Africa is the second largest continent, covering over 30 million square kilometers, which is about 2.5 times the size of the United States. It has a population of over 1 billion people spread across many countries, including Ghana, Niger, Burkina Faso, and South Africa. The continent experiences high levels of poverty and economic inequality between countries exploiting natural resources, like the uranium mining in Niger, and the population. Skin color variation across populations is explained by differing levels of the pigment melanin, with darker-skinned African populations generally having the highest amounts.