciasdean dundas
Este documento explica como organizar dados quantitativos coletados em classes de frequência para facilitar a análise. Primeiro determina-se o número de classes e a largura de cada uma. Em seguida, definem-se os limites de cada classe. Por fim, conta-se a frequência de dados em cada classe, gerando a distribuição de frequência.
Determinar frequências absoluta, relativa e relativa percentualdean dundas
Este documento explica como calcular diferentes tipos de frequências para dados estatísticos, incluindo frequências absolutas, relativas e acumuladas. Apresenta um exemplo de uma tabela de frequências para notas de 40 alunos, mostrando como calcular cada tipo de frequência para organizar e analisar os dados de maneira estatística.
O documento descreve as negociações entre a FRELIMO e o governo português em 1974 que levaram à independência de Moçambique. Discute também os objetivos da educação revolucionária moçambicana de criar um "Homem Novo" e desenvolver uma nova mentalidade e sociedade após a independência.
O documento descreve a formação e início da luta armada da FRELIMO em Moçambique contra o regime colonial português entre 1962-1968. A FRELIMO foi fundada em 1962 através da união de três organizações nacionalistas e declarou a insurreição geral armada contra Portugal em 1964, iniciando operações militares em quatro frentes. Após progressos iniciais, a luta se expandiu para mais províncias e zonas foram libertadas, culminando no II Congresso da FRELIMO em 1968.
A structure is anything that supports a load. There are three main types of structures: mass structures, which rely on their own weight to resist loads; frame structures, made of connected parts like members; and shell structures, made from thin sheet material molded into shapes. Structures must withstand various forces, both internal forces between parts and external forces from outside. Forces can be tensile (pulling), compressive (pushing), torsional (twisting), or cause bending or shearing. The way a material responds to forces depends on its mechanical properties like strength, stiffness, and whether it behaves elastically or plastically.
Notesmaster Support Network Introductiondean dundas
The Notesmaster Support Network is a collaborative initiative between the Caribbean Examinations Council, Ministries of Education, and regional organizations to build digital learning resources for schools and universities in the Caribbean. Teachers can register on the CXC-Notesmaster e-learning platform to access existing resources, join virtual subject communities, and create their own engaging notes, interactive quizzes, and online classes using the platform's features like the Notesmaster editor, Google Drive integration, and ability to organize materials by syllabus objectives. The goal is to provide digital avenues for teachers and students to communicate and access curriculum-based resources.
The picaresque novel is characterized by an episodic narrative told from the first-person perspective of a roguish anti-hero who drifts between locations and social classes, exposing the hypocrisy of society. Key elements include a naïve narrator, episodic structure, flashbacks, a sympathetic but flawed protagonist, and social commentary left to the reader. Famous examples include Don Quixote, Candide, Moll Flanders, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
The transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil in 1808 was a significant step toward Brazilian independence. It elevated Brazil's status and made recolonization difficult. Brazilian independence was achieved in 1822 due to factors like British support, restrictions on Brazilian trade, and Dom Pedro's refusal to return to Portugal. After independence, Brazil experienced political turmoil but stabilized under Emperor Dom Pedro II. Slavery ended in 1888. The economy initially relied on exports like sugar, cotton, and coffee, with infrastructure and industry developing in the late 1800s. However, Brazil faced growing international competition in exports by 1900.
Caribbean freedom peasantry- w. k. marshalldean dundas
1) The document discusses the development of peasantry in the British West Indies since emancipation in 1838. It describes how former slaves left plantations to become small-scale farmers and landowners, establishing villages and diversifying agriculture.
2) It outlines three periods of peasant growth: establishment from 1838-1860 as they acquired land; consolidation from 1860-1900 as cash crops replaced subsistence farming; and saturation from 1900 as opportunities declined in some islands.
3) West Indian peasantry was unique in originating recently from emancipation, developing alongside plantations, and often combining farming with other work.
The document discusses different types of cams and cam mechanisms. It explains that a cam is used to convert rotational motion to linear motion using a follower. Common types of followers include knife-edged, roller, and flat-footed followers. The document also discusses different types of cam motions including uniform velocity, dwell, simple harmonic motion, and uniform acceleration/retardation. It provides examples of drawing displacement diagrams for different cam profiles and motions.
This document discusses the properties and reactions of amines. It describes how amines are moderately polar and soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding. Their boiling points are higher than non-polar compounds due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Amines are basic due to the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen. Common reactions of amines include salt formation, alkylation, conversion to amides, aromatic substitution, Hofmann elimination, and formation of diazonium salts. Diazonium salts can undergo replacement or coupling reactions.
This document discusses dimensions in engineering drawings. It defines dimensions as numerical values that define the size, location, and other geometric characteristics of a part. The document outlines fundamental rules of dimensioning, such as only defining the size and position of each feature once and dimensioning features in the view where their shape is best shown. It also provides guidelines for good dimensioning practice, such as leaving space between dimensions and views and placing longer dimensions outside shorter ones. Dimension styles for different geometric features like cylinders, angles, and arcs are demonstrated. The document concludes with examples of incorrect dimensioning.
The document discusses surface textures and machining symbols. It covers topics such as how surface conditions can vary depending on whether a part is machined, cast, or forged. It also addresses what type of surface is needed for a product's function, including smooth, rough or patterned surfaces. The document provides examples of machining symbols and notes on indicating machining allowances and surface roughness.
The document provides definitions and explanations for common instruction verbs used in essay questions. It lists verbs such as analyze, argue, compare, conclude, critique, define, describe, discuss, evaluate, explain, identify, and summarize. It explains the meaning and what is required by each verb in terms of the level of critical thinking and type of response expected. The document also provides tips for understanding the assignment question such as identifying key words and checking meanings to clarify what is being asked.
This document provides a summary of Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen's experiences during World War I that influenced their poetry. Both men volunteered for the war due to propaganda but became disillusioned after witnessing the horrors of trench warfare. Sassoon came from a wealthy family but found the war nothing like the glory depicted. Owen was from a humble background and also became shocked by the human losses and suffering of soldiers. Both poets were treated for shell shock and used their experiences to write realistic poems that condemned the war and portrayed the miserable conditions faced by soldiers. Sassoon's poems expressed anger at those who caused or prolonged the war without regard for soldiers. He sought to convey the true psychological experiences of being in
The Mother's Sons: Katharine Tynan's War Poetrydean dundas
This document provides an analysis of Katharine Tynan's war poetry, focusing on her portrayal of motherhood during wartime. Tynan personalizes war through her poems by depicting the experiences of mothers with sons serving in the war. Unlike many male war poets who wrote about their battlefield experiences, Tynan does not describe the atrocities of war directly. Instead, she portrays the various facets of motherhood in wartime through poems published in collections like Flower of Youth, The Holy War, and Late Songs. The analysis seeks to highlight Tynan's contribution to writing about the human impact of the war from the perspective of non-combatants waiting at home, in particular mothers worrying for their sons at the front.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
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Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.