Drip irrigation has been used since ancient times but modern drip irrigation began developing in the 19th century. It involves applying water directly to plant roots through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters. Drip irrigation provides several benefits over other methods like flood irrigation - it can increase crop yields by 20-90%, save water by 20-70%, and reduce fertilizer and labor needs. Though initial costs are higher, drip irrigation improves water and energy efficiency. New low-cost systems like pepsee irrigation have also been developed as alternatives to traditional drip irrigation. Micro-drip irrigation using low emitter discharges of less than 1 L/h has been shown to further improve water and fertil
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the amount and quality of irrigation water available in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world are the main limiting factors to the agricultural productivity. Saline-sodic irrigation water, coupled with low annual rainfall and high evapotranspiration in the arid and semi-arid regions, not only results in accumulation of soluble salts in soil solution but also exhibit external signs of salt toxicity in the plants. therefore research works are needed to find the best cultivation conditions for uses of p
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INTRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FERTIGATION
OBJECTIVES OF FERTIGATION IN MICROIRRIGATION
DOSIFICATION
FERTILIZER INJECTION METHODS
- PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL
- VACUUM INJECTION
- PUMP INJECTION
Management Options and Policy Guidelines for Use of Poor Quality Ground water...UTTAM KUMAR
the amount and quality of irrigation water available in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world are the main limiting factors to the agricultural productivity. Saline-sodic irrigation water, coupled with low annual rainfall and high evapotranspiration in the arid and semi-arid regions, not only results in accumulation of soluble salts in soil solution but also exhibit external signs of salt toxicity in the plants. therefore research works are needed to find the best cultivation conditions for uses of p
related to different fertigation systems used in crop..
INTRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FERTIGATION
OBJECTIVES OF FERTIGATION IN MICROIRRIGATION
DOSIFICATION
FERTILIZER INJECTION METHODS
- PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL
- VACUUM INJECTION
- PUMP INJECTION
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Modern irrigation methods
sprinkler irrigation
drip irrigation
pot irrigation
advantages of sprinkler irrigation
advantages of drip irrigation
advantages of pot irrigation
disadvantages of irrigation
disadvantages of sprinkler irrigation
disadvantages of drip irrigation
disadvantages of pot irrigation
advantages of irrigation
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3. Facts
• Heda irrigation has been used since ancient times
• 1866 : Modern drip irrigation began its development in
Afghanistan using clay pipe to create combination
irrigation and drainage systems
• 1913 : E.B. House at Colorado State University succeeded in
applying water to the root zone of plants without raising
the water table
• 1920 : Perforated pipe was introduced in Germany
•
• 1934 : O.E. Nobey experimented with irrigating through
porous canvas hose at Michigan State University
4. Contd…
• 1940 : Use of plastic emitter in drip irrigation developed
• 1959 : First modern technology of drip irrigation was invented
in Israel by Simcha Blass
• 1960 : Drip irrigation spreading to Australia, North America, and
South America
• 1964 : First drip tape, called Dew Hose, was developed by Richard
Chapin
• 1965 : Simcha Blass and Kibbutz Hatzerim founded Netafim with
the concept of drip irrigation
• 1989 : Jain irrigation helped pioneer effective water-management
through drip irrigation in India
5. Introduction
• Application of water through emitters on or below the soil
surface at a small operating pressure of 0.2 to 2.0
kg/cm2) and at a low discharge rate of 1 to 30 L/h per
emitter (Dasburg,1999)
• Drip irrigation is also known as trickle or dribble irrigation
• India is the 2nd largest country adopting this technology
• India stands 27th in terms of degree of adoption of water
saving and yield enhancing micro-irrigation devices
6. Contd…
• At present, around 27 million ha irrigated area is under
drip irrigation while it was only 40 ha in 1960
(NCPAH,2005)
• Maximum coverage has been in States of Andhra
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu,
accounting for nearly 80% of the coverage under drip
irrigation in the country
• Government of Maharashtra was the pioneers in
introducing the drip irrigation technology in the country
7. Types of drip irrigation
Water is applied directly to the soil
surface
Water is applied below the soil
surface
Surface drip irrigation Sub-Surface drip irrigation
8. Coverage of drip irrigation among various crops in India
Orchards
46%
Vegetables
2%
Fibers
5%
PlantationCrops
17%
Others
30%
20. Emitter/Dripper discharge
• Koenig, (1997): emitter
discharges of < 0.5 L/h
resulted in reduced water
consumption of tomato
by 38%, increased yield
by 14 to 26%, and
reduced leaching fraction
by 10 to 40%.
