Problems of africa ppt 1-my updates for class
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The document summarizes some of the major problems facing Africa today, including infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis, which kill thousands of Africans daily. It also discusses ethnic violence and civil wars that have led to loss of life and human capital over decades, as well as high rates of government corruption, deforestation, desertification, and famine brought on by factors like drought, disease, and inadequate economic policies. Overall, the document outlines how infectious diseases, conflicts, and environmental issues have severely impacted African populations and hindered development on the continent.
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Today’s issues in africa
Most African nations face economic, health, political and educational problems despite the continent's natural wealth. Over 300 million people live on less $1 per day and lack clean water and healthcare. Poverty stems from colonial exploitation of resources and people, which disrupted cultures and economies. European colonizers ignored ethnic groups, sowing tensions that fueled post-independence conflicts like the Rwandan genocide, where Hutus killed 800,000-1 million Tutsis over three months in 1994.
Situation in rural areas of Pakistan
- Over 60% of Pakistan's population lives in rural areas, where poverty and lack of infrastructure are significant problems. Literacy rates and access to health services are much lower in rural compared to urban areas.
- Rural areas make up around half of Pakistan's total economy. Agriculture employs 42% of the workforce but the rural economy also includes industry, mining, construction and small businesses. However, rural incomes and employment opportunities remain limited.
- Land ownership is highly unequal with over 50% of rural households owning no land. Successive land reforms have failed to adequately address this due to loopholes and compensation policies that favored large landowners.
18.2 - Africa Climate and Vegetation
The document describes the climate and vegetation in Africa. It discusses the Sahara Desert, which covers 1.8 million square miles and experiences extreme temperatures and scarce rainfall. It also mentions the Kalahari Desert, which receives sporadic rainfall and supports some vegetation and wildlife. Most of Africa is covered by tropical grasslands suitable for grasses but not trees. The main rainforests are located in the Congo Basin along the equator, and feature a dense canopy over 150 feet tall and diverse plant and animal life.
Geopolitical theory
Geopolitics is the study of how geographical factors like territory, population, resources, and location influence international politics and relations between states. Key thinkers in geopolitical theory include Alfred Thayer Mahan who argued sea power was essential for trade and power, Halford Mackinder who developed the Heartland Theory that control of the Eurasian core landmass meant control of the world, and Nicholas Spykman who argued control of the rimlands of Europe and Asia was more important than the heartland. Immanuel Wallerstein viewed the global political economy as consisting of core states that exploited peripheral states, with semi-peripheral states acting as buffers between them.
Foreign policy determinants
1) A nation's foreign policy is determined by both domestic and international factors. Domestically, factors include a country's culture, history, geography, economic strength, and political system.
2) Internationally, the structure of the international system, international laws and organizations, military alliances, and relative military powers all influence a country's foreign policy choices.
3) A country's foreign policy consists of defining its national interests and desired outcomes, and determining strategies and resources to pursue these interests in interactions with other states.
Comparative politics
Comparative politics examines how governments are structured and function in different countries around the world. It looks at governmental institutions, public policy, political behavior of leaders and citizens, and political culture. Comparative politics focuses on individual countries, while international relations examines relations between countries. Studying comparative politics broadens understanding of other political systems and helps develop a more sophisticated view of politics globally.
Asia
Asia is the largest continent, covering one third of the world's land area. It has highly diverse geography, including mountain ranges like the Himalayas, plateaus, rivers, and deserts. Asia has a variety of climates from tropical to polar. It is home to over half of the world's population and has seen rapid population growth in recent decades. While some areas like East Asia have highly developed industrialized economies, others struggle with development issues and poverty. The region faces ongoing political and territorial disputes that have led to conflicts.
Africa
This document provides an overview of the geography and history of North and Sub-Saharan Africa. It describes the major geographic regions of Africa including the Sahara Desert and Atlas Mountains in North Africa, the Nile River Valley, East Africa's Great Rift Valley, West Africa's Sahel region and rainforests, Central Africa's Congo Basin rainforest, and the southern plateaus and basins. It then discusses Egypt's ancient civilization, the Bantu migrations that spread across Africa, African empires that formed, the Atlantic slave trade that devastated the population, European colonization following the Berlin Conference, and the late 20th century independence movements.
