Adjuvants are added to pesticides to enhance their performance and properties. There are several types of adjuvants including surfactants, oils, stickers, and fertilizers. Surfactants work by reducing surface tension to help pesticides spread and penetrate plant or insect surfaces. Common surfactants include nonionic surfactants and organosilicone surfactants. Oils like crop oils and methylated seed oils also help pesticides penetrate surfaces. Stickers form a waterproof coating to increase pesticide residual time. Adjuvants are either included in pesticide formulations or added to sprays by applicators.
Agricultural Spray Adjuvant Technology
-Sorting Out the Adjuvant Puzzle-
What is an Adjuvant?
Importance of Adjuvants
Adjuvants Are Classified Into Four Categories
adjuvant image
company which provide adjuvant
Which adjuvant do I use with which herbicide?
The Influence of Adjuvants on Herbicide Performance
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR): A novel strategy for plant protection.mohd younus wani
Exclusive reliance on pesticides, fungicides and herbicides resulted in pesticide and herbicide, resistance, pest resurgence, residues, environmental pollution. Plants have developed various resistance mechanisms to help them adapt to pathogen and insect attack (Jones and Dangl, 2006). Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a form of induced resistance that is activated throughout a plant after being exposed to elicitors from virulent, avirulent, or nonpathogenic microbes, or artificial chemical stimuli such as chitosan or salicylic acid (SA) (Gozzo and Faoro, 2013).It is a mechanism of induced defense that confers long-lasting protection against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. SAR requires the signal molecule salicylic acid (SA) and is associated with accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins, which contribute resistance to the plants.
They can be used as fungicide alternative without any threat of developing resistance and being safe and ecofriendly (Najar et al, 2010). The elicitor, β-Amino butyric acid induces greater systemic resistance to mulberry in addition to enhancement in biochemical parameters and NPK contents of mulberry leaves (Mazal, 2014).Therefore, in order to control the diseases of mulberry without adverse effect on environment, humans and silkworms health attention needs to be given to promote SAR chemicals. A model needs to be framed to promote the use of these chemicals in order to make sericulture more profitable. This is an ecofriendly approach of disease and pest management. The chitinase genes of mulberry induced by insect wounding and fungal infection, suggesting that these chitinases help the mulberry plant to cope with the challenges from insects and fungi (Wang et al., 2015). Jasmonic acid (JA) is an important plant defense signal mediating resistance to herbivores.
Presently disease control is largely depends on the use of fungicides, bactericides and insecticides. The hazardous nature of these chemicals on the environment, human health and silkworm strongly necessitates the search for new, harmless means of disease control.Induced resistance like SAR can diminish the use of toxic chemicals for disease control and thus could be proposed as an alternative, non-biocidal, ecologically-friendly approach for plant protection and hence for sustainable Sericulture. Induced resistance is increased expression of Natural defense mechanisms against different pathogens provoked by external factors of various types. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a "whole-plant" resistance response and can be distinguished from other disease resistant responses by both the spectrum of pathogen protection and the associated changes with gene expression.
Agricultural Spray Adjuvant Technology
-Sorting Out the Adjuvant Puzzle-
What is an Adjuvant?
Importance of Adjuvants
Adjuvants Are Classified Into Four Categories
adjuvant image
company which provide adjuvant
Which adjuvant do I use with which herbicide?
The Influence of Adjuvants on Herbicide Performance
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR): A novel strategy for plant protection.mohd younus wani
Exclusive reliance on pesticides, fungicides and herbicides resulted in pesticide and herbicide, resistance, pest resurgence, residues, environmental pollution. Plants have developed various resistance mechanisms to help them adapt to pathogen and insect attack (Jones and Dangl, 2006). Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a form of induced resistance that is activated throughout a plant after being exposed to elicitors from virulent, avirulent, or nonpathogenic microbes, or artificial chemical stimuli such as chitosan or salicylic acid (SA) (Gozzo and Faoro, 2013).It is a mechanism of induced defense that confers long-lasting protection against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. SAR requires the signal molecule salicylic acid (SA) and is associated with accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins, which contribute resistance to the plants.
