Smallholder potato farmers in Tanzania use different on farm risk management strategies to boost potato enterprise performance. However, knowledge on how on farm risk management strategies boost potato enterprise performance remains undocumented and scarce. Therefore, this study uses cross sectional data collected from 384 potato smallholder farmers in 2019, to first identify various on farm risk management strategies and then to determine the effect of risk management strategies on potato enterprise performance. Data is analysed by use of content analysis and descriptive statistics. Further, a multiple regression model is used to determine the effect of risk management strategies’ attributes on potato enterprise performance. First, more and effective risk management strategies such as the use of irrigation system, fungicides, accessing marketing information should be employed to boost potato enterprise performance in Tanzania. Second, since, the cost of risk management strategies had improved potato enterprise performance among smallholder farmers in Tanzania. However, the cost of employing risk management strategies is higher than the benefit potato smallholders get as a result of the strategies employed. The high costs had resulted from employing risk management strategies such as the purchase of irrigation systems during low rainfall and frost bites. Hence, potato smallholder farmers through public private partnerships between Lusitu Agribusiness Group and Tanzania Agricultural Development Bank TADB should establish a village hiring irrigation to dramatically reduce the costs associated with risk management strategies such as irrigation. Semeni Ngozi | Patience Mshenga | Isaac Maina Kariuki | Aloyce Shaban Hepelwa "Boosting Potato Enterprise Performance among Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania through Risks Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38189.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/risk-management/38189/boosting-potato-enterprise-performance-among-smallholder-farmers-in-tanzania-through-risks-management/semeni-ngozi
Potential Implications of Production and Market Risks on Potato Farming Enter...ijtsrd
Despite the risks that potato smallholder farmers face that are thought to affect the profitability and viability of the enterprise, little is known on the implications of the production and market risks on potato farming enterprise in Tanzania. Therefore, this study aims at determining the effects of production and market risks on potato farming enterprise among smallholder farmers in the study area. Therefore, this study uses cross sectional data collected from 384 potato smallholder farmers in 2019, to first the likelihood of the selected production and market risks affect potato farming enterprise and how they affect the potato farm income among smallholder farmers. Data is analysed by use of descriptive statistics and, a multiple regression model is used to determine the effect of the selected production and market risks on potato farming enterprise. Empirical results from multiple regression model reveal that, climate risks low rainfall and frost bite and market risks price volatility have a positive and significant effect on potato farming enterprise among smallholder farmers in Tanzania. The findings of this paper have several policy implications. First, potato smallholder farmers to invest hire irrigation facilities especially during low rainfall and frost bites incidences so that they able to take advantages of the low supply of potato in the market hence fetching higher potato market prices. Second, potato smallholder farmers to observe price movement which follows a pattern of being high before the harvest, dropping at harvest time and rising again towards the end of the season. This information, could help potato smallholder farmers to plan when to plant and harvest potatoes and be able to have potatoes ready to sell when prices are good. Third, the government should come up with policies that help potato smallholder farmers to develop resilience mechanisms to manage potato price volatility. The polices should focus on developing Information Communications Technologies ICT related platforms such as M Kilimo with the purpose of improving the content and speed of disseminating market information such as potato price volatility. Semeni Ngozi | Patience Mshenga | Isaac Maina Kariuki "Potential Implications of Production and Market Risks on Potato Farming Enterprise among Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46378.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/46378/potential-implications-of-production-and-market-risks-on-potato-farming-enterprise-among-smallholder-farmers-in-tanzania/semeni-ngozi
What is Agriculture?
Troubles in the agricultural field
Government measures
Organization of regulated markets
Grading and standardization
Dissemination of market information
Government purchase and fixation of support prices
Abstract—In Ghana, rural people, mostly farmers, experience food insecurity. In bargaining with marketers, farmers tend to lose profits. The use of traditional weights and measures led to inefficient transactions. These difficulties have negatively affected farmers’ productivity, calories intake, and international competitiveness. This research investigates how standard weights and measures can secure farmers’ profits at local markets. Using a random selection of 312 farmers for the questionnaire survey at two markets, we examine the impact of current pricing methods on farmers’ profits and advantages of standard weights and measures for farmers. The results show that price decision-making was based on three primary methods: (1) traditional weights and measures, (2) negotiation with individual marketers, and (3) negotiation with market queens. Markets queens and traditional measures negatively influenced farmers’ profits. Farmers’ perceptions showed that standard weights and measures would not only increase their profits at local markets but also enhance their international competitiveness.
It is an introduction to agribusiness which includes the short history of evolution of the agribusiness, its importance, scope or areas of agribusiness. It also includes the distinctive features of agribusiness management.
The study examined how the relationship between the management problem and the food
production. The goal is show that the management problem is trying to overcome in the food production. This
has been done by examining the food production concept to address the management problem. The study
analyzes the management problem in food production through telephone number directory sampling of 53
farmers interviewed by telephone in 2014. Data collection and data analysis was used a quantitative approach
through questionnaire survey. Upon the examination of the phenomenon, it becomes clear that the food
production concept cannot deal with the management problem. Through showing that the food production
concept not affects the management problem, this research highlights the importance of deal with the
management problem
Small companies and informal trade plays an important role in East African agriculture but are typically out of view. This study examines patterns of and incentives for private sector investments and activities in climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in East Africa. Building capacity of private sector entities and improving their coordination with the public sector so that smallholders are not excluded may be key to facilitating the scaling up of agricultural innovations that improve food security for smallholders grappling with a changing climate (Jayne et al.
2006; Gyau, 2015).
Potential Implications of Production and Market Risks on Potato Farming Enter...ijtsrd
Despite the risks that potato smallholder farmers face that are thought to affect the profitability and viability of the enterprise, little is known on the implications of the production and market risks on potato farming enterprise in Tanzania. Therefore, this study aims at determining the effects of production and market risks on potato farming enterprise among smallholder farmers in the study area. Therefore, this study uses cross sectional data collected from 384 potato smallholder farmers in 2019, to first the likelihood of the selected production and market risks affect potato farming enterprise and how they affect the potato farm income among smallholder farmers. Data is analysed by use of descriptive statistics and, a multiple regression model is used to determine the effect of the selected production and market risks on potato farming enterprise. Empirical results from multiple regression model reveal that, climate risks low rainfall and frost bite and market risks price volatility have a positive and significant effect on potato farming enterprise among smallholder farmers in Tanzania. The findings of this paper have several policy implications. First, potato smallholder farmers to invest hire irrigation facilities especially during low rainfall and frost bites incidences so that they able to take advantages of the low supply of potato in the market hence fetching higher potato market prices. Second, potato smallholder farmers to observe price movement which follows a pattern of being high before the harvest, dropping at harvest time and rising again towards the end of the season. This information, could help potato smallholder farmers to plan when to plant and harvest potatoes and be able to have potatoes ready to sell when prices are good. Third, the government should come up with policies that help potato smallholder farmers to develop resilience mechanisms to manage potato price volatility. The polices should focus on developing Information Communications Technologies ICT related platforms such as M Kilimo with the purpose of improving the content and speed of disseminating market information such as potato price volatility. Semeni Ngozi | Patience Mshenga | Isaac Maina Kariuki "Potential Implications of Production and Market Risks on Potato Farming Enterprise among Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46378.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/46378/potential-implications-of-production-and-market-risks-on-potato-farming-enterprise-among-smallholder-farmers-in-tanzania/semeni-ngozi
What is Agriculture?
