This document discusses botanical pesticides and their extraction and use. Some key points:
- Many plant families contain bioactive compounds with pesticidal properties, including myrtle, laurel, citrus, mint, sunflower, carrot, cypress, grass, ginger and pepper families.
- Common botanical pesticides include nicotine, rotenone, sabadilla from plants in the first generation, and synthetic pyrethroids and azadirachtin in the second generation.
- To extract compounds, plants are dried, ground, and extracted with organic solvents targeting specific compounds like azadirachtin from neem.
- Botanical pesticides biodegrade rapidly
This document provides an overview of herbal drug technology and processing. It discusses 5 units covering topics like herbs as raw materials, nutraceuticals, herbal cosmetics, evaluation of drugs, and the herbal industry. It describes the definitions of key terms and outlines the various steps involved in processing herbal materials, including selection, identification, cultivation, primary processing techniques like drying, and secondary processing techniques like aging and extraction. The goal of processing is to ensure quality and maximize the therapeutic benefits of herbal medicines.
Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of Thymus capitatus Essential Oil (EO)...IIJSRJournal
Pathogenic bacteria recently turned to be increasingly resistant to the most commonly used antibiotics, thus it becomes an essential need to find another active component that participates in controlling pathogens harms. Thymus capitatus is an endemic aromatic medical plant wildly distributed in the Libyan Green Mountain; therefore, T. capitatus extracted essential oil was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity. T. capitatus was chemically analyzed to determine the antimicrobial active components using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric techniques (GC/MS). The plant represented twenty-one chemical compounds including Alpha-thujenes, Gamma-terpinen, Carvacrol, Thymol, Trans-caryophyllene, Aroma dendrene, Alpha-humulene, Ledene, Gamma cadinene, Delta-cadinene, (-)-spathulenol, Caryophullene oxid, Alpha cadinol, Iso aromadrene epoxide, Cis-alpha bisabolene, Vulgarol B, 2-ethyl-4-methyl anisole, Hexanoic acid, oct-3-en-zylester, Phenol l, 2, 3, 5, 6 tetramethyl and Anisole. The antimicrobial activity of T. capitatus aromatic essential oil (EO) was analyzed on several types of pathogens using serial aromatic oil dilutions including (50%, 25%, 13%, 6% and 3%). The results showed 50% oil dilution is the most effective concentration for all tested pathogens including Escherichia coli 7839 ATCC; Klebsiella pneumoniae 700603 ATCC; Staphylococcus aureus 12973 ATCC and Enterococcus faecalis 12697 ATCC with an average diameter of inhibition zone was 28 mm. The same oil concentration (50%) showed antimicrobial effect against pathogenic bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection including S. saprophyticus, E. faecalis, E. coli; and K pneumonia with an average diameter of inhibition zone was 26 mm. Our study may contribute to initial knowledge and would help to discover substances with potential therapeutic uses.
Ujjwal Mandal presents on the cultivation, collection, processing, preservation, and storage of important medicinal plants. Key points discussed include:
1. Medicinal plants are cultivated using sexual propagation from seeds or asexual propagation from vegetative parts. Factors like altitude, temperature, rainfall, soil properties, and fertilizers impact cultivation.
2. After cultivation, plants are collected and processed which may involve drying, cutting, or packing. Proper drying prevents microbial growth.
3. Storage of crude drugs requires packaging to protect from moisture, microbes, and rodents. Properties of each plant guide appropriate storage and packaging methods.
4. Ashwagandha and tulsi are
Cultivation,collection, processing,Preservation and Storage of Important Medi...Ujjwal Mandal
Ujjwal Mandal presents on the cultivation, collection, processing, preservation, and storage of important medicinal plants. Key points discussed include:
1. Medicinal plants are cultivated using sexual propagation from seeds or asexual propagation from vegetative parts. Factors like altitude, temperature, rainfall, soil properties, and fertilizers impact cultivation.
2. After cultivation, plants are collected and processed which may involve drying, cutting, or packing. Proper drying prevents microbial growth.
3. Storage of crude drugs requires packaging to protect from moisture, microbes, and rodents. Properties of each plant guide appropriate storage and packaging.
4. Ashwagandha and tulsi are discussed
Preparation & evaluation of topical formulation from the extract of rhizomes ...AishwaryaPhutane2
This document discusses the preparation and evaluation of a topical formulation from the extract of rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus. The rhizomes were extracted with ethanol using Soxhlet extraction. A scrubbing soap was prepared using the extract and other herbal ingredients. The soap was then evaluated for various physicochemical parameters such as pH, moisture content, and foam height. The soap exhibited good cleaning and exfoliating properties. Therefore, the topical formulation from C. rotundus rhizome extract was successfully prepared and evaluated.