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Today’s issues in africa
Most African nations face economic, health, political and educational problems despite the continent's natural wealth. Over 300 million people live on less $1 per day and lack clean water and healthcare. Poverty stems from colonial exploitation of resources and people, which disrupted cultures and economies. European colonizers ignored ethnic groups, sowing tensions that fueled post-independence conflicts like the Rwandan genocide, where Hutus killed 800,000-1 million Tutsis over three months in 1994.
Situation in rural areas of Pakistan
- Over 60% of Pakistan's population lives in rural areas, where poverty and lack of infrastructure are significant problems. Literacy rates and access to health services are much lower in rural compared to urban areas.
- Rural areas make up around half of Pakistan's total economy. Agriculture employs 42% of the workforce but the rural economy also includes industry, mining, construction and small businesses. However, rural incomes and employment opportunities remain limited.
- Land ownership is highly unequal with over 50% of rural households owning no land. Successive land reforms have failed to adequately address this due to loopholes and compensation policies that favored large landowners.
18.2 - Africa Climate and Vegetation
The document describes the climate and vegetation in Africa. It discusses the Sahara Desert, which covers 1.8 million square miles and experiences extreme temperatures and scarce rainfall. It also mentions the Kalahari Desert, which receives sporadic rainfall and supports some vegetation and wildlife. Most of Africa is covered by tropical grasslands suitable for grasses but not trees. The main rainforests are located in the Congo Basin along the equator, and feature a dense canopy over 150 feet tall and diverse plant and animal life.
Geopolitical theory
Geopolitics is the study of how geographical factors like territory, population, resources, and location influence international politics and relations between states. Key thinkers in geopolitical theory include Alfred Thayer Mahan who argued sea power was essential for trade and power, Halford Mackinder who developed the Heartland Theory that control of the Eurasian core landmass meant control of the world, and Nicholas Spykman who argued control of the rimlands of Europe and Asia was more important than the heartland. Immanuel Wallerstein viewed the global political economy as consisting of core states that exploited peripheral states, with semi-peripheral states acting as buffers between them.
Foreign policy determinants
1) A nation's foreign policy is determined by both domestic and international factors. Domestically, factors include a country's culture, history, geography, economic strength, and political system.
2) Internationally, the structure of the international system, international laws and organizations, military alliances, and relative military powers all influence a country's foreign policy choices.
3) A country's foreign policy consists of defining its national interests and desired outcomes, and determining strategies and resources to pursue these interests in interactions with other states.
Comparative politics
Comparative politics examines how governments are structured and function in different countries around the world. It looks at governmental institutions, public policy, political behavior of leaders and citizens, and political culture. Comparative politics focuses on individual countries, while international relations examines relations between countries. Studying comparative politics broadens understanding of other political systems and helps develop a more sophisticated view of politics globally.
Asia
Asia is the largest continent, covering one third of the world's land area. It has highly diverse geography, including mountain ranges like the Himalayas, plateaus, rivers, and deserts. Asia has a variety of climates from tropical to polar. It is home to over half of the world's population and has seen rapid population growth in recent decades. While some areas like East Asia have highly developed industrialized economies, others struggle with development issues and poverty. The region faces ongoing political and territorial disputes that have led to conflicts.
Africa
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Famine in Africa
Are affluent nations doing enough to avert disaster?
W
idespread famine threatens more than
40 million people in Africa, including
14 million in southern Africa and an-
other 14 million in Ethiopia. Drought
is partly to blame, as is the HIV/AIDS pandemic that has
killed or sickened millions of farmers who would otherwise
be planting or harvesting crops. Africa-watchers also blame
corrupt and inefficient governments. Some aid experts say
the United States isn’t helping matters by donating genetically
modified (GM) corn to needy countries, a number of which
question the safety of eating the food. They also fear that
farmers will use GM seeds to plant crops that could contam-
inate the continent’s non-GM strains, possibly making them
unfit for export to Europe. But Americans and others say GM
food is perfectly safe and should be used to feed Africa’s
starving people.