They can be used as fungicide alternative without any threat of developing resistance and being safe and ecofriendly (Najar et al, 2010). The elicitor, β-Amino butyric acid induces greater systemic resistance to mulberry in addition to enhancement in biochemical parameters and NPK contents of mulberry leaves (Mazal, 2014).Therefore, in order to control the diseases of mulberry without adverse effect on environment, humans and silkworms health attention needs to be given to promote SAR chemicals. A model needs to be framed to promote the use of these chemicals in order to make sericulture more profitable. This is an ecofriendly approach of disease and pest management. The chitinase genes of mulberry induced by insect wounding and fungal infection, suggesting that these chitinases help the mulberry plant to cope with the challenges from insects and fungi (Wang et al., 2015). Jasmonic acid (JA) is an important plant defense signal mediating resistance to herbivores.
Presently disease control is largely depends on the use of fungicides, bactericides and insecticides. The hazardous nature of these chemicals on the environment, human health and silkworm strongly necessitates the search for new, harmless means of disease control.Induced resistance like SAR can diminish the use of toxic chemicals for disease control and thus could be proposed as an alternative, non-biocidal, ecologically-friendly approach for plant protection and hence for sustainable Sericulture. Induced resistance is increased expression of Natural defense mechanisms against different pathogens provoked by external factors of various types. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a "whole-plant" resistance response and can be distinguished from other disease resistant responses by both the spectrum of pathogen protection and the associated changes with gene expression.
The concept of gene for gene hypothesis was first developed by Flor in 1956 based on his studies of host pathogen interaction in flax, for rust caused by Melampsora lini. The gene for gene hypothesis states that for each gene controlling resistance in the host, there is corresponding gene controlling pathogenicity in the pathogen. The resistance of host is governed by dominant genes and virulence of pathogen by recessive genes. The genotype of host and pathogen determine the disease reaction. When genes in host and pathogen match for all loci, then only the host will show susceptible reaction. If some gene loci remain unmatched, the host will show resistant reaction. Now gene – for –gene relationship has been reported in several other crops like potato, sorghum, wheat, etc. The gene for gene hypothesis is also known as “Flor Hypothesis.”
The concept of gene for gene hypothesis was first developed by Flor in 1956 based on his studies of host pathogen interaction in flax, for rust caused by Melampsora lini. The gene for gene hypothesis states that for each gene controlling resistance in the host, there is corresponding gene controlling pathogenicity in the pathogen. The resistance of host is governed by dominant genes and virulence of pathogen by recessive genes. The genotype of host and pathogen determine the disease reaction. When genes in host and pathogen match for all loci, then only the host will show susceptible reaction. If some gene loci remain unmatched, the host will show resistant reaction. Now gene – for –gene relationship has been reported in several other crops like potato, sorghum, wheat, etc. The gene for gene hypothesis is also known as “Flor Hypothesis.”
Liquid dosage forms: Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms. Excipients used in formulation of liquid dosage forms. Solubility enhancement techniques
Surfactants in Cosmetics talks about the multiple uses for surfactants and how they are made for cosmetics.
http://www.naturesgardencandles.com/candlemaking-soap-supplies/item/surfact/-surfactants-in-cosmetics.html
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
1. An adjuvant are also called auxilary (supplementary) spray
materials is a inert material added to a pesticide product or
pesticide spray mixture to enhance the pesticide’s
performance and/ or the physical properties of the spray
mixture
1. Surfactants,
2. Spreader stickers,
3. Crop oils,
4. Anti-foaming materials,
5. Buffering agents,
6. Compatibility agents.
7. Deposition agents
8. Drift control agents, and thickeners
* not required to be registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
ADJUVANTS
2. Manufacturers have established a voluntary program that provides oversight
on the production of adjuvants. Two organizations are involved with this
program.
ASTM International( American Society for Testing and Materials),
develops and publishes technical standards and terminology.
The Council of Producers and Distributors of Agrotechnology (CPDA), is
an organization of inert ingredient and adjuvant manufacturers that
provides legislative and regulatory support to their industry. They have
also developed minimum standards that must be met to receive CPDA
certification.