This document discusses natural pesticides and their uses. It defines pests and pesticides, and describes two methods of pest control - natural and artificial. Several natural pesticides are mentioned that are derived from plants and used as insecticides, including pyrethrum, tobacco, neem, derris, sabadilla, ryania, and nuxvomica. Each plant is identified by its biological source and chemical constituents. Their uses as insecticides to control agricultural pests are outlined.
This document provides an overview of herbal drug technology and processing. It discusses 5 units covering topics like herbs as raw materials, nutraceuticals, herbal cosmetics, evaluation of drugs, and the herbal industry. It describes the definitions of key terms and outlines the various steps involved in processing herbal materials, including selection, identification, cultivation, primary processing techniques like drying, and secondary processing techniques like aging and extraction. The goal of processing is to ensure quality and maximize the therapeutic benefits of herbal medicines.
Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of Thymus capitatus Essential Oil (EO)...IIJSRJournal
Pathogenic bacteria recently turned to be increasingly resistant to the most commonly used antibiotics, thus it becomes an essential need to find another active component that participates in controlling pathogens harms. Thymus capitatus is an endemic aromatic medical plant wildly distributed in the Libyan Green Mountain; therefore, T. capitatus extracted essential oil was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity. T. capitatus was chemically analyzed to determine the antimicrobial active components using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric techniques (GC/MS). The plant represented twenty-one chemical compounds including Alpha-thujenes, Gamma-terpinen, Carvacrol, Thymol, Trans-caryophyllene, Aroma dendrene, Alpha-humulene, Ledene, Gamma cadinene, Delta-cadinene, (-)-spathulenol, Caryophullene oxid, Alpha cadinol, Iso aromadrene epoxide, Cis-alpha bisabolene, Vulgarol B, 2-ethyl-4-methyl anisole, Hexanoic acid, oct-3-en-zylester, Phenol l, 2, 3, 5, 6 tetramethyl and Anisole. The antimicrobial activity of T. capitatus aromatic essential oil (EO) was analyzed on several types of pathogens using serial aromatic oil dilutions including (50%, 25%, 13%, 6% and 3%). The results showed 50% oil dilution is the most effective concentration for all tested pathogens including Escherichia coli 7839 ATCC; Klebsiella pneumoniae 700603 ATCC; Staphylococcus aureus 12973 ATCC and Enterococcus faecalis 12697 ATCC with an average diameter of inhibition zone was 28 mm. The same oil concentration (50%) showed antimicrobial effect against pathogenic bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection including S. saprophyticus, E. faecalis, E. coli; and K pneumonia with an average diameter of inhibition zone was 26 mm. Our study may contribute to initial knowledge and would help to discover substances with potential therapeutic uses.
Ujjwal Mandal presents on the cultivation, collection, processing, preservation, and storage of important medicinal plants. Key points discussed include:
1. Medicinal plants are cultivated using sexual propagation from seeds or asexual propagation from vegetative parts. Factors like altitude, temperature, rainfall, soil properties, and fertilizers impact cultivation.
2. After cultivation, plants are collected and processed which may involve drying, cutting, or packing. Proper drying prevents microbial growth.
3. Storage of crude drugs requires packaging to protect from moisture, microbes, and rodents. Properties of each plant guide appropriate storage and packaging methods.
4. Ashwagandha and tulsi are
Cultivation,collection, processing,Preservation and Storage of Important Medi...Ujjwal Mandal
Ujjwal Mandal presents on the cultivation, collection, processing, preservation, and storage of important medicinal plants. Key points discussed include:
1. Medicinal plants are cultivated using sexual propagation from seeds or asexual propagation from vegetative parts. Factors like altitude, temperature, rainfall, soil properties, and fertilizers impact cultivation.
2. After cultivation, plants are collected and processed which may involve drying, cutting, or packing. Proper drying prevents microbial growth.
3. Storage of crude drugs requires packaging to protect from moisture, microbes, and rodents. Properties of each plant guide appropriate storage and packaging.
4. Ashwagandha and tulsi are discussed
Preparation & evaluation of topical formulation from the extract of rhizomes ...AishwaryaPhutane2
This document discusses the preparation and evaluation of a topical formulation from the extract of rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus. The rhizomes were extracted with ethanol using Soxhlet extraction. A scrubbing soap was prepared using the extract and other herbal ingredients. The soap was then evaluated for various physicochemical parameters such as pH, moisture content, and foam height. The soap exhibited good cleaning and exfoliating properties. Therefore, the topical formulation from C. rotundus rhizome extract was successfully prepared and evaluated.
This document discusses natural pesticides and their uses. It defines pests and pesticides, and describes two methods of pest control - natural and artificial. Several natural pesticides are mentioned that are derived from plants and used as insecticides, including pyrethrum, tobacco, neem, derris, sabadilla, ryania, and nuxvomica. Each plant is identified by its biological source and chemical constituents. Their uses as insecticides to control agricultural pests are outlined.