WINNER: SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISTS
AWARD FOR EXCELLENCE ◆ AMERICAN BAR
ASSOCIATION SILVER GAVEL AWARD
CQResearcher
I
N
S
I
D
E
THE ISSUES ......................923
BACKGROUND ..................930
CHRONOLOGY ..................931
CURRENT SITUATION ..........933
AT ISSUE ..........................937
OUTLOOK ........................938
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................941
THE NEXT STEP ................942
THIS ISSUE
Nov. 8, 2002 • Volume 12, No. 39 • Pages 921-944
www.cqpress.com
922 CQ Researcher
THE ISSUES
923 • Should the U.S. donate
genetically modified grains
to countries with famine?
• Have farm subsidies in
wealthy countries contributed
to Africa’s cycle of famine?
• Are direct food-aid ship-
ments the best way to aid
people in a famine?
BACKGROUND
930 An Ancient Plague
Famines are described in
ancient Egyptian texts as
well as the Bible.
930 Hunger in Africa
European conquest in the
19th and early 20th cen-
turies probably made
Africa’s famine situation
worse.
CURRENT SITUATION
933 Politics of Famine
Countries with despotic lead-
ers and few strong democra-
tic institutions seem to suffer
the worst food crises.
936 Fighting Famine
Famines can be predicted,
but aid usually is too slow
to prevent malnutrition and
starvation.
OUTLOOK
938 ‘Death Spiral’?
Poverty plagues most of
Africa, but aid experts are
particularly pessimistic
about southern Africa.
SIDEBARS AND GRAPHICS
924 Famine Engulfs the
Continent
More than 40 million people
face hunger and starvation.
925 Famine Is No Stranger to
Africa
The earliest written reference
to famine dates to 3500 B.C.
in Egypt.
928 How Geography Hurts
Africa
Inhospitable climate and en-
vironment retarded the conti-
nent’s development.
931 Chronology
Key events since 1860, when
drought helped European
settlers conquer new regions.
935 AIDS Toll on Farmers
Heightens Famine
Seven million African farmers
have died of AIDS, undercut-
ting rural productivity b.
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Assignment 3a Threats To The Global EnvironmentThreats to the.docx
Assignment 3a: Threats To The Global Environment
Threats to the Global Environment
Kheezer Ali
Professor Alexander
SOC 450
06/02/2019
Poor health of entire populations
History
Poor health is a great threat facing global populations.
According to the World Health Organization (2017), half of the total population in the world has no access to required health services.
Poor health leads to low productivity and this means poverty and suffering.
Other diseases such as Ebola, HIV and AIDS have greatly impacted the global economy.
Dangerous infectious diseases kill millions of people every year in the world and leave the most vulnerable communities in absolute poverty and suffering. Developing countries are the most affected because of the lack of funds, poor information access and insufficient health facilities.
2
Countries affected
According to the World Health Organization (2019), regions mostly affected include sub-Saharan Africa affected by 35% and Southern Asia 25%.
Research has shown that most of these diseases are caused by;
dirty water which has resulted to 1.7 million deaths,
harmful home smoke which has resulted to 1.6 million deaths, malaria resulting to 1.2 million deaths
air pollution which leads to 800,000 deaths.
This is a big impact to these countries, that is why it is important that the United Nations addresses this issue.
3
Effect on world population
Poor health has led to poverty and suffering. Diseases lead to low productivity and quality of life of the populations affected.
The cost of purchasing drugs and travelling to health facilities have drained families of the little they have to survive.
This explains why with health challenges present in our societies, the problem of poverty is never going to be solved.
There is no way most of the affected countries are going to develop unless the issue of poor health is addressed.
4
Deaths caused by diseases
deaths caused by diseases
dirty water smoke malaria pollution 1.7 1.6 1.2 1.2
Inappropriate uses of technology
The world is currently thriving in technology.
