Sub: Rainfed Agriculture and Watershed Management.
Topic: Drought: types, effect of water deficit on physio-morphological characteristics of the plants, Crop adaptation and mitigation to drought
Crop is defined as an “Aggregation of individual plant species grown in a unit area for economic purpose”.
Growth is defined as an “Irreversible increase in size and volume and is the consequence of differentiation and distribution occurring in the plant”.
Simulation is defined as “Reproducing the essence of a system without reproducing the system itself”. In simulation the essential characteristics of the system are reproduced in a model, which is then studied in an abbreviated time scale.
Sub: Rainfed Agriculture and Watershed Management.
Topic: Drought: types, effect of water deficit on physio-morphological characteristics of the plants, Crop adaptation and mitigation to drought
Crop is defined as an “Aggregation of individual plant species grown in a unit area for economic purpose”.
Growth is defined as an “Irreversible increase in size and volume and is the consequence of differentiation and distribution occurring in the plant”.
Simulation is defined as “Reproducing the essence of a system without reproducing the system itself”. In simulation the essential characteristics of the system are reproduced in a model, which is then studied in an abbreviated time scale.
describes the irrigation and irrigation requirements of different crops. this ppt also describes about different methods to measure the soil moisture availability.
Bio-drainage may be defined as “pumping of excess soil water using bio-energy through deep-rooted vegetation with a high rate of transpiration". It consists of AbsorptionTranslocation and Transpiration.
PRECISION FARMING
It is an approach where inputs are utilized in precise amounts to get increased average yields, compared to traditional cultivation techniques. It is also known as precision Agriculture, A science of improving crop yield and assisting management decisions using high technology sensor and analysis tools. It is an approach to farm management that uses information technology (IT).
QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION
GOVARDHAN LODHA
Enroll. No. (160111017)
Department of Agronomy
M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy 2nd semester
Soil moisture characteristic curve is the relationship between the water content and the soil water potential, ψ.
It describes the functional relationship between soil water content and its energy status in terms of its matric potential under equilibrium conditions.
This curve is characteristic for different types of soil.
It is also called the Water retention curve
describes the irrigation and irrigation requirements of different crops. this ppt also describes about different methods to measure the soil moisture availability.
Bio-drainage may be defined as “pumping of excess soil water using bio-energy through deep-rooted vegetation with a high rate of transpiration". It consists of AbsorptionTranslocation and Transpiration.
PRECISION FARMING
It is an approach where inputs are utilized in precise amounts to get increased average yields, compared to traditional cultivation techniques. It is also known as precision Agriculture, A science of improving crop yield and assisting management decisions using high technology sensor and analysis tools. It is an approach to farm management that uses information technology (IT).
QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION
GOVARDHAN LODHA
Enroll. No. (160111017)
Department of Agronomy
M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy 2nd semester
Soil moisture characteristic curve is the relationship between the water content and the soil water potential, ψ.
It describes the functional relationship between soil water content and its energy status in terms of its matric potential under equilibrium conditions.
This curve is characteristic for different types of soil.
It is also called the Water retention curve
Advance Techniques in Micro Irrigation System.pptxhritulgautam
Micro-irrigation can be adopted in all kinds of land, especially where it is not possible to effectively use flooding method for irrigation. It can be maximized with a proper design and operation of the system, although the traditional practices can only go up to 35% WUE. It is said that 40% to 80% of water can be saved using this method. Micro-irrigation can be useful in undulating terrain, rolling topography, hilly areas, barren land and areas having shallow soils.
Need to replace Furrow Irrigation system by Drip Irrigation system to Improve...ijsrd.com
The Aim of this paper is to replace furrow Irrigation system by Drip irrigation system to improve qualitative parameters of cotton crop at its different physiological stages. (Germination, Initial Vegetative, Flowering, Boll development and Maturity).As we are knowing furrow irrigation system requires more water than drip irrigation system. Our region is affected with drought once in every four year. Cotton crop needs continuous water for duration of 140 to 160 days in between May to October. In month of May and June water table is going down and all Water resources are at its bottom level during season of summer.