This document provides an overview of a book on extraction technologies for medicinal and aromatic plants. It includes a table of contents showing 14 chapters written by various contributors on different extraction techniques such as maceration, percolation, distillation, chromatography, and supercritical fluid extraction. The preface discusses how extraction is the first step in processing medicinal and aromatic plants to produce extracts, essential oils, and other products. It describes various traditional and advanced extraction methods and emphasizes the importance of using appropriate technologies to produce high quality extracts for industrial and international market needs.
The study analyzed the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Hyptis suaveolens seed oil from Uttarakhand, India. GC-MS analysis found the oil contains high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid and oleic acid. Disc diffusion and dilution broth assays found the oil had antimicrobial activity against bacteria like Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungi like Candida tropicalis, with minimum inhibition concentrations of 0.125 mg/ml. The oil showed potential as a natural antibiotic but further studies are needed to understand its mode of action.
Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essentialChina
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the essential oils of Pulicaria inuloides and Ocimum forskolei plants for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified the major chemical components in each oil. P. inuloides oil had higher total phenol content and stronger antioxidant effects in DPPH and β-carotene bleaching assays than O. forskolei oil. P. inuloides oil inhibited the growth of all test microbes except two bacteria, while O. forskolei oil only inhibited a yeast. Minimum inhibitory concentration testing found P. inuloides oil was most effective against E. coli bacteria. Overall, P. inuloides essential
This document provides a review of the chemical composition and medicinal significance of Ageratum conyzoides, a plant commonly known as billygoat weed. It discusses that A. conyzoides contains several phytoconstituents including terpenes, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. Pharmacological studies have found that extracts and compounds from A. conyzoides have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and other medicinal properties. The review summarizes some of the major compounds that have been identified in A. conyzoides, including terpenes like β-caryophyllene. It aims to compile information on the chemical composition and therapeutic applications of
Chemical Composition And Acridicid Properties Of The Moroccan Tanacetum Annuu...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Herbs as raw materials.ppt by Dr.U.Srinivasa, Professor and Head, Srinivas Co...SrinivasUmmanabad
This document discusses herbs and herbal materials used as raw materials in herbal medicine. It defines what an herb is from a pharmacological perspective and distinguishes medicinal herbs from botanical terms. The document outlines the key differences between herbal and conventional medicines. It also describes the various types of herbal materials, preparations, and finished products that can be made from herbs. Finally, it discusses the important steps involved in the selection, identification, processing and production of herbal raw materials.
In vitro Shoot Micro Propagation of Medicinal Applications and Ornamental Val...Shafkat Shamim Rahman
This document summarizes research on micropropagation of the ornamental plant Cestrum nocturnum through tissue culture. Shoot tip explants from C. nocturnum were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium with various concentrations of plant growth regulators. The highest number of shoots formed with benzyladenine at 1.5 mg/L. Microshoots were rooted successfully using indole-3-butyric acid and indole-3-acetic acid. Over 90% of plantlets survived after hardening and acclimatization. The protocol supports mass propagation of C. nocturnum for horticultural and industrial uses.
Herbicides – Definition – Advantages & Limitations of Herbicide usage in Indi...yogavardhang
This document provides an overview of herbicides including:
1. It defines herbicides as chemicals that kill or inhibit plant growth.
2. It discusses the historical development of herbicides from common salts to modern synthetic herbicides like 2,4-D.
3. It covers the objectives, advantages, and disadvantages of herbicide use in agriculture. Advantages include labor savings while disadvantages include potential environmental contamination.
4. The document outlines herbicide nomenclature, labeling requirements, classification based on chemical structure and selectivity, and examples of commonly used herbicides in India.
Herbicides – Definition – Advantages & Limitations of Herbicide usage in Indi...yogavardhang
Herbicides – Definition – Advantages & Limitations of Herbicide usage in India – Nomenclature of Herbicides commercially available herbicides in india etc
Herbicides – Definition – Advantages & Limitations of Herbicide usage in Indi...yogavardhang
This document discusses herbicide classification and commonly available herbicides in India. It describes how herbicides can be classified based on their chemical nature, selectivity, mode of action, residual action in soil, spectrum of weed control, and time and method of application. The document also provides examples of herbicide classification groups and lists many commonly used herbicide trade names and active ingredients available in the Indian market.
This document discusses crude drugs, which are defined as vegetable or animal drugs that have undergone only collection and drying processes. Crude drugs come from plant, animal, marine, and mineral sources and are used as medicines, pharmaceutical aids, in cosmetics, and more. The document covers classification of crude drugs, methods of collection, drying, and storage, evaluation of crude drugs, and the importance of crude drugs and their products.
This document provides a review of the chemical composition and medicinal significance of the plant Ageratum conyzoides. It discusses the plant's traditional uses in treating numerous ailments like wounds, inflammation, and more. The review summarizes the plant's main phytochemical constituents like terpenes, flavonoids, and sterols. It also discusses some of the plant's pharmacological activities that have been studied, such as its analgesic, antifungal, and insecticidal properties. The review concludes that while many traditional uses of A. conyzoides have been validated, further characterization of active compounds is still needed.
Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals using GC–MS in Leaf Ethanolic Extr...ijtsrd
Tragia involucrata is belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae common medicinal herb in Southern India. In the present investigation, air died powdered ethanol extracts of Tragia involucrata leaf sample was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry GC–MS to identify the important phytochemical constituents. The GC MS analysis has shown the presence of 43 active compounds in the leaf extract. Based on area percentage, the top five major compounds present in the ethanolic extract were Palmitic acid 13.39 , 7Z,10Z,13Z 7,10,13 Hexadecatrienal 11.44 , 3beta,24s Stigmast 5 En 3 One 8.10 , Pipeline 7.37 and Friedelan 3 one 6.01 . The GC MS analysis of selected leaf extract proved that the presence of various bioactive compounds. These bioactive compounds justify, the use of this plant to treat various diseases by traditional practitioners. Kalaivanan M | A. Saravana Ganthi | M. Padma Sorna Subramanian "Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals using GC–MS in Leaf Ethanolic Extract of Tragia Involucrata L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43651.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biochemistry/43651/identification-of-bioactive-phytochemicals-using-gc–ms-in-leaf-ethanolic-extract-of-tragia-involucrata-l/kalaivanan-m
This research article studied the anti-microbial properties of Spermacoce hispida seed oil. S. hispida seeds were extracted using petroleum ether, methanol, and water. Characterization of the seed oils found parameters like specific gravity and iodine value were within standards. Anti-microbial testing found the methanolic extract showed more activity against bacteria and fungi than other extracts. The methanolic extract had a greater zone of inhibition against organisms like E. coli and B. subtilis compared to other extracts. Overall, the study extracted and characterized S. hispida seed oil and found the methanolic extract had improved anti-microbial effects.
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of aqueous and ...Premier Publishers
Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) is a plant which has been used for a long time as traditional medicine for household remedy against various human ailments from antiquity. To evaluate the scientific basis for the use of Azadirachta indica, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the dried leaves of the plant were subjected to phytochemical screening and determination of anti-microbial activity on six different species of bacteria and a fungus. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of dried powdered leaves of the plant was done using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the concentrated extracts was evaluated by determination of the diameter of zone of inhibition against the microorganisms using agar well diffusion method. The Phytochemical screening of the test plant revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glucosides, phenols, resins, tannins, terpenes and steroids. Although, both plant extracts had antimicrobial effects against the test organisms, the aqueous extracts were found to show greater anti-microbial effect than ethanolic extract. Thus, the mean diameter zones of inhibition ranged from 0.03mm-40.00mm for aqueous extract and 0.50mm-21.00mm for ethanolic extract at the highest concentration of 50mg/ml. The finding of this study supports the use of neem leaf in the treatment of various microbial infections by alternative systems of medicine.
This document summarizes a study that isolated eugenol acetate from Myrtus communis L. essential oil and evaluated its antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to identify eugenol acetate in the essential oil. Disk diffusion and microdilution assays showed the essential oil had broad antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 25-100 μg/ml. The essential oil also exhibited high antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assays. A toxicity test of eugenol acetate on human blood was negative.
B428 study on pharmacog. standardizationMustafa Khan
This document summarizes research on the pharmacognostic standardization and antioxidant activity of Vitis vinifera L. seeds. Microscopic analysis of the seeds showed structures like testa, tegmen, endospermic cells, embryonal axis and endospermic cells. Physicochemical evaluation found the total ash to be 4.15% w/w and moisture content to be 15.76% w/w. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, resins, lipids, phenolics and flavonoids. The seeds were found to have significant antioxidant activity, with total phenolic content of 780毺g/mg and an IC50 value of 5.
Phytochemical analysis of the selected five plant extractsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the phytochemical composition of extracts from five Kenyan plant species: Sonchus luxurians, Ocimum americanum, Bridelia micrantha, Croton megalocarpus, and Aloe secundiflora. The plants were extracted using hexane, dichloromethane/methanol, and water. Tests identified various chemical constituents in the extracts including alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, reducing sugars, steroids, flavonoids, and catecholics. Catecholics were the most common constituent found. The study concludes the plant extracts show potential as candidates for drug development due to the presence of compounds like sapon
Ayurvedic concept of cultivation,collection, preservation of Medicinal PlantsBidhan Mahajon
This document provides information on Ayurvedic herbal cultivation and processing standards. It discusses:
1. The current export market for Ayurvedic medicines, with 60% being crude herbs and 30% finished products.
2. Ten commonly exported medicinal plants and their active chemical constituents.
3. Factors to consider for proper herbal cultivation and processing, including climate, soil type, harvesting time, drying and storage methods.
4. The importance of quality control, standardization, and preserving traditional knowledge while expanding the global Ayurvedic industry.