Troubles in the agricultural field
Government measures
Organization of regulated markets
Grading and standardization
Dissemination of market information
Government purchase and fixation of support prices
Abstract—In Ghana, rural people, mostly farmers, experience food insecurity. In bargaining with marketers, farmers tend to lose profits. The use of traditional weights and measures led to inefficient transactions. These difficulties have negatively affected farmers’ productivity, calories intake, and international competitiveness. This research investigates how standard weights and measures can secure farmers’ profits at local markets. Using a random selection of 312 farmers for the questionnaire survey at two markets, we examine the impact of current pricing methods on farmers’ profits and advantages of standard weights and measures for farmers. The results show that price decision-making was based on three primary methods: (1) traditional weights and measures, (2) negotiation with individual marketers, and (3) negotiation with market queens. Markets queens and traditional measures negatively influenced farmers’ profits. Farmers’ perceptions showed that standard weights and measures would not only increase their profits at local markets but also enhance their international competitiveness.
It is an introduction to agribusiness which includes the short history of evolution of the agribusiness, its importance, scope or areas of agribusiness. It also includes the distinctive features of agribusiness management.
The study examined how the relationship between the management problem and the food
production. The goal is show that the management problem is trying to overcome in the food production. This
has been done by examining the food production concept to address the management problem. The study
analyzes the management problem in food production through telephone number directory sampling of 53
farmers interviewed by telephone in 2014. Data collection and data analysis was used a quantitative approach
through questionnaire survey. Upon the examination of the phenomenon, it becomes clear that the food
production concept cannot deal with the management problem. Through showing that the food production
concept not affects the management problem, this research highlights the importance of deal with the
management problem
Small companies and informal trade plays an important role in East African agriculture but are typically out of view. This study examines patterns of and incentives for private sector investments and activities in climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in East Africa. Building capacity of private sector entities and improving their coordination with the public sector so that smallholders are not excluded may be key to facilitating the scaling up of agricultural innovations that improve food security for smallholders grappling with a changing climate (Jayne et al.
2006; Gyau, 2015).
Sixth bulletin of the quarterly publication of Tropical Legumes III (TL III) ...Tropical Legumes III
This edition of the bulletin features: Key highlights, achievements, lessons learnt during year 1 of project implementation and success stories from the field.
Eighth bulletin of the quarterly publication of Tropical Legumes III (TL III)...Tropical Legumes III
This edition of the bulletin focusses on the progress made under Objective 6: “Developing Sustainable and Impact- Oriented Legume Seed Systems for smallholders in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia”, during year 1 of the project implementation.
Value Chain Analysis of Banana in Mizan Aman Town of Benchi Maji Zone, Southw...AI Publications
This study was aimed at analyzing value chain of banana in Mizan-Aman town, Bench Maji zone with specific objectives of describing important marketing channels and actors involved on banana value chain, dealing the determinant of supply of banana and identify constraints in value chain of the banana. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data for this study were collected through application of appropriate statistical procedures. The data were analyzed by using both descriptive and Econometric models. Accordingly, the value chain activities in the survey period were production, marketing and consumption. To identify factors affecting farm level marketable supply of banana, OLS regression analysis was employed. About 10 variables were hypothesized to affect farm level of marketable supply of banana in the study area. Age of respondent, experience, family size, education level of the household head, market information and distance to the market affects farm level marketable supply of banana positively and negatively. The study result exhibited also that banana producers are faced lack market, lack of cooperatives and low price of banana. The result revealed that banana passes through several intermediaries with little value being added before reaching the end users. Therefore, farmers are forced to capture a lower share of profit margin. The highest marketing cost is incurred by wholesalers and the highest market profit is shared by retailers. The value chain analysis revealed that the major actors in the area are producers, local collectors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The study showed that Input Suppliers, Improved infrastructure and strengthening the linkage/interaction among value chain actors is necessary for good marketing of banana.
Agribusiness is one of the most challenging businesses today. Agribusiness has held up a large share of business niche. The volume of agribusiness is flourishing day-by-day. The term agribusiness coined first in 1957 by Goldberg and Davis. Agribusiness is not mere a business rather it is an useful tool for ensuring food security throughout the world and all sorts of basic needs as most of the basic requirements are filled up directly or indirectly with agro products. In near future agribusiness will be the central metaphor of business system for not only in our country but also to the whole world.
We may not overlook that Bangladesh is an agrarian country and still we are vastly depended upon agriculture though service sector has been advanced a lot during last few decades. Agriculture plays a pivotal role in our national economy. According to Bangladesh Economic Review (2016), the broad agriculture sector accounts for 15.33% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 45.10% of the labor force in Bangladesh.
Introduction to agribusiness marketingDaisy Ifeoma
This chapter is intended to help the students understand how agribusiness came into being, the size and importance of the agribusiness sector, the conflicting needs of the players in this sector and most importantly, the relevance of marketing to the agricultural and food sectors.
Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Ou...ijtsrd
Potato Solanum tuberosum L. is an important crop that plays a major role in food security and poverty reduction to a large proportion of rural farmers in the North West than other parts of Rwanda. However, potato is a perishable product which necessitates an effective choice decision of the market outlet. This paper presents factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions for market outlets in Rwanda. Through a multistage sampling technique, cross sectional data were collected from 585 smallholder potato farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts.Both descriptive statistical methods and econometrics methods were used for data analysis. Multivariate probit model was used to determine the factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decision to sell to particular market outlets. Results showed that farming experiences, level of education of decision maker, household size, household income, household assets, access to market information and distance to market significantly influenced the smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions of selling to consumer, retailer, wholesaler, cooperative, collection centres and processors market outlets. The study recommends establishment of structured market systems to improve access to potato market information. This should be supported by agricultural financingfor improved seeds acquisition and other productive inputs to enable farmers to increase surplus potato supplied to market. Improving the farmers’ education in marketing would also help them to effectively deliver potato to efficient market outlet. Patrice Mugenzi | George Owour | Hillary K. Bett "Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Outlets in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts, Rwanda: A Multivariate Probit Model" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43632.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/agricultural-engineering/43632/factors-influencing-smallholder-potato-farmers’-choice-decisions-of-market-outlets-in-musanze-and-nyabihu-districts-rwanda-a-multivariate-probit-model/patrice-mugenzi
Agricultural, Allied Products, Agro Processed Products, its
status in Indian Market. Emerging Issues in the business
Agriculture Produces.
Agriculture Marketing: Concept, Definition, Scope and
Objectives, Upcoming Practices in Agriculture Marketing.
Agribusiness-Emerging Branches, Non Conventional Forms
of Agribusiness, Retailing & Merchandising of Agri
Produces, Export Potential for farm products-Supporting
Services.
