Aerobic and anaerobic tests

Dr Hadi Rohani,- Blog: www.hadirohani.blogfa.com
Evaluating Aerobic and
anaerobic Fitness

Definition of Aerobic Fitness
• Capacity to meet the energy demands of
sustained, submaximal work
• Capacity to deliver oxygen to working
muscles
• Capacity to extract oxygen at working
muscles
• VO2max – maximal volume of oxygen one
can consume during exhaustion exercise
– best index of aerobic capacity

What is Aerobic Respiration?
• The breaking down of sugar to produce energy where
oxygen is present.
ATPOHCOOOHC Enzymes
36666 2226126 ++ →+
Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water+ Energy

Anaerobic Respiration refers to the
oxidation of molecules in the
absence of oxygen to produce energy
It is also known
As Fermentation

In Muscle Cells- During intensive activities,
the oxygen in the muscle tissue is
decreased to an extent that aerobic
respiration does not occur at a sufficient
rate. so, there is a buildup of lactic acid
and your muscles get tired.
C6H12O6 (Glucose) -> 2C3H6O3 (Lactic Acid) + Small amount of
energy
What happens when fermentation
occurs?

Anaerobic vs. Aerobic
Energy Systems
• Anaerobic
– ATP-CP : 10 sec. Or less
– Glycolysis : Few minutes
• Aerobic
– Krebs cycle
– Electron Transport Chain 2 minutes +

100%%Capac
10 sec 30 sec 2 min 5 min +
Energy Transfer Systems and Exercise
Aerobic
Energy
System
Anaerobic
Glycolysis
ATP - CP

Glucose
Pyruvic Acid (2)
Energy H+
Lactic Acid (2)
Acetyl Co-A (2)
CO2 & H+
Krebs
Cycle
CO2
H+
Energy ATP
ATP
Mitochondria
Inter Cellular Fluid
To ETC
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Fatty
Acids
Amino
Acids

VO2 max
• Delivery factors:
– Blood supply (cardiac output, redistribution of
blood flow)
– Carrying capacity (Hb, RBC)
• Extraction factors:
– Muscle mass
– Capillary density

VO2 max
• Measured during maximal exercise
• Incremental test
• Components:
– O2, CO2, VE
• Can be expressed in absolute or relative
terms
– Absolute – l·min-1
or ml·min-1
– Relative - ml·kg-1
·min-1

VO2 max – Fit vs. Less fit
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Minutes
VO2max(ml.
kg-1.
min-1
)
Fit Man
Less Fit Man
VO2 max
VO2 max
Stage I
1.7 mph, 10%
Stage II
2.5 mph, 12%
Stage III
3.4 mph, 14%
Stage IV
4.2 mph, 16%

VO2 max - criteria
• Plateau in O2
• RER ≥ 1.15
• RPE > 17
• No increase in heart rate

VO2 max Quintile Norms - Men
(ACSM, Jackson et al.)
Age Poor Fair Average Good Excellent
20-29 ≤37.1 37.2-41.0 41.1-44.2 44.3-48.2 ≥48.3
30-39 ≤35.5 35.5-38.8 39.0-42.4 42.5-46.8 ≥46.9
40-49 ≤33.0 33.1-36.7 36.8-39.9 40.0-44.1 ≥44.2
50-59 ≤30.2 30.3-33.8 33.9-36.7 36.8-41.0 ≥41.1
60-69 ≤26.5 26.6-30.2 30.3-33.6 33.7-38.1 ≥38.2

VO2 max Quintile Norms - Women
(ACSM, Jackson et al.)
Age Poor Fair Average Good Excellent
20-29 ≤30.6 30.7-33.8 33.9-36.7 36.8-41.0 ≥41.1
30-39 ≤28.7 28.8-32.3 32.4-34.6 34.7-38.6 ≥38.7
40-49 ≤26.5 26.6-29.5 29.6-32.3 32.4-36.3 ≥36.4
50-59 ≤24.3 24.4-26.9 27.0-29.4 29.5-32.3 ≥32.4
60-69 ≤22.8 22.9-24.5 24.6-27.3 27.3-31.2 ≥31.3

Pre-Screening - PAR-Q
• Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire
• Minimum for beginning moderate exercise
program
• Series of Yes/No questions
• If all “No” answers, can begin exercise program
or fitness testing (with caveats regarding
temporary illness, pregnancy, or change in
status)

Splitting of tests
According to applied load:
According to place
a) Maximal (incremental tests)
b) Sub-maximal (usually constant workload)
b) Supra-maximal (Wingate test)
a) Laboratory tests
b) Field tests

Laboratory × field tests
Laboratory tests
Disadvantages:
- Different movement stereotype (rower, canoeist on bicycle?)
- Transformation of results into field conditions
- Accurate determination of load
Advantages:
- Standard laboratory conditions
- Nervousness from new (unknown) conditions

Laboratory × field tests
Field tests
Disadvantages:
- Relatively inaccurate determination of power
- The problem of accurate measurement
- Known conditions – athletic stadium, ice ring, sport hall, etc.
Advantages:
- Identical movement stereotype
- Direct use in training

Maximal × submaximal tests
Maximal tests
- Direct assessment of maximal capacity of organism
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
- Dependence on will and motivation
- Risk factor
- Restriction before competition

Maximal × submaximal tests
Sub-maximal tests
- Safer
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
- Lower dependence on tested person (more comfortable)
- Bigger changes of monitored parameters due to training
- Restriction before competition
- Often based on estimation (presumption) of HRmax, etc.