Adjuvants can be defined by how they are combined with pesticides in these
two ways:
1. Formulation adjuvants are already included as part of the pesticide
product by the manufacturer when it is made.
2. Spray adjuvants are separate products that are added to a pesticide
spray solution by the applicator.
3.
4.
5.
6. Activator Adjuvants
Activator adjuvants are designed to improve the “activity" of the
pesticide, typically by increasing its absorption rate and
reducing the surface tension on the leaf.
Activator adjuvants include
Surfactants,
Oils, and
Nitrogen-based fertilizers.
7. Surfactants
Surfactants are adjuvants that facilitate and improve the
emulsifying, dispersing, spreading, wetting, or other
surface modifying properties of liquids.
The molecules on the surface of a water droplet are held
together with more force than those of the interior water
molecules. This causes surface tension, which can prevent
many things from going into solution and getting wet.
Surfactants overcome surface tension. Most surfactants
have a water-loving polar head (hydrophilic head) and
water-hating non-polar tail (hydrophobic tail)
Eg Polyethylene oxide condensate; esters of fatty acids
and flour
8. Surfactants
Surfactants (whose name comes from “surface acting agents") physically change
the properties of the spray solution and droplets. They help improve the
pesticide’s ability to emulsify, disperse, spread, and stick by reducing surface
tension (Figure 1).
Leaf surfaces, as well as pesticides, have a molecular charge. A surfactant’s charge,
or lack of charge, will determine how it bonds to a pesticide, which in turn affects
how the pesticide will bond to the leaf surface. The goal of this process is to
reduce surface tension, which increases a spray droplet’s ability to remain in
contact with the leaf surface longer, allowing more pesticide to be absorbed. The
types of surfactants are based on their molecular, or ionic, charge (Chart 1).
Effectiveness is based on environmental conditions, features of the target plant,
and interactions between the pesticide, surfactant, and carrier.
Fig1: Flattened droplet
spreads on waxy leaf
surface due to surfactant
increasing both surface
area and absorption
Activator Adjuvants
9. Representation of Surface Tension in a Liquid. Molecules at the surface of water experience
a net attraction to other molecules in the liquid, which holds the surface of the bulk sample
together. In contrast, those in the interior experience uniform attractive forces.
10. The interacting charges of water molecules (oxygen represented in blue -
negatively charged and hydrogen represented in red - positively charged).
11. Surfactants/Wetting agents
Surfactants are adjuvants that reduce surface tension within
the external surface layers of water.
Surface-active agents in particular increasingly important
because they can produce a whole range of effects influencing
application,
Emulsion stability,
wetting and sticking performance,
Rainfastness, penetration through the cuticle
Surfactants (spreaders, stickers, emulsifiers, wetting agents) increase surface
contact, reduce runoff, and increase leaf penetration
13. Water beads and how they are affected by surfactants.
The lower the surface tension in a pesticide solution, the better the pesticide
coverage, allowing more pesticide to reach its target
14. These components of a surfactant molecule help break water
surface tension, allowing the pesticide to be more evenly
dispersed on a surface and to reach its target.
When water molecules come into contact with unlike substances,
several things may happen.
If the substances have a similar charge, the two forces repel each
others. If they have different charges, the two forces will attract
each other. If there are no charges, there will be no reaction.
Water, when placed on most hydrophobic surfaces, will bead. This
beading is caused by surface tension, and this surface tension can
be reduced by the addition of surfactants
15.
16. There are four different types of surfactants:
Anionic Surfactants are negatively charged, and enhance foaming and other
spreading properties. For example, shampoo for hair contains sodium or
ammonium laureth sulfate, which is the preferred anionic surfactant for hair.
Using an anionic surfactant in the greenhouse can cause problems with sprayers
that have an agitator, or any system where the foam could disrupt water flow or
pump suction.
Cationic Surfactants are positively charged, and are often very toxic to plants as
they can disrupt membrane ion balance. Cationic surfactants are not widely used
for pest control, but they are more commonly used in heavy-duty cleaning
compounds. Don’t grab a bottle of engine wash surfactant used to clean the
tractor and add it to your pesticides when spraying Easter lilies. The results can
be devastating.