Role of Agencies for promotion of Exports of Agri Products,
Role of Agencies for marketing of Agri Products, Standards
of Agriculture Produces, Organized Retailing in Agri Inputs
and Outputs.
Marketing Mix of Agriculture Products, Role of Information
and Communication Technology in Agriculture Marketing.
Sixth bulletin of the quarterly publication of Tropical Legumes III (TL III) ...Tropical Legumes III
This edition of the bulletin features: Key highlights, achievements, lessons learnt during year 1 of project implementation and success stories from the field.
Eighth bulletin of the quarterly publication of Tropical Legumes III (TL III)...Tropical Legumes III
This edition of the bulletin focusses on the progress made under Objective 6: “Developing Sustainable and Impact- Oriented Legume Seed Systems for smallholders in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia”, during year 1 of the project implementation.
Value Chain Analysis of Banana in Mizan Aman Town of Benchi Maji Zone, Southw...AI Publications
This study was aimed at analyzing value chain of banana in Mizan-Aman town, Bench Maji zone with specific objectives of describing important marketing channels and actors involved on banana value chain, dealing the determinant of supply of banana and identify constraints in value chain of the banana. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data for this study were collected through application of appropriate statistical procedures. The data were analyzed by using both descriptive and Econometric models. Accordingly, the value chain activities in the survey period were production, marketing and consumption. To identify factors affecting farm level marketable supply of banana, OLS regression analysis was employed. About 10 variables were hypothesized to affect farm level of marketable supply of banana in the study area. Age of respondent, experience, family size, education level of the household head, market information and distance to the market affects farm level marketable supply of banana positively and negatively. The study result exhibited also that banana producers are faced lack market, lack of cooperatives and low price of banana. The result revealed that banana passes through several intermediaries with little value being added before reaching the end users. Therefore, farmers are forced to capture a lower share of profit margin. The highest marketing cost is incurred by wholesalers and the highest market profit is shared by retailers. The value chain analysis revealed that the major actors in the area are producers, local collectors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The study showed that Input Suppliers, Improved infrastructure and strengthening the linkage/interaction among value chain actors is necessary for good marketing of banana.
Agribusiness is one of the most challenging businesses today. Agribusiness has held up a large share of business niche. The volume of agribusiness is flourishing day-by-day. The term agribusiness coined first in 1957 by Goldberg and Davis. Agribusiness is not mere a business rather it is an useful tool for ensuring food security throughout the world and all sorts of basic needs as most of the basic requirements are filled up directly or indirectly with agro products. In near future agribusiness will be the central metaphor of business system for not only in our country but also to the whole world.
We may not overlook that Bangladesh is an agrarian country and still we are vastly depended upon agriculture though service sector has been advanced a lot during last few decades. Agriculture plays a pivotal role in our national economy. According to Bangladesh Economic Review (2016), the broad agriculture sector accounts for 15.33% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 45.10% of the labor force in Bangladesh.
Introduction to agribusiness marketingDaisy Ifeoma
This chapter is intended to help the students understand how agribusiness came into being, the size and importance of the agribusiness sector, the conflicting needs of the players in this sector and most importantly, the relevance of marketing to the agricultural and food sectors.
Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Ou...ijtsrd
Potato Solanum tuberosum L. is an important crop that plays a major role in food security and poverty reduction to a large proportion of rural farmers in the North West than other parts of Rwanda. However, potato is a perishable product which necessitates an effective choice decision of the market outlet. This paper presents factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions for market outlets in Rwanda. Through a multistage sampling technique, cross sectional data were collected from 585 smallholder potato farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts.Both descriptive statistical methods and econometrics methods were used for data analysis. Multivariate probit model was used to determine the factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decision to sell to particular market outlets. Results showed that farming experiences, level of education of decision maker, household size, household income, household assets, access to market information and distance to market significantly influenced the smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions of selling to consumer, retailer, wholesaler, cooperative, collection centres and processors market outlets. The study recommends establishment of structured market systems to improve access to potato market information. This should be supported by agricultural financingfor improved seeds acquisition and other productive inputs to enable farmers to increase surplus potato supplied to market. Improving the farmers’ education in marketing would also help them to effectively deliver potato to efficient market outlet. Patrice Mugenzi | George Owour | Hillary K. Bett "Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Outlets in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts, Rwanda: A Multivariate Probit Model" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43632.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/agricultural-engineering/43632/factors-influencing-smallholder-potato-farmers’-choice-decisions-of-market-outlets-in-musanze-and-nyabihu-districts-rwanda-a-multivariate-probit-model/patrice-mugenzi
Agricultural, Allied Products, Agro Processed Products, its
status in Indian Market. Emerging Issues in the business
Agriculture Produces.
Agriculture Marketing: Concept, Definition, Scope and
Objectives, Upcoming Practices in Agriculture Marketing.
Agribusiness-Emerging Branches, Non Conventional Forms
of Agribusiness, Retailing & Merchandising of Agri
Produces, Export Potential for farm products-Supporting
Services.
Role of Agencies for promotion of Exports of Agri Products,
Role of Agencies for marketing of Agri Products, Standards
of Agriculture Produces, Organized Retailing in Agri Inputs
and Outputs.
Marketing Mix of Agriculture Products, Role of Information
and Communication Technology in Agriculture Marketing.
Influence of Farmer Level of Education on the Practice of Improved Agricultur...paperpublications3
Abstract: The study examined the influence of farmers’ education level on the practice of improved agricultural technologies by farmers in Nyamusi division of Nyamira County. Multi-stage and stratified sampling techniques were applied for sample selection. Data collection was done by use of semi-structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for data analysis. Among the descriptive statistic techniques used included Mean, Standard Deviations and frequencies. For Inferential statistics, correlation, Chi-square and cross tabulation were used to establish relationships between dependent and the independent variables. Internal consistency technique was used to ensure reliability of the research instrument through the computation of Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha and was found to be 0.81 which meant that the data collection instrument was consistent and reliable. A total of 332 questionnaires were filled by the sampled farmers but only 304 were completely and adequately filled and analysed giving a Questionnaire Return Rate (QRR) of 91.6%. The analysed data was presented using tables. The study revealed that 44.4% of the farmers had completed primary level education. The study established that farmer level of education did not significantly influence the practice of agricultural technologies. In order to boost farmer literacy levels, the study recommends that the Directorate of Adult and Continuing Education should consider working with farmer groups in promoting functionality of literacy centres.
Evaluation of Risk and Return in the Added Value of Strawberry in Jelly Compa...inventionjournals
The objective of this study was to identify the expectations of return and perceived risks in strawberry production, comparing the sale of the fruit and its transformation into jelly in the city of Mafra-SC, Brazil. It is an applied research as to its nature; Descriptive and explanatory about its objective and of case study regarding the marketing strategy. For the realization of the research, the initial investment, the costs of production and the sale price were raised. From this information, we estimate the profitability and risk perception indicators inherent to the business, with a capacity to process approximately 8,000 kilos / ha. The information and data collected were structured into a projected cash flow in the respective timeframes, from a TAM of 0.79% a.m. The Multiple Index Methodology was used to analyze the return and the risks involved. The confirmation of the values uses Monte Carlo simulation through the Crystal Ball software, being considered as uncertain variables, or input variables for the simulation, the quantity from 1 / hectare to 12 months and the transformation costs in the case of jelly, and The respective sales prices of each situation. The main contribution of this study is the multidimensional analysis of the risks associated with the two types of investment.