Drip Emitter
Discharge 4 L/h
Drip Emitter
Discharge 2 L/h
Drip Emitter
Discharge 1 L/h
Drip Emitter
Discharge 0.6 L/h
Drip Emitter
Discharge 0.4 L/h
21. Assouline et al., (2002) worked on micro-drip irrigation of
field crops: Effect on yield, water uptake and drainage in
sweet corn
• Emitter discharge (0.25 L/h)
had the highest yield, the
relative water content was
highest in the upper 0.30 m of
the soil profile and lowest in
the 0.60- to 0.90-m layer.
• Phene and Sanders, (1976)
the increase of drip irrigation
frequency, which acts reduce
the gap between water
application and plant needs as
micro-drip irrigation, improves
yields.
23. IntroductionCONCEPT
Low Pressure Drip Irrigation
Performs as conventional
pressurized irrigation – with low
pressure
Pressure throughout system
required and maintained
<0.5Kg/cm2
Low discharge emitters used
More uniform and precise irrigation
Higher agronomic benefits
Huge savings in energy cost
(~ 80-90%)
Low Pressure System
24. GRAVITY
Use the natural head in
topography in canal command
areas
Possible wherever elevation
difference is >6 m
LOW PRESSURE –
PRESSURIZED IRRIGATION
NETWORK SYSTEM
Used when natural head is not
available
Low head pumps used
5 HP pumps irrigate 50 Acres
area
Low Pressure System
25. Micro-tube Irrigation System
• Micro-tube also called spaghetti tubes are small bore
polyethylene tubes, in the range of 1 to 4 mm in internal
diameters, are used as emitters in drip irrigation system
• Small bore tubes can be used as pressure compensating
emitters in drip irrigation system
• Alternative to modern dripping emitters will reduce the
risk of clogging significantly as they have simpler
passages than those emitters (Vermeiren and Jobling,
1980)
26. Bhatnagar et al., (2007) studied on Micro-tube Irrigation For Banana
Cultivation in South Bihar: Participatory Assessment and
Refinement
Findings:
• Better performance with less
discharge variations and cheap
as compared to conventional
system.
• B-C ratio was 1.01 to 1.87 for
var. Alpan and 1.61 to 1.75 for
var. dwarf Cavendish.
27. Pepsee System of Irrigation
• Pepsee system is a low cost alternative of drip irrigation
system (DIS)
• It does not require micro tube or emitter to place water
directly to the root zone instead the lateral, which is
called pepsee
• A light-weight plastic pipes used for making “Pepsee”, is
placed directly to the root zone of the plants
29. Verma et al., (2004) make a comparative technical/financial
evaluation of Pepsee with conventional drip/micro-tube
Findings:
6.67
36.50
13.33
98.33
76.67
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
Energy
saving
High Yield Labour
Saving
Water
saving
Cheaper
than drip
30. Future prospects
• Application efficiency of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI)
can be as high as 100% (Longo et al., 2003)
• Application efficiency of Low Energy Precision
Application (LEPA) applications in Mechanical Move
Irrigation is up to 98% (Longo et al., 2003)
• Automation in micro irrigation
• Integration of canal network with micro irrigation
• Prospects of balancing reservoir
31. Contd…
• Use microirrigation technologies (e.g. drip irrigation,
sprinklers) for water intensive crops such as rice
• Use of solar energy for drip irrigation
• Irrigation Scheduling and fertigation in micro irrigation
• Increase the area under drip irrigation
32. Conclusion
• Initial investment for Pepsee systems is 41% less than the
micro-tubes and 76.67% less than the drip systems, so
therefore, Pepsee systems is most feasible irrigation
technology for farmers at low cost
• Energy, labour, water saving and yields of pepsee irrigation is
comparatively more than micro-tube and drip irrigation
systems
• Lower emitter discharge (micro-drip irrigation) gives better
output than higher emitter discharge
• Subsurface drip and LEPA irrigation has higher irrigation
efficiency than surface drip irrigation, so this is better option to
manage water for future
33. Scheme
• National Mission on Micro Irrigation (NMMI)
• National Horticulture Mission (NHM)
• Horticulture Mission for North East and Himalayan
States (HMNH)
• Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)
• Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil palm and
Maize (ISOPOM)
• National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
