This document discusses adenomyosis, including its definition, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, and treatment options. Adenomyosis is defined as the benign invasion of endometrial glands and stroma into the myometrium. It most commonly presents in women aged 30-45 with symptoms like dysmenorrhea, heavy menstrual bleeding, and dyspareunia. Diagnosis can be made using ultrasound, MRI, or biopsy. Treatment involves conservative management, medical therapy like progestins or GnRH agonists, or surgical options such as hysterectomy or uterine-sparing procedures.

1. ADENOMYOSIS

2.  Defination
 Etio_pathogenesis
 Clinical classification
 Symptoms and signs
 Diagnostic modalities
 Medical treatment
 Surgical treatment

3. INTRODUCTION:
 Rokitansky: first described the existence of ectopic
endometrium in musculature of uterine wall in 1860 under
the name adenomyoma.
 Von Recklinghausen in 1896: adenomyoma when
extension is circumscribed lesion ,adenomyosis when
extension is diffuse.
 Term adenomyosis …by Frankl in 1925

4. Defination by BIRD (1972):
 Benign invasion of endometrium into myometrium
producing diffusely enlarged uterus,which
microscopically exhibits ectopic,non-
neoplastic,endometrial glands and stroma surrounded by
hyperplastic and hypertrophic myometrium.

5.  Some investigators define adenomyosis as presence of
endometrial glands & stroma to depth of atleast one third of
uterine wall thickness.
GRADING OF ADENOMYOSIS :
MOLITORS CRITERIA :
According to depth of penetration :
Grade I : inner 1/3 rd of myometrium.
Grade II : middle 1/3 rd of myometrium.
Grade III : outer 1/3 rd of myometrium.
GRADING OF BIRD et al :
Mild : 1-3 glands / LPF
Moderate : 4-9 glands / LPF
Severe : > 9 glands / LPF

6. PREVALENCE :
 1% of all patients
 5 – 8% to 40 – 70 % of all uterine specimens.(Azziz 1989).
 8 – 62 % depending on criteria used for diagnosis &
thoroughness with which excised uterine tissue is studied. (
Teeland).
 Souza et al detected discrete & diffuse pattern of adenomyosis
in 54 % of young women with infertility,menorrhagia &
dysmenorrhea

7. HISTOGENESIS:
VON RECKLINGHAUSEN( 1896):
 Origin from mullerian duct .
THOMAS S.CULLEN ( 1896):
 Most accepted theory
 Results from direct invasion or extension of basal endometrium into
myometrium.
 It has been suggested that trauma of childbirth leads to breakdown
of normal endo-myometrial border,subsequent reactive hyperplasia
of basalis endometrium leads to an invasion of the myometrium &
subsequent endometrium.

8. Endomyometrial trauma :
 Normal delivery
 Cesarean delivery
 MTP
 Myomectomy
 D&C
 Endometrial ablations.
Uterine manipulations plays a crucial role in invasion
of endometrial cell into myometrium. ..
ref :

9. IVANOFF 1898:
 Adenomyosis occurs due to penetration of
myometrium from serous coat after metaplasia.
NEW HYPOTHESIS :
 Alteration of spiral arterioles angiogenesis has
been put forward following the identification on
MRI,of the JZ.
 The hypothesis postulates that ovulatory menstrual
cycles during early reproductive life have an
angiogenic priming effect that will permit successful
deep penetration .

10. AGE:
30 and 45 years of age,
RISK FACTORS
 Increasing parity
 Early menarche
 Short menstrual cycles.
 History of previous caesarean section , endometrial
curettage or evacuation .
 Antidepressant drug use.(because of associated
hyperprolactinemia)
 Tamoxifen …because of estrogen agonistic actionon
endometrium

11. ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS :
 Leiomyoma ( 35 -55%)
 Pelvic endometriosis( 27-70%)
 Endometrial hyperplasia(7%)
 Endometrial carcinoma(1.4%)
 Endometrial polyps(2.3%)
Association of adenomyosis with these conditions
suggests a common underlying disorder like
hyperestrogenemia.

12. PATHOLOGY :
GROSS :
 uterus is uniformly enlarged in 60 – 80% cases.
 Asymetrically enlarged in focal adenomyosis.
 Usually does not exceed 12 -14 weeks.
 May exceed the size if associated fibroids.
 External surface :smooth ,regular.
 On palpation : uterus diffusely boggy or it may have
nodular consistency.
 Serosa may have patchy pink colour suggesting
hyperemia or congestion.

13. CUT SECTION :
 Myometrium shows diffuse hyperplasia.
 Posterior wall may be involved more.
 Trabecular or granular appearance on cut section
 Small ,dark cystic areas containing fluid or old
blood ( burnt match stick appearance).

14. MICROSCOPY :
Novak & Woodruff criteria:
Presence of endometrial stroma and glands within
myometrium, at least one high power field below basal
endometrium.
Bensen & Sneedens criteria :
Presence of endometrial stroma and glands within
myometrium, at least two low power field below basal
endometrium.

15. Clinical classification :
 Diffuse adenomyosis : involving large portion of
myometrium
 Focal adenomyosis :
1.Adenomyoma : restricted area of myometrium with clear
border
2.Cystic adenomyosis (juvenile cystic adenomyosis)
Age < 30 yrs ,cystic lesions < 1 cm,severe dysmenorrhea.
 Polypoid adenomyosis
 Endocervical adenomyosis
 Retroperitoneal adenomyosis.
 histologic spectrum of adenomyosis varies from solid to
cystic.