There has been a dramatic increase in manufacturing and processing industries leading to increase in production of goods.
Some of these industries are manufacturing weapons, automotive, fracking for fuel and testing explosives.
The application of technology in all these activities has turned out very dangerous to the global environment.
Pollution of water, air, and noise are the results of these technology manufacturing activities.
6
Countries affected
The top countries experiencing this threat include, the United States of America, Russia and Netherlands at 80%, 70% and 60% respectively.
These are powerful countries which have most of the times struggled to be super powers.
This has led to massive production of weapons using technology.
The inappropriate use of technology is also driven by the pressure to fill the gap of unemployment and increasing productio.
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Causes of conflict, effects of conflicts and solutions. You can play a part in returning their stolen childhood in Nigeria.
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- 2. Infectious Diseases HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Tuberculosis Malaria kills an African child every 30 second Tuberculosis infection rates have tripled in the last decade. However, AIDS has proven to be the worst. Between 1999 and 2000 more people died of AIDS in Africa than in all the wars on the continent Each day, 6,000 Africans die from AIDS. Each day, an additional 11,000 are infected Infection rates 7 times the world’s average http://www.aidsinafrica.net/people_charts.php
- 3. UNAIDS estimates at the end of 2006 Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS joint venture of UN and other AIDS organizations to help the world overcome HIV/AIDS At the end of 2006, of all the cases of HIV in the world, over two- thirds were in sub-Saharan Africa!
- 4. 80% deaths At the end of 2006, of all the deaths from HIV-related health problems in the world, over 80% were in sub-Saharan Africa! These numbers even show a slight improvement over previous years!
- 5. Ethnic violence and civil war Since decolonization, millions and millions of lives have been lost due to civil war, ethnic violence, and genocide
- 6. Scarcity of Human Capital Human capital – the supply of labor and its productivity – has been depleted by civil wars, ethnic violence, and disease, and the lack of access to education (very low literacy rates) Highly skilled professionals – doctors, engineers, and scientists – leave Africa for higher pay in developed countries at a rate of 20,000 per year
- 7. Note … most of the lowest percentages of literacy rate occur in Africa Literacy rate – the number of people in a country who can read and write
- 8. Government corruption Reduces people’s confidence in government Reduces countries’ funds to build schools and build needed infrastructure Examples – Zaire Another example – Zimbabwe Due to deteriorating social and economic conditions, people protesting Non-violent protesting met with police brutality, beatings, arrests and jailed Corrupt government has brought food shortages to Zimbabwe
- 9. Deforestation African rainforests are rapidly vanishing - Africa lost the highest percentage of rainforests during the 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s of any biogeographical realm. Results in erosion from cleared land – unable to support farming Nigeria is the worst – between 2000 and 2005 the country lost 55.7 percent of its primary forests highest loss of forests in the world if it continues at the current rate, the Nigerian forests will be totally gone within a few years
- 10. Desertification
- 11. Desertification Causes: •Overgrazing •Cutting down trees and brush for firewood •Over use of land for farming •Drought
- 12. Satellite picture from space of a dust storm blowing through the Sahara.
- 13. But the dust storms are not just confined to the Sahara. In this picture taken from space, the dust can be seen blowing across the Atlantic Ocean!
- 15. Causes: •Drought •Infectious diseases •Armed conflict and political strife •Inadequate economic policies – not enough investment in agriculture
- 16. •famine – extreme scarcity of food •human capital - the supply of labor and its productivity •literacy rate – the number of people in a country who can read and write •infrastructure - the basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community (example- roads, water systems) •deforestation – the process of cutting and clearing away trees from a forest •desertification – the process by which land that can be farmed or lived on turns into desert
- 18. Malaria bacteria destroying red blood cells in the human body.
- 22. To prevent malaria from spreading, families use bed nets at night.
Editor's Notes
- Drought – increases price of food as well as shortage of food HIV/AIDS – kills millions of Africans who could farm land