Cost and benefit analysis of improved technologies promoted under ardt sms an...ICRISAT
Feed the Future (FtF) strategy developed by the United States Government seeks to launch a new generation of rural entrepreneurs through developing sustainable
agricultural and health systems, utilizing technology and knowledge, and by building institutional capacity that will spur a vibrant private sector-led approach to achieve
economic and food security. In the framework of this strategy for Mali and in line with the development strategy of pearl millet and sorghum of Mali, ICRISAT has
been funded by the USAID to implement a number of projects among which there are the Large Scale-Diffusion of Technologies for Sorghum and Pearl Millet Systems
(ARDT_SMS) and Africa RISING projects. In the framework of the two project, the on-farm trials are being conducted with the active participation of farmers and with
the objective of developing agricultural technologies attractive to farmers.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Implementing Modern Agricultural Technology a...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study explores the complex and diverse field of modern agricultural technology and development programs, uncovering a contrast between advantages and disadvantages. The responders' wholehearted adoption of sophisticated methods highlights the favorable influence on agricultural output, efficient use of resources, and economic sustainability, demonstrating a shared commitment to sustainability and higher yields. Nevertheless, the utilization of these technologies presents notable challenges, such as concerns regarding the quality of the products, increased vulnerability to pest infestations, and financial constraints on agricultural practitioners. To address these issues, it is crucial to adopt a comprehensive approach that encompasses not only the integration of technology but also the mitigation of related difficulties. When considering the particular situation in Nueva Ecija, the implementation of innovative agricultural technology shows potential for small-scale farmers. This is evident in the establishment of strong agreements about empowerment, market-oriented financial services, equitable pricing, and superior productivity. In contrast, the New Agricultural Technology and Development Program in Nueva Ecija has financial drawbacks, highlighting the limitations of the biosphere, the necessity for cutting-edge technologies, heightened financial burdens, and difficulties in fulfilling program requirements. These issues raise concerns about accessibility and financial stress among members of the agricultural community.
What Constrains Smallholder Farmers Decisions to Participate and use Agricult...ijtsrd
Smallholder farmers contribute more to food security and poverty reduction in Rwanda. However, lack of agricultural finance is one of numerous challenges they face for improving productivity and increasing income along the value chain. The objectives of this paper were to determine the factors influencing the farmers’ decision to participate and use agricultural value chain financing in Rwanda and to analyse the constraints hindering smallholder farmers’ decision to participate and use agricultural value chain financing in Rwanda. Cross sectional data were collected from a random sample of 585 smallholder potato farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts. Results of probit model revealed that sex, age, marital status, education, farming experience, membership to farming associations, household income and distance to market significantly influence the farmers’ decision to participate and use of agricultural value chain financing. The study also found that financing agricultural activities remain a key challenge for smallholder potato farmers. Fear of borrowing, lack of financial literacy, lack of skills in budgeting and unexpected production, interest rate and others loans charges, lack of collaterals, short repayment period and lack of financial literacy have been found to be the main factors constraining potato farmers’ participation and use of agricultural value chain financing. Nevertheless, potato productivity will always result from the interaction between all potato value chain actors. The study recommended the government and value chain stakeholders to formulate integrated policies that facilitate smallholder farmers to access to convenient financing products in order to improve productivity and to meet the customer demands. Patrice Mugenzi | George Owour | Hillary K. Bett "What Constrains Smallholder Farmers Decisions to Participate and use Agricultural Value Chain Financing in Rwanda? The Case of Smallholder Potato Farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38001.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/38001/what-constrains-smallholder-farmers-decisions-to-participate-and-use-agricultural-value-chain-financing-in-rwanda-the-case-of-smallholder-potato-farmers-in-musanze-and-nyabihu-districts/patrice-mugenzi
Presentation at the 95th Governing Board meeting (Program Committee) By Resea...ICRISAT
In support of SDG #2 and others, Research Program -Innovation Systems for the Drylands provide the knowledge, tools and capacity for enabling people in the drylands to transition towards sustainable and resilient farm and food systems. Some of the Priority research issues are listed in this presentation.
Determinants of Adoption of Improved Maize Technology among Smallholder Maize...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: As part of Ghana’s agricultural modernization agenda aimed at ensuring the National Food Security, the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) through its extension directorate has been promoting the adoption of improved maize technologies. Method and Material: This paper presents the finding of a study conducted to assess the determinants of adoption of improved maize technologies among smallholder farmers in the Bawku West District of the Upper East Region of Ghana. Exploratory survey design was employed with multistage sampling techniques adopted in selecting 400 maize farmers for the study. Result: Personal interviews, administration of semi-structured questionnaire, observations, and focus group discussions were the main methods employed in data collection. Probit regression model was applied in analyzing determinants of the adoption of improved maize technologies. Household annual income, access to labor, access to credit, and extension contact were found as significant determinants of farmers’ level of adoption of improved maize technology. Conclusion: The study recommends to the MOFA to promote the use of labor saving simple farm tools in carrying out the various production recommendations under the improved maize technology. Furthermore, MOFA needs to work with financial institutions to support maize farmers with credit to enable them to acquire the necessary inputs required in the implementation of the improved maize technology.
Determinants of Adoption of Improved Maize Technology among Smallholder Maize...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: As part of Ghana’s agricultural modernization agenda aimed at ensuring the National
Food Security, the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) through its extension directorate has been
promoting the adoption of improved maize technologies. Method and Material: This paper presents
the finding of a study conducted to assess the determinants of adoption of improved maize technologies
among smallholder farmers in the Bawku West District of the Upper East Region of Ghana. Exploratory
survey design was employed with multistage sampling techniques adopted in selecting 400 maize
farmers for the study. Result: Personal interviews, administration of semi-structured questionnaire,
observations, and focus group discussions were the main methods employed in data collection. Probit
regression model was applied in analyzing determinants of the adoption of improved maize technologies.
Household annual income, access to labor, access to credit, and extension contact were found as
significant determinants of farmers’ level of adoption of improved maize technology. Conclusion: The
study recommends to the MOFA to promote the use of labor saving simple farm tools in carrying out the
various production recommendations under the improved maize technology. Furthermore, MOFA needs
to work with financial institutions to support maize farmers with credit to enable them to acquire the
necessary inputs required in the implementation of the improved maize technology.
Sustainable Soy Newsletter edition September 2015Suresh07
We are pleased to release new edition of "Sustainable Soy News" . Thank you all for your support and contribution for setup of "National Platform for Sustainable Soy" . We are looking forward to continuing this productive channel of information interchange throughout. The future success of the Newsletter depends on your comments, contributions and ideas. We do encourage all of you to try your utmost best to enrich the forthcoming Newsletter of National Platform for Sustainable Soy!