The conditions in exercise
laboratory
1. Enviroment
2. Equipment
3. Safeness
- Calm (few persons)
- Air circulation (ACE)
- Temperature (18-22˚C), humidity 40-60%
- calibration, functionality
- Emergency (phone number)
- Presence of physician, defibrillator, drogs

The conditions in exercise
laboratory
4. Tested person
- Healthy
- Avoid drinking coffee, alcohol and smoking (at least
12 hours before)
- At least 2 hours after food intake

Bicycle ergometer × treadmill
Bicycle ergometer
- mechanical efficiency 20 – 25%
-W (load) = resistance (mechanical, electromagnetical)
+ revolutions/min (50 – 70)Advantages:
- space, noise, accuracy of set load
- easer and safer making
Disadvantages:
- engagement of smaller muscle mass, lack of familiarity
- lower oxygen consumption, lower HR , etc.
- taking of blood sample, measurement of blood pressure.

Bicycle ergometer × treadmill
Treadmill
- mechanical efficiency no more than 15 %
-W (load) = speed (km/hour) + elevation (%, °)
Advantages:
- natural movement, only one possibility for children
- engagement of most muscle mass
Disadvantages:
- space demands, noise
- risk of fall, problems of measurement of BP and blood sample
- achievement of “real” maximum (higher O2 consumption, HR)

Submaximal Tests Principles
• Heart rate increases in proportion to VO2
during aerobic exercise.
• VO2 max is reached at maximal heart rate.

HR/VO2 Relationship
50
100
150
200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Percent VO2max
HeartRate(b/min)

Types of Submaximal Tests
• Cycle Tests
– YMCA
– Astrand
• Step Tests
– Over 30 exist
• Walking/Running
– 1.5 mile run
– Rockport 1 mile walk
– Many others exist

Laboratory-based Maximal Tests of
Aerobic Fitness
• Goal is to systematically increase exercise
intensity until participant reaches exhaustion.
• VO2max can be measured by open-circuit
spirometry.
– expired gases are measured with metabolic
measurement system.
• VO2max can be estimated from maximal
treadmill time.
– Bruce protocol
– Balke protocol

The Bruce Protocol
Stage Time Speed (mph) Grade (%)
1 1-3 1.7 10
2 4-6 2.5 12
3 7-9 3.4 13
4 10-12 4.2 16
5 13-15 5.0 18
6 16-18 5.5 20
7 19-21 6.0 22

Equation to Estimate VO2 max from Bruce
Protocol Maximal Treadmill Time
VO2 (ml.
kg-1.
min-1
) =
17.50 - (0.30*TT) + (0.297*TT2
) - (0.0077*TT3
)
where TT is maximal treadmill time in minutes,
TT2
is maximal treadmill time squared, TT3
is
maximal treadmill time cubed.

The Balke Protocol
Time (min) Speed (mph) % Grade
1 3.3 0
2 3.3 2
3 3.3 3
• Speed is constant at 3.3 mph
• Elevation increases
• 1% each minute
22 3.3 22

Equation to Estimate VO2 max from
Balke Protocol Maximal Treadmill Time
VO2 (ml.
kg-1.
min-1
) = 14.99 + (1.44*TT)
where TT is maximal treadmill time in
minutes.

Conversion Table to Estimate VO2 max
Time (min) Balke Bruce
2 18.0
3 19.3 19.1
4 20.8 20.6
5 22.2 22.5
6 23.7 24.7
7 25.1 27.3
8 26.5 30.3
9 28.0 33.3
10 29.4 36.5
11 30.9 39.9
12 32.3 43.4
13 33.8 46.9
14 35.2 50.4
15 36.7 53.8
16 38.1 57.2
17 39.5 60.4

Anaerobic Wingate Testing
• Peak power = highest power in any 5 sec.
• Mean power = average power over entire 30
sec. (Watts)
• Fatigue Index = rate of power decrease
from point of peak power to end of test (%)
– 0% = no decrease in power
– 100% means complete decrease in power

Anaerobic Wingate Testing
• Supramaximal – power output that would
require 2-4 times the VO2max
– 60 – 85% of ATP from CP/ATP or glycolytic
• Peak Power – first 2 – 10 seconds
– Major contribution from ATP/CP
• Mean power – over 30 sec.
– Major contribution from glycolytic
– Lactate values from 6 – 15 X resting
– Significant correlation with FT fiber %

Factors Affecting Wingate
• Warm-up seems to improve MP
• Drop in body temp. seems to decrease
anaerobic performance
• Motivation (reward/punishment) seems to
improve performance

Aerobic and anaerobic tests

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