Diseases of vegetable and spice crops.pptxMadhuJ16
This document discusses several plant pathogenic bacteria, including Xanthomonas, Erwinia, and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria which causes bacterial spot on tomatoes. It provides details on the taxonomy, morphology, host range, symptoms, and management of these bacteria. It also discusses the role of type III effectors secreted by Xanthomonas in manipulating plant processes to cause disease.
This document describes laboratory experiments conducted to identify the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans, which causes angular leaf spot disease of cucumber. Key steps included isolating the bacteria from diseased leaf lesions, observing its colony morphology on nutrient agar, conducting biochemical tests to identify it as P. syringae, and proving its pathogenicity by inducing symptom development when inoculated onto healthy seedlings. The experiments aimed to properly identify the causal agent of angular leaf spot of cucumber.
This document provides an overview of a book on extraction technologies for medicinal and aromatic plants. It includes a table of contents showing 14 chapters written by various contributors on different extraction techniques such as maceration, percolation, distillation, chromatography, and supercritical fluid extraction. The preface discusses how extraction is the first step in processing medicinal and aromatic plants to produce extracts, essential oils, and other products. It describes various traditional and advanced extraction methods and emphasizes the importance of using appropriate technologies to produce high quality extracts for industrial and international market needs.
The study analyzed the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Hyptis suaveolens seed oil from Uttarakhand, India. GC-MS analysis found the oil contains high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid and oleic acid. Disc diffusion and dilution broth assays found the oil had antimicrobial activity against bacteria like Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungi like Candida tropicalis, with minimum inhibition concentrations of 0.125 mg/ml. The oil showed potential as a natural antibiotic but further studies are needed to understand its mode of action.
Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essentialChina
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the essential oils of Pulicaria inuloides and Ocimum forskolei plants for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified the major chemical components in each oil. P. inuloides oil had higher total phenol content and stronger antioxidant effects in DPPH and β-carotene bleaching assays than O. forskolei oil. P. inuloides oil inhibited the growth of all test microbes except two bacteria, while O. forskolei oil only inhibited a yeast. Minimum inhibitory concentration testing found P. inuloides oil was most effective against E. coli bacteria. Overall, P. inuloides essential
This document provides a review of the chemical composition and medicinal significance of Ageratum conyzoides, a plant commonly known as billygoat weed. It discusses that A. conyzoides contains several phytoconstituents including terpenes, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. Pharmacological studies have found that extracts and compounds from A. conyzoides have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and other medicinal properties. The review summarizes some of the major compounds that have been identified in A. conyzoides, including terpenes like β-caryophyllene. It aims to compile information on the chemical composition and therapeutic applications of
Chemical Composition And Acridicid Properties Of The Moroccan Tanacetum Annuu...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Herbs as raw materials.ppt by Dr.U.Srinivasa, Professor and Head, Srinivas Co...SrinivasUmmanabad
This document discusses herbs and herbal materials used as raw materials in herbal medicine. It defines what an herb is from a pharmacological perspective and distinguishes medicinal herbs from botanical terms. The document outlines the key differences between herbal and conventional medicines. It also describes the various types of herbal materials, preparations, and finished products that can be made from herbs. Finally, it discusses the important steps involved in the selection, identification, processing and production of herbal raw materials.
In vitro Shoot Micro Propagation of Medicinal Applications and Ornamental Val...Shafkat Shamim Rahman
This document summarizes research on micropropagation of the ornamental plant Cestrum nocturnum through tissue culture. Shoot tip explants from C. nocturnum were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium with various concentrations of plant growth regulators. The highest number of shoots formed with benzyladenine at 1.5 mg/L. Microshoots were rooted successfully using indole-3-butyric acid and indole-3-acetic acid. Over 90% of plantlets survived after hardening and acclimatization. The protocol supports mass propagation of C. nocturnum for horticultural and industrial uses.
Herbicides – Definition – Advantages & Limitations of Herbicide usage in Indi...yogavardhang
This document provides an overview of herbicides including:
1. It defines herbicides as chemicals that kill or inhibit plant growth.
2. It discusses the historical development of herbicides from common salts to modern synthetic herbicides like 2,4-D.
3. It covers the objectives, advantages, and disadvantages of herbicide use in agriculture. Advantages include labor savings while disadvantages include potential environmental contamination.
4. The document outlines herbicide nomenclature, labeling requirements, classification based on chemical structure and selectivity, and examples of commonly used herbicides in India.
Herbicides – Definition – Advantages & Limitations of Herbicide usage in Indi...yogavardhang
Herbicides – Definition – Advantages & Limitations of Herbicide usage in India – Nomenclature of Herbicides commercially available herbicides in india etc
Herbicides – Definition – Advantages & Limitations of Herbicide usage in Indi...yogavardhang
This document discusses herbicide classification and commonly available herbicides in India. It describes how herbicides can be classified based on their chemical nature, selectivity, mode of action, residual action in soil, spectrum of weed control, and time and method of application. The document also provides examples of herbicide classification groups and lists many commonly used herbicide trade names and active ingredients available in the Indian market.