Portable Centre Pivot Irrigation System with Advanced Control through Sensors...ijtsrd
"Being hailed as the best mechanical development in farming since the substitution of draft creatures by the tractor, focus rotate water system frameworks inundate crops with a noteworthy decrease in both work and water needs contrasted with conventional water system techniques, for example, flood water system. Over the most recent couple of decades, the sending of focus rotate water system frameworks has expanded significantly all through the United States. Sensors, Relay Module, Microcontrollers have been used to meet the creating eagerness for site express water framework using center turn and parallel move water framework structures. Sensors are used to control the activity of the irrigation and portable makes it more easy to carry and easy to handle in any field. Sanjay Kumar | Naveen Kumar | Ayush Goel | Ashwini Mishra | Amul Barnawal | Awanish Kumar Yadav | Ashish Gaur ""Portable Centre Pivot Irrigation System with Advanced Control through Sensors: A Review"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23183.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23183/portable-centre-pivot-irrigation-system-with-advanced-control-through-sensors-a-review/sanjay-kumar"
IMPORTANCE OF MICRONUTRIENT AND BIOFERTILIZERS FOR ENHANCEMENT OF PULSE PRODU...UAS, Dharwad
Pulses occupy a unique position in every system of Indian farming as a main, catch, cover, green manure and intercrop. These are the main source of protein particularly for vegetarians and contribute about 14 per cent of total protein of an average Indian diet. These cover an area of about 23.47 million hectares with an annual production of 18.34 million tones and productivity of 730 kg ha-1 in India (Anon., 2014).
The productivity of pulses continues to be low, as they are generally grown in rainfed areas under poor management conditions and face various kind of biotic and abiotic stresses. Unfavourable weather, low availability of quality seeds, socio-economic factors, weed infestation, less fertile and nutrient deficient soils etc. Among these constraints, recently emerged constraint is micronutrient deficiency which is one of the cause for reduction in yield of pulses. Hence, proper management of micronutrient can enhance the production.
Bio-fertilizers are one of the best modern tools for pulse production. These are cost effective, eco-friendly and renewable source of plant nutrients in sustainable pulse production. These are microbial inoculants which enhance crop production through improving the nutrient supply and their availability.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
3. S.
N
Region Irrigated
area
(m ha)
Irrigated
area
(%)
1 Africa 14.74 4.9
2 America 46.51 15.6
3 Asia 214.41 71.7
4 Europe 23.38 7.8
Total 299.04 100
20 % of the world's croplands are irrigated;
Produce 40 % of the global harvest,
irrigation multiplies yields of most crops by 2 to 5
times.
Source: ICID (2014-1
Irrigated area :62 M ha
Area under sprinkler irrigation : 3.04 M ha
Area under drip irrigation :1.87 M ha
Micro irrigation(DI+SI) :4.94 M ha
% Micro-irrigated area :8.1%
India
4. Per Capita Water Availability in various
countries (000 Cu. M.)
S.
No.
Country Water Availability (000 Cu. M.)
1975 2000 2025
1. China 3.0 2.2 1.9
2. India 3.1 1.9 1.4
3. Pakistan 5.6 2.7 1.0
4. U. K. 1.3 1.2 1.2
5. U. S. A. 11.3 8.9 7.6
6. Bangladesh 15.8 9.4 6.8
7. Nepal 16.4 8.8 5.5
5. Deep percolation
Run off
Evaporation from soil surface
Evaporation
Wind drift
Transpiration from vegetation
Infiltration
Decreased efficiency in conventional irrigation
6. Also called site-specific irrigation
◦ A tool of precision farming that involves the
delivery of irrigation water in optimum
amount over an entire field
◦ New generation of innovative systems to
monitor and control soil moisture deficiency
and irrigation
7. Driving forces
◦ Excessive water application could contribute to
surface water runoff or leaching of nutrients and
chemicals to groundwater
◦ Precision irrigation systems would have the
ability to apply water directly where it is needed,
therefore saving water and preventing excessive
water runoff and leaching
8. Internal reasons
◦ Very few fields are uniform, the need for irrigation
may differ between different zones of a particular
field
◦ Most currently used irrigation systems apply water
at constant rates, therefore some areas of a field
may receive too much water and other areas of a
field may not receive enough water
9. Irrigation scheduling is the heart of precision
irrigation, which simply knows where, when to
irrigate and how much irrigation water to apply
An effective irrigation schedule helps to maximize
profit while minimizing water and energy use
12. ◦ The check-book method is an accounting approach for
estimating how much soil-water remains in the effective root
zone based on water inputs and outputs (like a daily balance
on a bank account based on deposits and withdrawals)
◦ Irrigation is scheduled when the soil-water content in the
effective root zone is near the allowable depletion volume,
otherwise irrigation should be delayed.