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Abstract— The aim of this study was to map comprehensively as the basis for the implementation of technologies that met the needs of dairy farmers. Specifically, the objectives were: to analyze the marketing and institutional characteristics of dairy industryy in rural farmers. The target population is dairy farmers in Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java Provinces. The numbers of samples were selected in nine dairy cooperatives, which were three cooperatives represented each province, three milk processing industries, and totally 270 farmers as respondents. Data were taken such as demographic characteristic of farmers, farmer groups, and marketing line of milk distribution from farmers to consumers. The results showed that the institutional environment of dairy industry and governance both from Cental Java, Yogyakarta and East Java need handlers more serious, it can be seen from the dependence of farmers on the institutions that exist including cooperatives and milk processing industries still high. From the aspect of livestock farming, cows in East Java showed better performance than the two other major regions, namely Central Java and Yogyakarta. Distribution and marketing of milk which is currently still depends on the institutional binding of cooperative, and dairy processing industry, and there has been no increase of participation in enhancing the value chain.
Similar to Boosting Potato Enterprise Performance among Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania through Risks Management (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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highest commercialized crops in the country. Despite the
potential contribution of potato in the income generation
among smallholder farmers, the enterprise in most Sub-
Saharan countries including Tanzania isa riskybusinessasit
faces many risks including production and market that can
affect the profitability and viability.
Many research studies have been conducted on the effect of
risk management strategies on farmers’welfaresuchasfood
security. For example, Bairagia et al (2020), investigates the
adoption of three climate-resilientstrategies,drought/flood-
resistant rice varieties, integrated pest management
practices, and weather advisory; their impact on food
security (crop productivity and profits of the Cambodian
paddy). However, little empirical evidence exists to
substantiate how risk management strategies’ attributes
boost potato enterprise performance among smallholder
farmers. Therefore, this study aims at determining theeffect
of risk management strategies’ attributes in boosting potato
enterprise performance among potato smallholder farmers
in Tanzania.
2. Literature review
2.1. Review of Studies on Risk Management Strategies
There are various risk management strategies farmers
employ to manage yield variability. These strategies include
enterprise diversification, contract farming and crop
insurance among others. On the other hand, commodity
markets present unique challenges such as price volatility.
Price volatility has created more risk for the producer as
well as more opportunity. The increased variability in
commodity prices has increased awarenessfarmersonprice
risks and enhanced their marketing skills. Farmers have
been responding to price volatility by employing different
strategies such as minimum price contracts, market
information, keepingrecordsamongothers.Somemarketing
responses minimize risk by reducing price variability, but
other responses include the transfer of risks to others.
Generally, producers use a combination of risk management
strategies in their farm operations. For example, Makate et
al. (2016) noted that crop diversification is a viable climate
smart agricultural practice that significantly enhances crop
productivity and consequently resilience in rural
smallholder farming systems. Therefore, enterprise
diversification of production can be used to manage price,
yield, and income risk. Additionally, Bartolini et al. (2014)
revealed that, participation in enterprise diversification
plays an important role in increasing rural household
income. Enterprise diversification is therefore seenasa way
to secure income and increase food security (Bartolini et al.,
2014). Crop insurance also plays an important role as an ex-
ante risk management tool thathelpssmallholderfarmersto
cope with crop losses. In many cases, crop insurance covers
against loss of crop yield due to the production risks such as
pests and diseases, drought, and floods among others. For
example, Farm Risks Management for Africa (FARMAF)
project promotes the adoption of crop insurance among
farmers in order to compensate them for weather related
yield losses and simultaneously ease access to production
finance (FARMAF, 2015). Market Information Systems is
another risk management strategy which helps smallholder
farmers to timely access market information. For example,
Burger, (2017) noted that, providing prices in real time via
market information systems (MIS) has become a technically
feasible risk management tool. Timely information is
intended to guide the choice whether producers'sell (selling
now or latter, changing point of sale) and strengthen
bargaining power in the event of immediatetransaction.MIS
is used by smallholder farmers to provide guidance on
production and marketing decisions such as choice of what,
when and where to sell the produce based on market
information hence reduces market risks through informed
market decision making(FARMAF,2015).Ontheotherhand,
producers’ collaborative models can play a role in risk-
management and increasing able-members who can engage
in high risk/higher return activities (Ethan, 2009). The
models also a play significant role inimprovingfoodsecurity
and generating employment opportunities. Bernard et al
(2010) points out that, producers’ collaborative models
considerably contribute to rural poverty reduction through
agricultural cost reduction, accesstomarketandbetterprice
for outputs. The models specifically, supports small
agricultural producers and marginalized groups such as
young people and women (FAO, 2015).
2.2. Theoretical framework of the study
The study is hinged on the decision theory. Decision theory
is a principle that is associated with decisions. The theory is
an interdisciplinary approach to determine how decisions
are made given unknown variables and an uncertain
decision environment framework (Parmigiani et al., 2010).
The theory was developedmid-20th century with the
support of several academic disciplines. It is typically used
by economists, statisticians, psychologists, political and
social scientists or philosophers (Jeffrey 1992).Additionally,
its origin is derived from economics by using the utility
function of payoffs. It proposes that decisions are made by
computing the utility and probability, the ranges of options,
and also lays down strategies for good decision. The theory
has a history of applications to real world problems in many
disciplines, including economics, risk analysis, business
management, and theoretical behavioral ecology(Maguire&
Albright, 2005). Generally, decision theory provides a
structure that helps economic agents to make rational
choices in the situation of uncertainty. Given a specific set of
alternatives, set of consequences and a correspondence, the
theory offers conceptually simple procedures for choices. In
addition, decision theory deals with methods for
determining the optimal course of action when a number of
alternatives are available and their consequences cannot be
forecasted with certainty (Parmigiani et al., 2010). In this
study, potato smallholder farmers face uncertainty
conditions that dictate them to decide how muchrisk totake
and which risk management strategies farmers should
employ for the specified amount/type of risk. Therefore,it is
important to use decision theory in this study.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Research Design
A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to select
the study areas. The study employed cross-sectional survey
whereby both qualitative and quantitative data were
collected at one point in time. Householddata werecollected
from 384 potato smallholder farmerswitha semi-structured
questionnaire.
3.2. Study area
The study was conducted in Njombe Town Council where
Lusitu Agribusiness Group (LAG) is located. The council lies
between Longitudes 340 25’ and 350 27’East and Latitudes
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90 10’ and 90 45’South which is a total surface area of 3,212
square kilometers. According toUnitedRepublicofTanzania
(2013) the council had a population of 130,223 and it had
two main features, namely: the highland zone of the council
with rainfall ranging between 1,200-1,400mm per annum.
The northern-west part of the council gives way to lower
zone covered by black and loam soil, experiencing rainfall
ranging between 1,000 to 1,200mm annually. Agriculture is
the main economic activity in the council whereby about78
percent of the residents depend on it as the main source of
household income (URT, 2013). Additionally,thecouncil has
a cold weather, fertile soil and reliable amount of rainfall
which is a favorable condition for agriculture. This enables
the council to be a biggest producer of crops such as
potatoes and maize. As a result, potato is the leading food
and cash crop in the council with the highest production per
hectare (8.4t per ha) compared to Maize (2.5t/ha), Beans
(3.2t/ha) and Wheat (2.9t/ha).