This document discusses crude drugs, which are defined as vegetable or animal drugs that have undergone only collection and drying processes. Crude drugs come from plant, animal, marine, and mineral sources and are used as medicines, pharmaceutical aids, in cosmetics, and more. The document covers classification of crude drugs, methods of collection, drying, and storage, evaluation of crude drugs, and the importance of crude drugs and their products.
This document provides a review of the chemical composition and medicinal significance of the plant Ageratum conyzoides. It discusses the plant's traditional uses in treating numerous ailments like wounds, inflammation, and more. The review summarizes the plant's main phytochemical constituents like terpenes, flavonoids, and sterols. It also discusses some of the plant's pharmacological activities that have been studied, such as its analgesic, antifungal, and insecticidal properties. The review concludes that while many traditional uses of A. conyzoides have been validated, further characterization of active compounds is still needed.
Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals using GC–MS in Leaf Ethanolic Extr...ijtsrd
Tragia involucrata is belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae common medicinal herb in Southern India. In the present investigation, air died powdered ethanol extracts of Tragia involucrata leaf sample was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry GC–MS to identify the important phytochemical constituents. The GC MS analysis has shown the presence of 43 active compounds in the leaf extract. Based on area percentage, the top five major compounds present in the ethanolic extract were Palmitic acid 13.39 , 7Z,10Z,13Z 7,10,13 Hexadecatrienal 11.44 , 3beta,24s Stigmast 5 En 3 One 8.10 , Pipeline 7.37 and Friedelan 3 one 6.01 . The GC MS analysis of selected leaf extract proved that the presence of various bioactive compounds. These bioactive compounds justify, the use of this plant to treat various diseases by traditional practitioners. Kalaivanan M | A. Saravana Ganthi | M. Padma Sorna Subramanian "Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals using GC–MS in Leaf Ethanolic Extract of Tragia Involucrata L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43651.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biochemistry/43651/identification-of-bioactive-phytochemicals-using-gc–ms-in-leaf-ethanolic-extract-of-tragia-involucrata-l/kalaivanan-m
This research article studied the anti-microbial properties of Spermacoce hispida seed oil. S. hispida seeds were extracted using petroleum ether, methanol, and water. Characterization of the seed oils found parameters like specific gravity and iodine value were within standards. Anti-microbial testing found the methanolic extract showed more activity against bacteria and fungi than other extracts. The methanolic extract had a greater zone of inhibition against organisms like E. coli and B. subtilis compared to other extracts. Overall, the study extracted and characterized S. hispida seed oil and found the methanolic extract had improved anti-microbial effects.
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of aqueous and ...Premier Publishers
Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) is a plant which has been used for a long time as traditional medicine for household remedy against various human ailments from antiquity. To evaluate the scientific basis for the use of Azadirachta indica, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the dried leaves of the plant were subjected to phytochemical screening and determination of anti-microbial activity on six different species of bacteria and a fungus. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of dried powdered leaves of the plant was done using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the concentrated extracts was evaluated by determination of the diameter of zone of inhibition against the microorganisms using agar well diffusion method. The Phytochemical screening of the test plant revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glucosides, phenols, resins, tannins, terpenes and steroids. Although, both plant extracts had antimicrobial effects against the test organisms, the aqueous extracts were found to show greater anti-microbial effect than ethanolic extract. Thus, the mean diameter zones of inhibition ranged from 0.03mm-40.00mm for aqueous extract and 0.50mm-21.00mm for ethanolic extract at the highest concentration of 50mg/ml. The finding of this study supports the use of neem leaf in the treatment of various microbial infections by alternative systems of medicine.
This document summarizes a study that isolated eugenol acetate from Myrtus communis L. essential oil and evaluated its antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to identify eugenol acetate in the essential oil. Disk diffusion and microdilution assays showed the essential oil had broad antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 25-100 μg/ml. The essential oil also exhibited high antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assays. A toxicity test of eugenol acetate on human blood was negative.
B428 study on pharmacog. standardizationMustafa Khan
This document summarizes research on the pharmacognostic standardization and antioxidant activity of Vitis vinifera L. seeds. Microscopic analysis of the seeds showed structures like testa, tegmen, endospermic cells, embryonal axis and endospermic cells. Physicochemical evaluation found the total ash to be 4.15% w/w and moisture content to be 15.76% w/w. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, resins, lipids, phenolics and flavonoids. The seeds were found to have significant antioxidant activity, with total phenolic content of 780毺g/mg and an IC50 value of 5.
Phytochemical analysis of the selected five plant extractsAlexander Decker
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3. Plant families that have been used as sources of bioactive
compounds with activity against important crop pests
include
Myrtaceae,
Lauraceae,
Rutaceae,
Lamiaceae,
Asteraceae,
Apiaceae,
Cupressaceae,
Poaceae,
Zingiberaceae
Piperaceae,
Liliaceae,
Apocynaceae,
Solanaceae,
Caesalpinaceae,
4.
