Parathyroid

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The parathyroid glands are four small glands located behind the thyroid gland, with one at each end of the upper and lower poles of the thyroid. The glands consist of two main cell types: chief cells and oxyphil cells. Chief cells are small polygonal cells that synthesize and secrete parathyroid hormone, which regulates blood calcium levels. Oxyphil cells are larger than chief cells and less numerous.

Health & Medicine Technology

PARATHYROID GLAND ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

PARATHYROID GLANDS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

TYPE OF CELLS ,[object Object],[object Object]

CHIEF CELLS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

OXYPHIL CELLS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

PARATHYROID HORMONE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Structure and function of adrenal glands • Anatomically, the adrenal glands (suprarenal) are located in the thoracic abdomen situated 'on' top of the kidneys one on each side, specifically on their anterosuperior aspect. • They are surrounded by the adipose capsule and the renal fascia • They consist of two parts, The outer cortex The inner medulla. Adrenal Cortex • The adrenal cortex is devoted to the synthesis of corticosteroid hormones from cholesterol. It completes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis The source of cortisol and corticosterone hormones • The cortex is divided into three zones, or layers. • This division is sometimes referred to as ‘functional zonation” Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Adrenal Medulla • The adrenal medulla is the core of the adrenal gland, and is surrounded by the adrenal cortex. • The chromaffin cells of the medulla are the body's main source of the circulating catecholamines, adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine Blood supply to Adrenal Gland • Although variations of the blood supply to the adrenal glands (and indeed the kidneys themselves) are common, there are usually three arteries that supply each adrenal gland: The superior suprarenal artery is provided by the inferior phrenic artery. The middle suprarenal artery is provided by the abdominal aorta. The inferior suprarenal artery is provided by the renal artery • Venous drainage of the adrenal glands is achieved via the suprarenal veins: The right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava. The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein or the left inferior phrenic vein

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HISTOLOGY OF THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLAND Connective tissue component Parenchym atous component Parenchyma is made up of Thyroid follicles Parafollicular cells or C cells INACTIVE THYROID GLAND The follicles are lined by epithelial cell responsible for the synthesis of the glycoprotein component of thyroglobulin Conversion of iodide to iodine Thyroid epithelial cells are simple flat or cuboidal cells ACTIVE THYROID GLAND Active glands have more follicles and their epithelium is tall and columnar PARAFOLLICULAR OR C, CELL Parafollicular cells, derived from neural crest cells larger than follicular cells and Singly or in groups. Cells are polyhedral with oval eccentric nucleus

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The thyroid, or thyroid gland, is an endocrine gland in vertebrates. In humans, it is in the neck and consists of two connected lobes. The lower two thirds of the lobes are connected by a thin band of tissue called the isthmus. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck below the Adam's apple. Microscopically, the functional unit of the thyroid gland is the spherical thyroid follicle, lined with follicular cells (thyrocytes), and occasional parafollicular cells that surround a lumen containing colloid. The thyroid gland secretes three hormones: the two thyroid hormones – triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) – and a peptide hormone, calcitonin. The thyroid hormones influence the metabolic rate and protein synthesis and growth and development in children. Calcitonin plays a role in calcium homeostasis.[1] Secretion of the two thyroid hormones is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland. TSH is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which is produced by the hypothalamus.[2] Thyroid disorders include hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid inflammation (thyroiditis), thyroid enlargement (goitre), thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer. Hyperthyroidism is characterized by excessive secretion of thyroid hormones: the most common cause is the autoimmune disorder Graves' disease. Hypothyroidism is characterized by a deficient secretion of thyroid hormones: the most common cause is iodine deficiency. In iodine-deficient regions, hypothyroidism secondary to iodine deficiency is the leading cause of preventable intellectual disability in children.[3] In iodine-sufficient regions, the most common cause of hypothyroidism is the autoimmune disorder Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

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Parathyroid

1. PARATHYROID GLAND

4. PARATHYROID GLAND

7. CHIEF CELLS RED - Chief Cells

9. OXYPHIL CELLS RED – Oxyphil cells

10.

11. PARATHYROID PRINCIPAL CELLS

12. PARATHYROID PRINCIPAL CELLS

Editor's Notes

A small lobe of parathyroid gland, surrounded by connective tissue septa (S), shows mainly densely packed cords of small principal cells (P), also called chief cells. Older parathyroid glands show increasing numbers of much larger and acidophilic nonfunctional oxyphil cells (O) which may occur singly or in clumps of varying sizes.
PARATHYROID PRINCIPAL CELLS

Parathyroid

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