Figure 1: Map of Tanzania showing study areasSource: ICPAC Geoportal and Humanitarian Data Exchange (2019)
3.3. Population and Respondents of the study
The target population for this study was potato smallholder farmers who are members of Lusitu Agribusiness Group. Lusitu
Agribusiness Group is a group of potato smallholder farmers located in Igominyi division, Njombe town council.The group
implemented theLusitu Potatoes Pack House and Marketing Project in partnership with Kilimo Trust Tanzania.
3.4. Sampling procedure
The study employed a multi-stage sampling technique where the first stage involved purposive selection of the Igominyi
division from Njombe Town Council. In stage two, Luponde ward where Lusitu Agribusiness Group operates was purposely
selected from Igominyi division. In stage three, five villages namely Lusitu, Luponde, Mbega, Miva and Igola were also
purposively selected from Luponde ward. These villages were selected for the study since most of potato smallholderfarmers
from these villages are active members of Lusitu Agribusiness Group. The study, used proportionate stratified sampling
technique to determine the number of potato smallholder farmers from each village giving115 respondents from Lusitu, 77
from Luponde, 58 from Mbega, 96 from Miva and 38 were from Igola village. Finally, the actual SHFs of Lusitu Agribusiness
Group were randomly selected from each of the five village from the source list provided by the coordinator of Lusitu
Agribusiness Group.
3.5. Methods of data collection
A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on the effect of risk management strategies on potato enterprise
performance. The study first identified various on-farm risk management strategies potato smallholder farmers used to
manage production and marketing risks. Then data on number of risk management strategies, types of risk management
strategies, total cost of risk management strategies and frequency of risk management use were collected.
3.6. Data analysis
The study employed descriptive statistics to determine various on-farm risk management strategies employed by potato
smallholder farmers. Additionally, multiple linear regression model was employedtodeterminethe effectofrisk management
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strategies on potato enterprise performance (PEP). Therefore, function can be specified as follows: Potato Enterprise
Performance=f (NumberriskMastrategies,EffectivenessriskMastrategies,TotalCostriskMastrategiesandFreqriskMastrategies)
Table 1: Description of variables involved in the study
Variable Description Measurement
Exp.
sign
Effect of traditional risk management strategies on potato enterprise performance
Dependent variable
POTAEPERFORMANCE Potato gross revenues Continuous TZS None
Independent variables
NURISKMAGESTRATEGIES Number of risk Management strategies per season Continuous +/-
FREQRISKMASTRATEGIES Frequency of use of risk Management strategies Continuous +/-
TOCOSTSRISKMASTRATEGIES Total costs of risk management strategies Continuous (TZS) +/-
EFFECTIVENESSRISKMASTRATEGIES Effectiveness of risk management strategies Continuous +
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Risk Management Strategies Employed by Potato smallholder farmers
Risk management has become increasingly important among all actors in the potato value chain. Risk management strategies
consist of responses which may reduce the probability of unfavorable event occurring or reducing the consequences if the
event occurs. There are several strategies smallholder farmers can employ to reduce and mitigate the farm exposure to risks.
The results from this survey indicate that potato smallholder farmers heavily use on-farm risk management strategies to
manage climate, pests-diseases and marketing risks. Findings further reveal that,mostofpotatosmallholderfarmersusemore
than one risk management strategies to manage these risks. These on-farm risks management strategies therefore can be
grouped into climate-related risk management strategies, pests-diseases risk management strategies and marketing risks
management strategies.
4.1.1. Climate-related Risk Management Strategies
Climate risks are increasingly threatening food security and making it imperative to identify locally appropriate management
strategies to manage the risks (Shikuku et al, 2017). In terms of frost bite management, thefindingsfromthisstudy reveal that,
potato smallholder farmers use chemical application before planting to manage frost bite in their potato farms. Additionally,
smallholder farmers employ, irrigation system such as over-plantsprinklerstoremovefrostthatcoveredpotatoes. Inthesame
line, Alamerie et al. (2013) noted that sprinkler irrigation is used to protect crops during frosts, as it provides excellent frost
protection. Furthermore, the findings indicate that, potato smallholderfarmersalsoemployedover-plantsprinkler andfurrow
irrigation in managing low rainfall. The possible explanations for this could be that potato smallholder farmers found, there
was a probability of fetching higher prices of potatoes when they to irrigate potatoes during dry season. Alamerieetal. (2013)
noted that irrigating potato farms was the most common strategy employed by smallholder farmers to manage low rainfall in
the study area. Similarly, Daniel (2015) reported that low rainfall madepotatosmallholderfarmersinNjombeurbantoirrigate
their farms hence their ability to supply potatoes in the market thereby fetching higher price and higher gross margins. In
terms of too much rainfall, potato smallholder farmers applied fungicides, made furrows to drain excesswaterfromthefarms,
increased the frequency of fungicide application and planting potatoes during dry seasons to manage to late blight disease
which is caused by the presence of too much rainfall. Obalola et al. (2017) pointed out that, incidence of late blight disease is
high when there is too much rainfall and the disease is a major problem thatlimitingpotatosmallholderfarmersfromrealizing
higher output. Alamerie et al. (2013) also pointed out that late blightisa commondiseaseforpotatoesandfarmersoftenprefer
to produce potato in the dry season where there is lower incidence of late blight disease.
4.1.2. Pests-Diseases related Risk Management Strategies
Pests and diseases have been the main challengesfacingfarmersamong potatosmallholderfarmers.Duetothischallenge,most
of the interviewed potato smallholder farmers employ a range of risk management strategies in managing the incidence of
pests and diseases in the study area. The findings indicated that potato smallholder farmers use various strategies including
field sanitation practices, pesticides and fungicides to control potato pest and diseases. The findings are in line with Okello et
al.(2015) who pointed out that majority of potato smallholderfarmersusedoffungicidesandpesticidesinthecontrol ofpotato
pests and diseases whereas few of them employed field sanitation strategies such as uprooting and burning infected plants.
Kilimo trust (2017) on the other hand noted that, most of interviewed farmers used pesticides and fungicides to control pest
and diseases. As a result, the use of these chemicals has been among the significant determinant of potato yield in Tanzania
(Rahko, 2012).The pesticides and fungicides were mainly employed to control late blightandbacterial wiltwhicharethemost
problematic diseases. In terms of late blight disease, the findingsindicatethatpotatosmallholderfarmersemployedfungicides
such as FARMZEB, COPPER, RIDOMIL among others to control late blight disease. This is because, late blight is the most
prevalent disease and no late blight resistant varieties in the study area as a results most of them employ fungicides as a
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strategy to manage the disease. The findings are similar to Okelloet al.(2015) who reported that, in Njombe majority ofpotato
smallholder farmers used fungicides in controlling late blight disease. On the other hand, the results show that, potato
smallholder farmers employed strategies such as chemical, use of improved seed potatoes, uprooting and burning infected
plants, crop rotation, fallowing in controlling bacterial wiltdiseaseinthestudyarea.Thisimpliesthat,farmersinthestudyarea
were aware that bacterial wilt is a soil borne disease and currently there is no chemical for managing it to manage it therefore
the only method of controlling it is by soil fertility management such field sanitation. In the same line, Kagona (2008)revealed
that the dominant method to control bacterial wilt in the study area by potato farmers was uprooting the infected plants and
bury them.
