The adrenal glands are small endocrine glands located above the kidneys that produce hormones. They are composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex produces mineralocorticoids like aldosterone and glucocorticoids like cortisol to regulate salt balance and metabolism. It also produces androgens and estrogen. The medulla releases catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine to help the body respond to stress by increasing heart rate and blood pressure. Together, the hormones of the adrenal glands play an important role in metabolism, immune function, blood pressure regulation, and stress response.

1. By
Mawada Ahmed
Ghadban .
Supervised by
Khaldon Al-Jubory .
Group B.

2. WHAT IS ADRENAL GLAND ?
Adrenal glands, also known as suprarenal
glands, are small, triangular-shaped endocrine
glands that produce a variety of hormones
located on top of both kidneys.
Adrenal glands
Kidneys

3. STRUCTURE OF ADRENAL GLANDS
Adrenal glands are composed of two parts : the
cortex and the medulla which are each responsible
for producing different hormones that help
regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood
pressure, response to stress and other essential
functions.

4. STRUCTURE OF ADRENAL GLANDS
 The adrenal cortex is the outer region and also the largest part of an
adrenal gland. It is divided into three separate zones: zona
glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Each zone is
responsible for producing specific hormones.

5. STRUCTURE OF ADRENAL GLANDS
 The adrenal medulla is located inside the adrenal cortex in the center
of an adrenal gland. It produces “stress hormones,” including
adrenaline.
 The adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla are enveloped in an adipose
capsule that forms a protective layer around an adrenal gland.

6. HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS
 The role of the adrenal glands in your body is to release certain
hormones directly into the bloodstream. Many of these hormones
have to do with how the body responds to stress, and some are vital to
existence.
 Both parts of the adrenal glands — the adrenal cortex and the adrenal
medulla — perform distinct and separate functions and produce
different hormones.

7. ADRENAL CORTEX
HORMONES
 The adrenal cortex produces several hormones the most important are:-
1. Aldosterone :- helps the kidneys control the amount of salt in the blood and
tissues of the body. It is produced in zona glomerulosa.
2. Cortisol :- helps the body manage and use carbohydrates, protein and fat. It
also causes changes in metabolism to help the body manage stress, and it
suppresses the immune system.
3. Androgens :- are male sex hormones. The adrenal glands of both men and
women make androgens, but in different amounts. Androgens help the organs of
the reproductive system grow, develop and function. they also control the
development of male physical traits, such as deep voice, body and facial hair
growth and body shape. Androgens are needed to make estrogen.

8. ADRENAL CORTEX
HORMONES
4. Estrogen is a female sex hormone. It controls female reproduction and
sexual development, including the development of female characteristics
such as the growth of breasts.
Note
Cortisol, androgen and estrogen are produced in
the inner layer (active zone or zona reticularis)
and stored in the middle layer (storage zone or
zona fasciculata ). In times of stress, storage
zone shrinks and the active zone thickens to
secrete more hormones.

9. ADRENAL MEDULLA HORMONES
 The hormones produced by the adrenal medulla are called catecholamines.
They act as hormones and as neurotransmitters (chemical messengers in the
nervous system). They manage the body’s response to stress. The 2 more
important catecholamines are epinephrine and norepinephrine.
1. Epinephrine (adrenaline):- is released during times of short-term stress
such as sudden shock or fear. It increases heart rate, blood pressure and blood
sugar levels.
2. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline):- constricts blood vessels. Like
epinephrine, it increases heart rate, blood pressure and blood sugar levels.
 The adrenal medulla also produces the protein chromogranin A, which is
stored and secreted with epinephrine and norepinephrine.

10. HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS