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Adrenal glands
The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys and consist of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone and glucocorticoids like cortisol. The medulla secretes catecholamines such as norepinephrine and epinephrine. The pancreas contains clusters of cells called islets that secrete glucagon and insulin which regulate blood sugar levels. The ovaries and testes are reproductive endocrine glands. The ovaries secrete estrogens and progesterone while the testes secrete testosterone.
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Adrenal glands
- 1. Adrenal Glands Rañola,Anna Patricia Jo
- 2. Aka Suprarenalgland Pyramidal in shape Located superior to each kidney Consist of an outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla
- 3. Adrenal Cortex Subdivided in 3 zones: 1. Zona glomerulosa 2. Zona fasciculata 3. Zona reticularis
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- 6. Aldosterone Regulates homeostasisof two mineral ions: Na+ & K+ Helps adjust blood pressure and blood volume. Promotes excretion of H+
- 7. Renin-angiotensin- aldosterone pathway • Dehydration, Na+ def. or STIMULI hemorrhage • Blood volume and blood DECREASE pressure • Enzyme, renin SECRETION • Juxtaglomerular cells
- 8. • Renin convertsAngiotensinogen,plasma protein, into ANGIOTENSIN 1 CONVERT • Angiotensin-converting enzyme LUNGS • Angiotensin II • Secrete Aldosterone KIDNEYS • Juxtaglomerular cells • Blood volume and pressure INCREASE
- 9. GLUCOCORTICOIDS Synthesized by Zona Fasciculata Affects glucose homeostasis Regulates metabolism and resistance to stress
- 10. GLUCOCORTICOIDS Cortisol, corticosterone andcortisone. Cortisol is most abundant
- 11. Negative Feedback System • Neurosecretory cell in HYPOTHALAMUS • CRH LOW LEVEL • Anterior pituitary • ACTH RELEASE • Zona fasciculata • Secrete glucocorticoid EFFECTOR
- 12. ANDROGEN Synthesized by Zona Reticularis Produce steroid hormones ACTH stimulates secretion Masculinizing effect
- 13. Adrenal Medulla Chromaffincellsare the hormone- producing cell.
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- 15. CATECHOLAMINE Norepinephrine, epineph rine, and small amounts of dopamine.
- 16. NOREPINEPHRINE & EPINEPHRINE • Stressful situations and STIMULI exercise • Sympathetic preganglionic HYPOTHALAMUS neurons in splanchnic nerve CHROMAFFIN • Secretes E and NE CELLS
- 17. NOREPINEPHRINE & EPINEPHRINE Increase blood flow to the heart, liver, and skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue Dilates airways to the lungs Increase blood levels of glucose and fatty acids
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- 19. Pancreas is a flattened organ Located in the curve of the duodenum Consist of a head, body, and tail
- 21. Pancreatic Islets Tinyclustersof endocrine tissue scattered among the exocrine acini
- 22. Cell Types inPancreatic Islets Alpha or A cells 15% of the cells in Pancreatic islets Glucagon β- cells or B cells 80% Insulin δ- cells or D cells 5% Somatostatin
- 23. Regulation of Glucagon andInsulin Secretion •Secretion of glucagon Hypoglycemia •Inhibits insulin secretion •Gluconeogenesis Hepatocytes •Glycogenolysis • Inhibits Hyperglycemia glucagon secretion Secretion of insulin • Glycogenesis • Increase protein synthesis • Lipogenesis • Slow gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
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- 25. Ovaries Sizeand shape resembles that of unshelled almonds Located in the pelvic cavity, one in each side of the uterus Covered by the mesovarium
- 26. Follicular cells Cells that surrounds the ovarian follicles Secrete estrogen Corpus luteum Contains the remnants of mature follicle after ovulation Produces progesterone, estro gen, relaxin, and inhibin
- 27. Hormones and Uses Progesterone Helps prepare the endometrium for implantation Prepare the Mammary glands for milk secretion Estrogen Feminizing sex hormone For the development of oocytes Maintenance of female reproductive structures and Secondary sex characteristics
- 28. Hormones and Uses Relaxin Increases pubic symphysis during pregnancy Dilate uterine cervix during labor and delivery Inhibin Inhibits the production of FSH
- 29. Testes Aka Testicles Paired oval glands Supported by a sac consisting of loose skin called scrotum
- 30. Leydig Cells Aka interstitial cell of leydig or interstitial endocrinocyte Located in the interstitial tissue between the convuluted seminiferous tubules Secretes testosterone
- 31. Testosterone Hypothalamus GnRH Pituitary LH Testes Testosterone
- 32. Testosterone Regulates sperm production Promotes development and maintenance of masculine secondary sex characteristics
Editor's Notes
- #24 Glycogenolysis- glycogen to glucoGluconeogenesis- fatty acid and amino acids to glucose