4.1.3. Market-related risk management strategies
In terms of potato price volatility, the results show that smallholder farmers employ strategies such as searching for markets,
transporting potatoes direct to the markets such as Dar es Salaam, gathering market information fromneighbors, brokersand
traders. The respondents further indicated that they leave their potatoes in the soil and sell themaftersometime.Thisenables
them to fetch higher potato prices as they would have sold their potatoes in the off season. This implies that, potato is highly
commercialized crop in Njombe as a results farmers use different strategies such as transportingpotatoesdirectto themarket
to manage price volatility risk. Similar findings were reported by Alamerie et al (2013) that potato farmers in Ethiopia
employed sequential marketing in managing price volatility. The sequential sale refers to the spreading sales and making
several sales of potatoes during the year. This strategy is commonly used by potato smallholder farmers in the study area.
Furthermore, it was noted that, smallholder farmers harvested potatoesinpiecemeal overtheharvestingtimetomanageprice
volatility risk (Alamerie et al., 2013). Additionally, Nyunza andMwakaje(2012)pointedoutthat,potatosmallholderfarmersin
Tanzania especially the rich ones were selling potatoes to wholesalers in urban area such as Mbeya, Arusha, Dodoma and Dar
es Salaam.
In terms of managing potato post-harvest losses, the findings show that potato smallholder farmers use strategies such as re-
harvesting potatoes and use as seed potatoes for the next planting season, close supervision during harvesting and selling
immediately after harvesting. This suggest that, management of post-harvest losses among potato smallholder farmers is an
important aspect in potato farming. This could be explained by the fact that, in the most of the developing countries such as
Tanzania, post-harvest losses at the farm level not only reduces available food for family consumption but, directly affects
smallholder farmers’ income and livelihoods in general. Alamerie et al. (2013) also reported that strategies such as selling
perishable crops immediately after harvesting was one of the strategies that farmers employed in managing potato post-
harvest losses.
4.1.4. Number, Frequency of use and average costs of Risk Management strategies among potato smallholder
farmers
Regarding the number of risk management strategiesusedbypotatosmallholderfarmers,resultsshowthatanaverageof5risk
management strategies were used in the study area. This indicates that, most of potato smallholderfarmersusea combination
of strategies in managing both production and marketing risk henceimprovedpotato enterpriseperformance.Inthesameline,
Namwata, et al. (2010) also revealed that, an increased household income was significantly positivelyassociatedwithnumber
of technologies adopted. In terms of the frequency of risk management strategies use, the findings show that, potato
smallholder farmers had an average of 20 times. This suggests that, potato smallholder farmers frequently faced withclimate,
pests-disease and marketing risks as a result they increased the frequency ofrisk managementstrategiesuse.Additionally,the
findings indicate that, potato smallholder farmers had a mean of Tshs 388,383.1135 (167.39USD) as the costs for employing
risk management strategies per one acre per season, in the study area. Potato smallholder farmers incurred this cost in
management of climate, pests-disease and marketing risks. The risk management strategies potato smallholder farmers
employed in controlling these risks included the use of seed potato, fungicides and pesticides, irrigation costs, harvesting for
second time and transporting their potatoes to the market. Okonya et al. (2019)alsorevealedthat,thetopfourmost important
constraints identified by farmers for potato were diseases, high costs of planting material, high cost of fungicides, and insect
pest in Rwanda.
Table 2: Number, Frequency of use and average costs of Risk Management strategies among potato smallholder
farmers
Variable Mean Standard deviations
Number of Risk Management strategies 5 1.54295
Frequency of Risk Management strategies use 20 5.49163
Average costs for RM strategies 388,383.1135 311,961.18845
4.2. Potato production Costs and Revenues
Potato smallholder farmers had a mean of 1,264,752.8684Tshs (545.11USD) as a total productionandmarketingcostsforone
acre per season in the study area. This amount is mostly used in purchasing cleanseed potatoes,transporttheir potatoestothe
big market, frequently spray their farms with fungicides and pesticides hence higher potato cost of productionandmarketing.
These findings are in line with Daniel (2015) that in Njombe town council the cost of production and marketing per acre was
Tshs 1,273,889 (549.05 USD) higher compared to Wanging’ombe district because in Njombe urban district majority of potato
farmers depend on irrigation whilefarmersinWanging’ombedistrictdependsonrainfedagriculture.Additionally,Nyunza and
Mwakaje (2012) pointed out that, most of the poor and low producer farmers were selling their potatoes to village traders or
fellow farmers, while big producers and rich farmers were selling to wholesalers in urban areas. This is because the poor
cannot afford to take round potatoes to the larger markets. They also produce round potatoes in small quantities.
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In terms of potato revenue, in rainy season, potato smallholder farmers got 2,520,090.28Tshs(1086.16USD)perseasoninthe
study area. On the other hand, in dry season, the potato revenue was 2897603.52 Tshs (1248.87 USD) among smallholder
farmers. This indicates that, potato smallholder farmers had higher (2,897,603.52 Tshs equivalent to 1248.87 USD) potato
revenues in the dry season compared to rainy season. The possible explanation for this could be that, in the dry season potato
smallholder farmers had higher potato yield of 100.65 bags than in rainy season hence higher potato revenues. Additionally,
potato smallholder farmers might probably had allocated large size of land on potato production during dry season hence
increased the likelihood of having higher yield thereby making potatorevenueshigher.Forexample,thestudiesby (Glaubenet
al. 2003; Goetz and Debertin 2001) show that large farm sizes makefarmingmuchmoreeconomicallyviableforthe farmersby
enabling them to reap economies of scale and bring in use better and cost-effective technologies hence higher revenues.
Moreover, less pests and disease in dry seasons hence higher yield which is translated to higher revenues thaninrainyseason
among potato smallholder farmers.
Table 3: Potato Production Costs and Revenues for Potato smallholder farmers in Tanzania
Variable Mean Standard deviations
Potato revenue in season one-rainy (Tshs) 2,520,090.28 317,991.56
Potato revenue in season two-dry(Tshs) 2,897,603.52 315,703.07
Annual potato farm income (Tshs) 2,634,645.66 317,260.66
Total production and marketing costs for one acre 1,264,752.86 749,281.63
4.3. Effect of on-farm risk management strategies’ attributes on potatoenterpriseperformance amongsmallholder
farmers
Multiple regression model was employed to determine the effect of on-farm risk management strategies’ attributes on potato
enterprise performance. In thismodel,thedependentvariablewaspotato enterpriseperformancewhichwasproxiedbypotato
revenues. In terms of explanatory variables, number of risk management strategies, frequency of risk management strategies
use, effectiveness of risk management strategies and average costs of risk management strategies were considered in the
model. Findings show that, number of on-farm risk management strategies had positive and significant effect on potato
enterprise performance among potato smallholder farmers in Njombe at 10% level of significance. This implies that, more
number of risk management strategies made potato smallholderfarmerstocontrol bothproductionandmarketing riskshence
higher potato revenues which then improved potato enterprise performance.