17. Amphoteric Surfactants are unusual in that they will form either a positive or
negative charge in water, depending upon the pH of the solution. Their use in
horticulture crop protection is rare. These products are used very specifically to
match the properties of specific pesticide formulations to carrier components or
other materials, and are generally not available for use in the greenhouse as a
stand-alone product.
Nonionic Surfactants do not have a charge in solution and are the most commonly
used surfactants for the agriculture . Most commonly used type of surfactant and
typically recommended for use with most registered pesticides -- Help with spray
droplet retention, spreading, and penetration of leaf surfaces -- Composed of
alcohols and/or fatty acids and are compatible with most pesticides -- Pesticidal
activity can be quite different than if an anionic or cationic surfactant was added
eg: Fatty acids and petroleum products
A newer group of surfactants is being used in place of or in addition to traditional
nonionic surfactants:
Organosilicone surfactants: reduce surface tension, increase spreading ability of
spray droplets, and improve rainfastness (the ability of a compound to resist
removal or wash-off due to rain and other environmental effects. i.e amount of
time needed between pesticide application and rainfall)
18.
19. Non-ionic surfactants are mostly based on EO, and are usually
referred to as ethoxylated surfactants. Tadros
(2005) distinguishes the following classes:
•alcohol ethoxylates
•alkyl phenol ethoxylates
•fatty acid ethoxylates
•monoalkaolamide ethoxylates
•sorbitan ester ethoxylates
•fatty amine ethoxylates
•ethylene oxide–propylene oxide copolymers (also known as
polymeric surfactants).
20. Oil followed by dish wash Horticultural oil damage to pansy flower and foliage.
Nonionic surfactant damage to pansy (Viola effect of excess soil wetting agent on pansy
21.
22. Stickers /adhesives
Materials which increase the adhesion of fungicides to host
surfaces
Stickers increases the tenacity and increases the residual action
To provide a water proof coating
* Many of the stickers contain (AAPOE) as their principal
functioning agent and are sold as spreader sticker .
Eg polyethylene, resins, polymentenes or other water proofing
agents.
Deflocculating Agents
Materials which keep particles away from each other to prevent flocculation to
ensure dispersion and to retard setting of a solid within a liquid are called
defloculating agents
Eg, gelatine, various plant gums, milk products
23. Spreaders
A spreader adjuvant allows the spray droplet to spread over a
larger area of the target compared to a droplet with no
spreader.
Used in contact sprays eg. Soap and flour
Emulsifiable oil activators
Petroleum oil increases the penetration of pesticides
through waxy layer of cuticle on leaf surface thus
increases the penetration
24. Oils
The three types of oil-based adjuvants include crop oils, crop oil concentrates, and
methylated seed oils. They increase the penetration of spray droplets and help
reduce surface tension.
Crop oils are generally made of 95 to 98 percent paraffin or naphtha-based
petroleum oil and 1 to 2 percent surfactant/emulsifier. Crop oils promote the
penetration of a pesticide spray either through a plant’s waxy cuticle or an
insect’s tough, chitinous shell. Traditional crop oils are more commonly used for
insect and disease control and rarely with herbicides.
Crop oil concentrates (COCs) are made up of 80 to 85 percent emulsifiable
petroleum-based oil and 15 to 20 percent nonionic surfactant. Crop oil
concentrates have the penetration properties of oil and the spreading
properties of a surfactant. They also help make some of the less-soluble
herbicides more soluble in water.
Methylated seed oils (MSOs) are made up of 80 to 85 percent crop-derived seed
oil (cotton, linseed, soybean, or sunflower oil) and 15 to 20 percent nonionic
surfactant. To improve their performance, many MSOs have undergone a
process called esterification, which changes a seed oil’s characteristics, so it is
attracted to and can be dissolved in water. MSOs work in the same manner as
traditional crop oil concentrates by increasing the pesticide’s ability to penetrate
the target pest.