5. Current Botanicals in Use and Their Mode of Action
The botanical pesticides could be divided into two
generations:
The 1st generation included
Nicotine,
Roteno
Sabadilla,
Ryania,
Pyrethrum
Plant essential oils;
2nd generation Botanicals
Synthetic Pyrethroids and
Azadirachtin, as well Potential
New Botanicals as stated by Regnault-Roger et al. (2005) in the book:
Biopesticides of plant origin
6. The major stages included in acquiring quality bioactive
molecule are
The selection of an appropriate solvent,
1. Extraction methods,
2. Phytochemical screening procedures
3. Fractionation methods, and
4. Identification techniques.
The essential of these methods and the exact road map
followed solely depends on the research design.
Solvents commonly used in extraction of medicinal
plants are
Polar solvent: water, alcohols
Intermediate polar :acetone, dichloromethane and
Nonpolar hexane, ether, chloroform.
7. In general, extraction procedures
include
Maceration,
Digestion,
Decoction,
Infusion,
Percolation,
Soxhlet extraction,
Superficial extraction,
Ultrasound-assisted, and microwave-
assisted extractions.
8. Fractionation and purification of phytochemical
substances are achieved through application of various
chromatographic techniques such as
paper chromatography,
thin-layer chromatography,
gas chromatography, and
high-performance liquid chromatography.
Finally, compounds obtained are characterized using
diverse
identification techniques
such as mass spectroscopy,
infrared spectroscopy,
ultraviolet spectroscopy, and
nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Subsequently, different methods described above can be
grouped and discussed according to the intended
biological testing
9. vi) Nature of constituents:
a) If the therapeutic value lies in non-polar constituents, a non-
polar solvent may be used. For example, lupeol is the active
constituent of Crataeva nurvala and, for its extraction,
hexane is generally used. Likewise, for plants like Bacopa
monnieri and Centella asiatica, the active constituents are
glycosides and hence a polar solvent like aqueous methanol
may be used.
b) If the constituents are thermolabile, extraction methods like
cold maceration, percolation and CCE are preferred.
c) For thermostable constituents, Soxhlet extraction (if
nonaqueous solvents are used) and decoction (if water is the
menstruum) are useful.
d) Suitable precautions should be taken when dealing with
constituents that degrade while being kept in organic
solvents, e.g. flavonoids and phenyl propanoids.
10. Nature of constituents:
d.In case of hot extraction, higher than required
temperature should be avoided. Some glycosides are
likely to break upon continuous exposure to higher
temperature.
e. Standardization of time of extraction is important, as
Insufficient time means incomplete extraction.
f. If the extraction time is longer, unwanted constituents
may also be extracted. For example, if tea is boiled for
too long, tannins are extracted which impart
astringency to the final preparation.
g.The number of extractions required for complete
extraction is as important as the duration of each
extraction.
11. Parameters for Selecting an Appropriate Extraction Method
i) Authentication of plant material should be done before performing
extraction. Any foreign matter should be completely eliminated.
ii) Use the right plant part and, for quality control purposes, record
the age of plant and the time, season and place of collection.
iii) Conditions used for drying the plant material largely depend on
the nature of its chemical constituents.
Hot or cold blowing air flow for drying is generally preferred. If a
crude drug with high moisture content is to be used for extraction,
suitable weight corrections should be incorporated.
iv) Grinding methods should be specified and techniques that
generate heat should be avoided as much as possible.
v) Powdered plant material should be passed through suitable sieves
to get the required particles of uniform size.
12.
13. The plant parts are dried and ground into fine powder and
extracted with organic solvents that will maximize
extraction of the targeted compounds (Chougule and
Andoji, 2016).
Some of the botanical compounds with pesticidal activity
that have successfully been isolated and commercialized
include
Azadiractin from neem (Azadirachta indica)
Pyrethrin from pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium)
Other plants with pesticidal properties include
Garlic (Allium sativum),
Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis),
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) ).
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. Natural biodegradation of botanical pesticide
The biological nature of botanical pesticides makes their
degradation swift and therefore, do not accumulate in the
environment such as in water and soils therefore
eliminating chances of pollution .
Their exposure to air, sunlight, moisture and high
temperatures is enough to break down their constituents
Thymol, a compound found in Thymus vulgaris, Satureja
hortensis, Zataria multiflora and Piper nigrum takes about
28 hours to degrade under sunlight and about 8 days in
soils (Liu et al., 2016)
The half-life of azadirachtin, isolated from neem
(Azadirachta indica), is between one and two days in crops
and soil respectively .