This is in line with findings by Namwata et al. (2010) that, increased household income was significantly and positively
associated with number of technologies adopted inthestudyarea.Hence, employingmore risksmanagementstrategiesamong
potato smallholder farmers minimize the negative impact associated with both productionandmarketingriskswhichinturns
improves potato enterprise performance. Rahuta and Alib (2017) also illustrated that smallholderfarmerswhoadoptedmore
adaptation practices had higher food security levels than those who did not, and experienced lower levels of poverty. This is
because, climate change adaptation practices at farm level can thereby have significant development outcomes in addition to
reducing exposure to weather risks among smallholder farmers. It was further pointed out that, household income levels are
high per month indicating that those households adopting climate-risk management strategies have higher income levels.
Regarding the frequency of risk management strategies uses, the results reveal that a unit increase in the frequency of risk
management strategies leads an improved potato enterprise performance among potato smallholder farmers.However, the
findings further highlight that, there was no significant effect of frequency of risk management strategies used on potato
enterprise performance among smallholder farmers.
Perceived effectiveness of the risk management strategies employed by potato smallholder farmers had a positive and
statistical significance at 5% level of significance. This suggests that, when risk managementstrategiesaremore effective,then
potato revenues increased which led to the improvement in the potato enterprise performance. This is because, an effective
risk management strategies help potatosmallholderfarmersto manageclimate risks,pests-diseasesandmarketingriskshence
increase their potato yield and revenues as a results potato enterprise performance improved. Moreover, effective risk
management strategies meancontrollingproductionand marketingrisksbetterhence fewerlossesandloweroperational costs
and more profit. In the same line, Chakra borty and Banerjee (2016) reportedthat,productionriskssuchaslateblightofpotato
can effectively be managed by applying fungicides suchasFenamidone,Mancozebamongothers.Thestudyfurtherpointedout
that, spraying potato farm with Fenamidone and Mancozeb had exhibited best management of late blight of potato in termsof
percent reduction of disease. On the other hand, Beyanet al. (2014) revealed that, irrigation is one of the most useful and
effective risk management strategy which increases production and productivity and reduces risk related with rainfall
variability and increasing income of rural farm households. Thefindingsfurtherhighlightedthat,participationinirrigationhas
a significant and positive effect on farm households’ income (Beyanet al., 2014). In addition, Osewe et al. (2020) postulated
that, the use of farmer-led irrigation was effective and had a positive and significant effect on the smallholderfarmersnetcrop
income in the Southern highlands of Tanzania. In the same line, FAO (2016) noted that, effectiveagricultural risk management
strategies play a vital role in fostering productive and sustainable investment across the agricultural value chain.Thisinturns
ensure food and nutrition security, eliminate hunger and reduce poverty. In additional, effective risk management strategies
enable African countries to achieve the annual target of 6 percent agricultural GDP growth (FAO, 2016).
Cost of risk management strategies, had a statistical and positive effect on the potato enterprise performance at 10 % level of
significance implying that, an increase in unit of cost of risk management strategies improved potato enterprise performance.
However, the cost of employing risk management strategies is higher than the benefit potato smallholders get as a result of
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38189 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 1563
employing the strategies in managing production and marketing risks. The highcosts couldbeasa resultofpotato smallholder
farmers employing risk management strategies such as irrigation systems, transporting potatoes to the market, use of
pesticides and fungicides among others. This shows how important the employed risk management strategiesareinthestudy
area. FAO (2013) pointed that, an important aspect of risk management is that all responses to risk involve a cost. This cost is
expressed by the amount of resources tied up in order for the farmer to manage the production and marketing risks more
effectively. Rahko (2012) on the other hand highlighted that, due to the challenge of pests and diseases, use of chemicals has
been among the significant determinant of potato yield in Tanzania. These findings are in line with Okello et al. (2015) who
pointed out that, majority of the respondents in Tanzania use pesticides to control potato pests and diseases as a results high
demand of the chemicals which lead to high price hence high cost of risk management strategies among potato smallholder
farmers. In the same line, Daniel (2015) also recommended the government to come up with policies aimed at subsidizingthe
cost of farm inputs such as pesticides so as to lower the cost of production among potato smallholder farmers in Tanzania.
Schreinemachers et al. (2012) also reported that, chemical use perhectareespeciallyfungicidesandbactericideshadgenerally
increased more than proportionally with crop output per hectare.
Table 4: Multiple Regression results of the effect of risk management strategies on potato enterprise performance
among potato smallholder farmers
Variables Coefficient Std. Error t-value p-value
(Constant) -646078.856 571105.926 -1.131 0.259
Number of RM Strategies used 197489.975* 112585.954 1.754 0.080
Freq. of RM Strategies use 8391.092 30682.543 .273 0.785
Effectiveness of RM Strategies 43109.513** 20544.848 2.098 0.037
Costs of RM Strategies 0.654* 0.365 1.791 0.074
Number of observations 375
F-test 6.454*** 0.000
Note: **, *Significant at 5% and 10%, respectively
Conclusion
Perceived effectiveness, cost and number of on-farm risk
management strategies are the key determinants of potato
enterprise performance among smallholder farmers in
Tanzania. On the other hand, frequency of risk management
strategies use was insignificant variable in determining
potato enterprise performance.
Recommendations
A. Cost of risk managementstrategieshadimprovedpotato
enterprise performance among smallholder farmers in
in Tanzania. However, the cost of employing risk
management strategies is higher than thebenefitpotato
smallholders obtain as a result of the strategies
employed. The high costs had resulted from employing
risk management strategies such as irrigation systems
during low rainfall and frost bites. Therefore, Lusitu
Agribusiness GroupthroughtheloansfromtheTanzania
Agricultural Development Bank (TADB) to establish a
village center with irrigation facilities (LAG-Irrigation
Centre) that potato smallholder farmers will be hiring.
This will dramatically reduce the costs associated with
risk management strategies in the study area.
B. Potato smallholder farmers to continue employing the
effective risk management strategies such as the use of
irrigation system, fungicides, accessing marketing
information in order to boost potato enterprise
performance in Tanzania.
C. Potato smallholder farmers should increasethenumber
of risk management strategies employed in managing
both production and marketing risks to boost potato
enterprise performance in Tanzania.
Further research
The study was limited in determining how the on-farm risk
management strategies’ attributes boost potato enterprise
performance. Hence, a research on the impact ofrisk
management strategies on food security would be
interesting. Additionally, it could help to figure out how risk
management strategies’ attributes such as crop insurance’
coverage level and indemnity affects food security of potato
smallholder farmers in Tanzania.
Acknowledgments:Thisresearchreceivedfundingfromthe
World Bank-Center of Excellence in Sustainable Agriculture
and AgribusinessManagementhostedbyEgertonUniversity.
Conflict of Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of
interest regarding the publication of this paper.
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