Activator Adjuvants
25. 3.Nitrogen-based Fertilizers
The use of nitrogen-based fertilizers, such as ammonium sulfate or urea
ammonium nitrate, as adjuvants has been shown to help improve
herbicide activity when used in the spray solution.
Nitrogen fertilizers may replace some adjuvants, but they are usually
included as part of the tank mixture with a surfactant and a crop oil
concentrate when used with systemic pesticide products.
Many fertilizer-based adjuvants are available in liquid form, which are
easier to mix and provide more consistent results. Fertilizers should
only be used with herbicides when recommended by the label.
Activator Adjuvants
26. Special-Purpose or Utility Adjuvants
Special-purpose adjuvants minimizes the affect of physical variables of spray
solution thus improves the efficiency of the pesticides .
One group of special-purpose adjuvants modifies the physical characteristics
of the spray solution and includes products such as
Compatibility agents,
Buffering and conditioning agents,
Defoaming agents,
Deposition agents (stickers), and
Drift control agents.
The second type of special-purpose adjuvants helps minimize application
problems and includes products such as
Foam markers,
Tank cleaners, and
Colorants.
Carefully follow product label directions before adding any adjuvant to a spray
mix.
27. Compatibility Agents
Pesticides are commonly mixed with liquid fertilizers or other pesticides.
However, some combinations can be physically or chemically incompatible, which
may cause clumps to form or products to separate in the spray tank. As a result,
incompatible mixtures can clog the pump and hoses, resulting in expensive
cleanup and repairs. Using a compatibility agent may eliminate these problems. A
“jar test” (Chart 2) can help determine the stability of the mixture.
28. Chart 2: Jar Test for Compatibility of Pesticide Mixtures
Always wear personal protective equipment (PPE) when pouring or mixing pesticides, even for this
simple test. To conduct a jar test, use a clear quart jar and add proportionate amounts of all the
products to be mixed into the spray tank. When a liquid fertilizer is to be used as a carrier, many
herbicide labels recommend using two jars for this test—one with and one without a compatibility
agent.
Step 1. Measure 1 pint of water (or carrier solution) into a clear quart jar. Use the same water source
that will be used for making the tank mixture.
Step 2. Add proportionate amounts of each product as planned for the tank mixture, one at a time,
in the order referenced on the label, or if not listed on the label, add ingredients in the following
order. Stir the mixture each time a product has been added.
Compatibility, buffering, or defoaming agents (if needed)
Wettable powders, dry flowables, water-dispersible granule products
Flowables, liquids, microencapsulated products
Solutions, soluble powder products
Remaining adjuvants, such as surfactants or crop oils (if needed)
Emulsifiable concentrates
Step 3. Shake the jar vigorously and allow it to stand for at least 15 minutes before looking for signs
of incompatibility. The mixture is probably not compatible if a scum forms on the surface, the
mixture separates, solids form and settle to the bottom (except for wettable powders), or clumps or
gels form. Also look for other signs of a chemical reaction, such as heat or strong odors. Do not use a
mixture that gives off heat, which is determined by feeling the jar. A strong odor indicates that a
chemical reaction has occurred, changing the product’s chemical properties. If a compatibility
problem occurs, dispose of the mixture according to the pesticide product label.
Finally, if no signs of incompatibility appear, put the pesticide test mixture into the spray tank. Rinse
all jars and devices used for measuring, pour the rinse water (rinsate) into the spray tank, and then
apply to a labeled site. Do n
29. Buffering and Conditioning Agents
Most herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides perform best in slightly acidic water
that has a pH range of 4.0 to 6.5, with an ideal range of 5.5 to 6.5.
Pesticide solutions with a pH level above 7.0 are at greater risk of degrading or
breaking down. In some cases, a pesticide that is stable in water and has a pH
level of 5.0 can lose half of its effectiveness in as little as 15 minutes if the water’s
pH is 9.0.
Acidifier adjuvants lower the pH of the water in the spray tank, although they do
not necessarily maintain that pH level at a constant rate. Buffers tend to stabilize
the pH at a relatively constant level.
Conditioning or water-softening agents reduce problems caused by hard water.
Minerals found in hard water, especially calcium and magnesium ions, bind with
the active ingredients of some pesticides, which may decrease their performance.