Remote sensing
Satellite image and air photo
Infrared thermometry is a more recently developed
technique to determine irrigation timing based on
plant canopy temperature rather than soil moisture
13. Water resources are unlimited.
Water is available at no cost.
More irrigation – more yield.
Head-reach farmers-right to use any quantity of water.
Underground aquifiers supply limitless water.
Supply of irrigation water to the farmers is the duty
of the Government.
Misconceptions about water Resources
14. ➢ Simple and easy to install and configure.
➢ Saving energy and resources, so that it can be utilized in proper way and
amount.
➢ Farmers would be able to smear the right amount of water at the right time
by automating farm or nursery irrigation.
➢ Avoiding irrigation at the wrong time of day, reduce runoff from
overwatering saturated soils which will improve crop performance.
➢ Automated irrigation system uses valves to turn motor ON and OFF.
Motors can be automated easily by using controllers and no need of labor
to turn motor ON and OFF.
➢ It is precise method for irrigation and a valuable tool for accurate soil
moisture control in highly specialized greenhouse vegetable production.
➢ It is time saving, the human error elimination in adjusting available soil
moisture levels.
15. Discovered in Israel.
Drip irrigation is a micro irrigation method
in which the rate of water application is
very low and without any pressure. i.e.,
drop by drop.
Discharge rate of water per dripper is
generally ranges 1-4 liters/hours.
Water flows from the emission points
through the soil by capillarity and gravity. 15
16. 16
Sr.
No.
Country Irrigated
area
(M ha)
Area under Micro-irrigation (M ha)
Sprinkler % Drip % Total %
1 Israel 0.23 0.058 25 0.170 74 0.228 99
2 France 1.58 1.42 90 0.103 7 1.523 97
3 Russia 4.45 3.96 89 0.200 4 4.160 93
4 Saudi Arabia 1.17 0.75 64 0.198 17 0.948 81
5 Spain 3.28 0.89 27 1.172 36 2.062 63
6 USA 21.3 9.80 46 1.209 6 11.01 52
7 South Africa 1.49 0.60 40 0.178 12 0.778 52
8 Brazil 3.44 1.20 35 0.378 11 1.578 46
9 India 60.0 1.71 3 0.850 1 2.300 4
TABLE: COUNTRIES HAVING SIGNIFICANT AREAS UNDER MICRO-IRRIGATION
17. 17
S.No State Up to 2005-06 (ha) 2006-07 (ha) Total (ha)
1 Maharashtra 219696 51597 271293
2 Andhra Pradesh 152227 66258 218485
3 Karnataka 114304 21679 135983
4 Tamil Nadu 116665 12241 128906
5 Gujarat 16686 38314 55000
6 Rajasthan 10025 2653 12678
7 Kerala 10559 848 11407
8 Madhya Pradesh 6483 2751 9234
9 Uttar Pradesh 4609 1633 6242
10 Punjab 4262 1141 5403
11 Haryana 4219 1068 5287
12 Orissa 2036 429 2465
13 Chattisgarh 1979 0 1979
14 Goa 740 8 748
Total 664490 200620 865110
Table : STATUS OF DRIP IRRIGATION COVERAGE IN INDIA
19. Benefits
of Drip
Irrigation
Reduce
Energy
Use
Reduce
Labor
Costs
Reduce
Fertilize
r Use
Reduce
Pesticide
Use
Improve the
Environmen
t
Improve
Flexibilit
y
Reduce
Risk
Improve
Crop
Quality
and
Uniformity
Increase
Yields
Maximize
Water
Use
Efficiency
Reduce
Energy
Use
Reduce
Labor
Costs
Reduce
Fertilize
r Use
Reduce
Pesticide
Use
Improve the
Environment
Improve
Flexibility
Reduce
Risk
Increase
Yields
Income
Quality
Uniformity
Water
Energy
Labor
Fertilizer
Pesticide
Benefits of Drip Irrigation
20. Drip method Flood method
Water saving
High, between 40 and 90 % Less. High rates of
evaporation, surface run off
and percolation
Irrigation efficiency 80 – 90 % 30 - 50 %
Suitable water
Even saline water can be
used
Only normal water can be
used
Efficiency of fertilizer use
Very high since supply is
regulated
Heavy losses due to
leaching
Water logging
nil high
Yield increase 20 - 50% higher than flood
method
Less compared to drip
22. 22
MICRO-SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
In this system small sprinkler like devices called
micro-sprinkler, spray water over soil surface in the
root zone at low pressure.
