This document discusses different methods for treating and purifying water on both large and small scales. It addresses hardness in water and various processes for removing both temporary and permanent hardness. Methods for purifying water naturally or artificially on a large scale include storage, filtration using slow sand or rapid sand filters, and disinfection through chlorination. Purification on a small scale includes boiling, chemical disinfection using various chlorine sources, and filtration. Specific processes for disinfecting wells are also outlined.

1. HARDNESS
OF
WATER
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2. HARDNESS OF WATER
• SPECIAL TREATMENT—
REMOVAL OF HARDNESS—
[1]Temporary hardness—
1]Boiling.
2]Addition of lime.
3]Addition of sodium carbonate.
4]permutit process.
[2]Permanent hardness—
1]Addition of sodium carbonate.
2]Base exchange process.
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3. PURIFICATION OF WATER
[1]NATURAL METHODS—
1]Evaporation and condensation.
2]Storage and oxidation.
3]Air,Sunlight and oxidation.
4]Filtration through earth.
5]Biological purification
[2]ARTIFICIAL METHODS.
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4. ATRTIFICIAL METHODS
• A] PURIFICARION ON A LARGH
SCALE.
{1}STORAGE.
{2}FILTRATION.
A}Slow sand or biological filters.
B}Rapid sand or mechanical filters.
{3}DISINFECTION.(CHLORINATION).
• B]PURIFICATION ON SMALL SCALE.
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5. ELEMENTS OF SLOW SAND
FILTERS—
• 1]SUPERNATANT (RAW) WATER.
• 2]SAND BED.
• 3]UNDER-DRAINAGE SYSTEM.
• 4]FILTER CONTROL.
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6. RAPID SAND FILTERS—
STEPS—
1]Coagulation.
2]Rapid mixing.
3]Flocculation.
4]Sedimentation.
5]Filtration.
-filter bed.
-filtration.
-back-washing.
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7. CHLORINATION{Disinfection}
• 1]METHODS OF CHLORINATION.
• 2]BREAK POINT OF CHLORINATION.
• 3]SUPERCHLORINATION.
The orthotolidine test. [OT]
The orthotolidine- Arsenite [OTA] test.
OTHER AGENTS-
Ozonation.
Ultraviolet Irradiation.www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in

8. PURIFICATION OF WATER ON SMALL
SCALE—
• 1] HOUSEHOLD PURIFICATION OF WATER.
 BOILING—
 CHEMICAL DISINFECTION-
1]Bleaching powder.
2]Chlorine solution.
3]High test hypochlorite.
4]Chlorine tablets.
5]Iodine.
6]Potassium permanganate.
 FILTRATION.
• 2] DISINFECTION OF WELLS.
STEPS-
 FIND THE VOLUME OF WATER IN A WELL.
 FIND OUT AMOUNT OF BLEACHING POWDER REQUIRED FOR DISINFECTION.
 DISSOLVE BLEACHING POWDER IN WATER.
 DELIVERY OF CHLORINE SOLUTION INTO THE WELL.
 CONTROL PERIOD.
 ORTO-TOLIDINE ARSENITE TEST.
 THE DOUBLE POT METHOD
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9. Thank you
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