Before using a buffer or conditioning agent, consider the specific requirements for
the pesticide and test the water for pH and hardness.
I . Utility Adjuvants
30. Drift Control Agents
Drift is a function of droplet size, wind speed, and height of the spray boom.
Small droplets (with diameters of 150 microns or smaller) tend to drift from
targeted application sites. Drift retardants or deposition aids improve on-target
placement of pesticide sprays by increasing the average size of droplets. These
adjuvants bind water molecules together to form larger spray droplets. Spray drift
is defined as the movement of a spray solution to an area other than the
intended site of application.
Thickeners, as the name suggests, increase the viscosity (density) of spray
mixtures. These adjuvants are used to control drift or slow evaporation of spray
droplets after the spray has been applied. Slowing evaporation is important
when using systemic pesticides because it increases the time in which they
can be absorbed by the plant.
Defoaming Agents
Defoaming agents are added to the spray tank to control or reduce the formation
of foam in the tank. Foam is created when air bubbles form as a result of spray
tank agitation, along with the type of surfactant used to formulate the pesticide
Utility Adjuvants
31. Foam Markers
Foam markers are adjuvants designed to produce a foam mark when used with
special equipment, so the applicator knows where the product has been applied.
This helps the applicator avoid skipping areas and/or overlapping areas already
sprayed.
Tank Cleaners
As the name implies, tank cleaners are designed to clean spray tanks.
Commercial tank cleaners are adjuvants designed to work with water and oil-
soluble pesticides. These products are often recommended on pesticide labels.
Colorants
Colorants are used to change the color of spray solutions, so applicators can
easily see areas that have already been sprayed.
Suspension Agents
These products extend the amount of time a pesticide will remain suspended in
the mixture. If agitation is stopped for a time, this product aids in resuspending
the mixture when agitation is restarted.
II. Utility Adjuvants
32. First and foremost, read the pesticide label.
Use only adjuvants manufactured and marketed for agricultural or horticultural uses. Do
not use industrial products or household detergents with pesticides because they may
interfere with or reduce pesticide performance.
Be aware that some adjuvants may be more toxic than the pesticide. Choose the least toxic
adjuvant that meets your needs.
Pesticide labels seldom mention specific brands of adjuvants but rather the general type of
adjuvant, such as nonionic surfactant, crop oil, or defoaming agent. However, if the
pesticide label lists a specific brand of adjuvant, that brand must be used. Any substitution
would be a violation of the label.
Miracle adjuvants do not exist. Ignore claims such as “keeps spray equipment clean" or
“causes better root penetration."
Always buy high-quality, name-brand products from a reputable dealer.
Adjuvant recommendations may change due to changes in pesticide formulations, newly
labeled tank mixes and premixes, and changes in application technology and procedures.
Always read the label every time a pesticide product is used.
Using an adjuvant is not always necessary. Knowing when not to use an adjuvant is just as
important as knowing when to use one. Some pesticide labels may state that an adjuvant
should not be used with that particular product. If the label does not mention an adjuvant,
the manufacturer’s research may have shown no benefits—or even the occurrence of
adverse effects—from using an adjuvant.
Guidelines to Choose the Right Adjuvant
33. Factors that can impact the rainfast period
Time of occurrence of rainfall after application: A good general rule is that a
period of 3 to 6 hours without rain after an application is needed for systemic
fungicides to penetrate the leaf tissues and for protectant fungicides to stick to
leaf surface.
intensity of rainfall : some fungicides like chorothalonil (e.g. BRAVO®
WEATHERSTIK®) and azoxystrobin (e.g. AMISTAR®) may actually benefit from light
rain (rainfall that does not result in droplets running off the plant) by improving
the redistribution of the fungicide over more of the plant surface.
RAINFASTNESS
Rainfastness period : The time period after application at which rainfall or irrigation has
the least impact on the performance of the product.
the time needed between an application and a rain event for the product to maintain
its effectiveness when compared to the same product applied in the absence of rain”
Rainfast may be defined as: the effectiveness of a fungicide application after a rain
event.