29. 29
• Micro sprinklers are low capacity water emitters, sprinkler in type,
but smaller in size than the conventional sprinklers and with flow
rates up to 250 l/hr.
• They are placed on a relatively close rectangular or triangular spacing
for the maximum overlap to irrigate potato, carrot, leafy vegetables,
groundnut, onion and other densely planted field crops.
• This method is reliable, highly efficient, and easy to apply, operate
and handle.
• The system is a seasonal, low pressure, micro-irrigation solid
installation which can be easily placed in the field and quickly
removed (collected) at the end of the season.
• It have large orifices cover large area in short time.
• It minimize the hazard of clogging of emitters by way of larger nozzle
orifices.
•
MICRO SPRINKLER
31. 31
MICRO-JET IRRIGATION
Merits-
The water discharge rate of the jets
(liter per hour) which is much higher
than that of the drippers.
The individual micro-jet is able to
wet larger area of ground than a
dripper.
It minimize the hazard of clogging
of emitters by way of larger nozzles.
It has lower application rates.
In micro-jet irrigation system water is ejected as fine jet that
fan out from a series of nozzles over plant canopy and soil
surface at a pressure of nearly one bar.
32. Operating pressure: 1-2 bars
Flow rate: 35-250 litres/hr
Wetting diameter: 3-6 m
Precipitation rate: 2-20 mm/hr
Performance Characteristics of Mirco-Jet
Ref: Pressurized Irrigation Techniques By FAO
35. Subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI) is advancement over surface
drip irrigation.
Defined as application of water below the soil surface through
the emitters, with discharge rates generally in the same range as
surface drip irrigation
Indicates lateral placement below soil surface.
Subsurface Drip Irrigation
36. Reduced evaporation loss
Precise placement of water and chemicals
More efficient water and chemical use
Enhanced plant growth, crop yield and quality
Less interference with cultural operations
Reduced damage due to weed, pest and diseases
Reduced exposure of irrigation equipment to damage
No soil crusting due to irrigation
Advantages of SSDI over surface drip irrigation
43. A. Soil based: Soil moisture
Soil Water Content‐based soil moisture sensors (Capacitance, Neutron
Probe, Gypsum resistance, volumetric)
Tension‐based soil moisture sensors (Tensiometers)
B. Plant based:
Thermocouple / Temperature
Water Potential Gradient
Plant wilting system based
C. Weather based: Humidity and VPD
Irrigation water management sensors
44.
45.
46. IrriWise™
, IrriWise™ Manager continuously collects data from the field, enabling you to
view and analyze data in real time
Innovative wireless technology
50. B. Plant based:
Thermocouple / Temperature
Water Potential gradient (SPAC)
Plant wilting based
51. Leaf temperature based
Sold Over 7,00,000 machines worldwide
Irrigate 70 million acres worldwide
Thermocouple / Temperature
52. No
Sensors
Sensor-
Based
Irrigation
Annualized Revenue $66,297.36 $ 145,505.64
Annualized Production Costs $30,539.11 $50,039.93
Annualized Sensor System Cost $ 0.00 $3,755.24
Annualized Profit $35,758.24 $91,710.47
Annualized Profit per Square Foot $1.79 $ 4.59
Percent Change from Base Case +156%
The system payback was less than one month!