Storage of plant extracts such as neem under sunlight
degrades their effectiveness as pesticides, indicating that
they degrade just as fast after application
Pyrethrum-based insecticides last for only few hours
after application under field conditions
24. Bacteria species reported to degrade pyrethroids,
carbamates, organophosphates and
organochlorine pesticides include
Bacillus,
Serratia,
Pseudomonas,
Spingobium, Aerobacter,
Escherichia, Ochrobactrum,
Arthrobacter,
Flavobacterium,
Brevibacillus,
Sphingobacterium and Streptomyces
25. Factors Affecting Use of Botanical Pesticides
1. Raw material availability
2. Standardization of botanical extracts
containing a complex mixture of active
constituents
3. Solvent types,
4. Plant species and part of plant
5. Rapid degradation
6. State registration
7. Market opportunities for botanical pesticides
8. Weather conditions
26. Challenges in adoption of botanical pesticides.
Despite availability of proof of efficacy of botanical
pesticides against a wide range of crop pests, they are
still not well represented in the pesticide market.
Commercialization of botanical pesticides is
dependent on availability of the source plants in large
quantities and the plants should be readily cultivated.
The source plants are either grown for other uses
such as food, medicinal, shade, ornamental or growing
naturally.
27. Neem Products (Azadirachtin)
Two types of botanical pesticides can be obtained from
seeds of the Indian neem tree, Azadirachta indica
(Meliaceae) (Schmutterer 1990, 2002).
Neem oil, obtained by cold-pressing seeds, can be
effective against soft-bodied insects and mites but is also
useful in the management of phytopathogens.
Apart from the physical effects of neem oil on pests and
fungi, disulfides in the oil likely contribute to the bioactivity
of this material (Dimetry et al. 2010; Dimetry 2012).
More highly valued than neem oil are mediumpolarity
extracts of the seed residue after removal of the oil, as
these extracts contain the complex triterpene azadirachtin .
Neem seeds actually contain more than a dozen
azadirachtin analogs, but the major form is azadirachtin and
the remaining minor analogs likely contribute little to
overall efficacy of the extract.
28. Neem Products (Azadirachtin)
Seed extracts include considerable quantities of other
triterpenoids, notably salannin, nimbin, and derivatives
The role of these other natural substances has been
controversial (El-Sayed 1982– 1983a, b), but most evidence
points to azadirachtin as the most important active principle
(Isman et al. 1996).
Neem seeds typically contain 0.2–0.6% azadirachtin by
weight, so solvent partitions or other chemical processes
are required to concentrate this active ingredient to level
10–50% seen in the technical grade material used to
produce their products (Sallena 1989; Schmutterer 1990).
33. In vitro evaluation of fresh extracts of botanicals against A.porri by
poison food technique (Fresh )
34. In vitro evaluation of fresh extracts of botanicals against A.porri by poison food
technique (boiled )
35. Sl.
No
Botanicals/plant
products
% inhibition of mycelial growth (fresh extract)
% inhibition of mycelial growth(boiled extract)
Concentration (%)
Mean
Concentration (%)
Mean
5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
1
Cinnamon bark
extract
13.25 a b
(21.16)
20.28 a b
(26.71)
22.22 a b
(27.52)
34.44 a b
(35.75
22.29
(27.79)
6.83 a b
(15.14)
10.50 a b
(18.89)
14.45 a b
(22.29)
33.33 a b
(35.17)
16.28
(22.8
8)
2
Clerodendron
leaf extract
10.50 a b
(18.86)
18.13 a b
(25.18)
24.44 a b
(30.51)
31.28 a b
(33.96)
21.43
(27.13)
2.77 a b
(9.55)
9.50 a b
(17.94)
13.88 a b
(21.78)
30.90 a b
(33.72)
14.26
(20.7
5)
3 Garlic extract
42.33 a b
(40.51)
52.50 a b
(46.41)
88.50 a b
(70.18)
100.00 a
b
(81.87)
73.71
(66.71)
3.17 a b
(10.19)
5.95 a b
(14.06)
9.17 a b
(17.60)
19.44 a b
(26.14)
9.43
(17.0
0)
4 Neem oil
50.47 a b
(45.25)
65.83 a b
(54.21)
72.22 a b
(57.46)
76.94 a b
(57.46)
64.63
(53.6)
10.33 a
b
(18.72)
15.47 a b
(23.11)
21.33 a b
(27.49)
28.17 a b
(32.04)
18.83
(25.3
4)
5 Pongamia oil
35.03 a b
(36.26)
43.61 a b
(41.31)
55.55 a b
(48.0)
66.94 a b
(54.88)
50.22
(45.11)
17.42 a
b
(24.65)
24.46 a b
(29.62)
26.33 a b
(30.85)
32.92 a b
(34.99)
25.28
(30.0
3)
6
Turmeric
rhizome extract
8.29 ab
(16.72)
10.33 a b
(18.72)
12.50 a b
(20.63)
17.31 a b
(24.56)
11.59
(19.64)
3.50 a b
(10.76)
6.74 a b
(15.03)
11.50 a b
(19.79)
15.45 a b
(22.99)
9.30
(17.1
4)