16. Functional uterine zone: the junction between the endometrium
and the inner myometrium
 It lacks a recognizable protective layer or membrane, a true
submucosa.
 So endometrial glands lie in direct contact with the myometrium .
 Through MRI T2-weighted images, in the uterus of healthy women
of reproductive age, three distinct layers can be displayed
 (i) the innermost zone with a high signal intensity, corresponding
to the endometrial stripe;
 (ii) an intermediate inner low-signal-intensity area adjacent to the
basal endometrium the JZ myometrium, or subendometrial layer,
measuring 5 mm in thickness in healthy young women (iii) an
outer medium-signal-intensity zone extending all the way to the
serosal layer, or outer myometrium.

17. Cyclical changes in the thickness of the JZ
 maximum growth between days 8 and 16.
 In a more recent study by Hoad et al. (2005), the
thickness of a normal JZ was found to be around 4 mm
on average and can vary during the cycle by 0.9 mm on
average
 Finally another recent MRI study did not find a
significant difference in JZ thickness between the two
phases of the menstrual cycle in 100 healthy women
(Hauth et al., 2007).
 using MRI adenomyosis can be strongly suspected
when the JZ thickness is 12 mm, although in
approximately 20% of premenopausal women there is
an absence of a definable JZ on imaging (Novellas et
al., 2011).
 A diagnosis can be made even when thickness is <12
mm, if other signs (such as high-signal spots or an
irregularly bounded JZ) are present (Reinhold et al.,
1998)

18. SYMPTOMS :
 Most cases are asymptomatic (50 %).
 Ectopic glandular tissue tries to slough during
menstruation ,however tissue & blood in ectopic
glands cannot escape as there is no drainage.
 This trapping of blood & tissue causes
dysmenorrhea.
 Dysmenorrhea (triple dysmenorrhea) ,congestive
and spasmodic ,in premenstrual ,menstrual & post
menstrual phases. ( 15-30%)
 AUB due to congestion.
 Premenstrual spotting.
 Dyspareunia in 20% cases due to associated
endometriosis.
 Sub fertility
 Chronic pelvic pain ( 15-25 %)

19. Causes of sub fertility ?
 Impaired sperm transport: due to altered uterine
peristaltic activity
 Impaired implantation :
Implantation rate : JZ < 10mm - 45 %
JZ 10- 12 mm -16%
JZ >12mm - 5 %
 Impaired endometrial receptivity : Abnormal vascular
proliferation
 Changes in endometrium :adverse molecular factors like
VEGF.
 Changes in myometrium
 Gene dysregulation.

20.  Altered decidualization
 Alteration in concentrations of intrauterine free
radicals
 Altered implantation
 Altered gene regulation.

21. Uterine peristaltic activity :
 originates exclusively from the JZ, while the outer
myometrium remains quiescent.
 During the follicular and periovulatory phases, contraction
waves have a cervico-fundal orientation and their
amplitude and frequency increase significantly towards
the time of ovulation.
Role of peristalitic waves :
 endometrial differentiation
 menstruation
 sperm transport
 implantation .

22.  Subsequently, Kunz et al. (1996), using technetium
labelled inert albumin microspheres placed in the cervix
during late follicular phase, showed that myometrial
contractions can quickly transport and preferentially
direct these microspheres towards the tubal ostium on
the side of the dominant follicle.
 Then, during the luteal phase, uterine activity decreases
under the influence of progesterone and myometrial
contraction waves become short and asymmetrical,
often running in opposing directions. This reduced
activity may help the blastocyst to implant near the
fundus and perhaps facilitates local supply of nutrients
and oxygen
(Ijland et al., 1997).

23.  In addition, in humans, interstitial and intravascular
trophoblast invasion goes beyond the endometrium
and involves the JZ, but not the outer myometrium
 Finally, MRI during a conception cycle shows, 7
days post-ovulation (a time coinciding with embryo
implantation), focal disruption of the JZ signal
intensity
 These physiological phenomena are altered in the
presence of adenomyosis, and therefore it seems
logical to assume that the condition may cause
hypo- or infertility in affected women.

24. Signs:
 Uterus is typically diffusely enlarged
 Usually less than 14 weeks in size.
 Pv during menstruation :Uterus soft,boggy and
tender ( Halbans sign),estrogens may also give
same effect.
 Mobility not restricted.

25. ADENOMYOSIS & PREGNANCY :
 Pregnancy promotes invagination of basal endometrium
into myometrium especially just after delivery .
 Adenomyosis is frequent finding in pregnancy but is
rarerly associated with obstetric or surgical problems.
 Haydon suggested increased risk of
uterine rupture,uterine atony & PPH.

26. Why uterine atony & PPH ?
Atony of uterine muscle could be caused by decidual transformation of
adenomyotic field, atrophy of muscle fascicles, edema of the stroma,
mesenchymal transformation, and fibrosis.
This leads to a decrease in myometrial contractions, and prolonged postpartal
bleeding.

27.  Rarely adenocarcinoma of uterus.

28. INVESTIGATIONS :
 USG
 HSG
 SSG
 Myometrial biopsy
 CA-125
 MRI

30. ULTRASOUND
 Sonographic features of adenomyosis are variable
and may be absent.
 The reported sensitivity and specificity of trans-
abdominal ultrasound are 32-63% and 95-97%
respectively 7.
 The spectrum of findings includes:
 Normal appearing uterus
 Focal or diffuse myometrial bulkiness, typically of
the posterior wall .
 Thickening of the transition zone can sometimes be
visualised as a hypoechoic halo surrounding the
endometrial layer of ≥12 mm thickness

31.  Normal
uterus

38.  Subendometrial echogenic linear striations
 Subendometrial echogenic nodules (specific sign)
 Small myometrial cysts / sub endometrial
cysts (specific sign)
 Heterogeneous echogenicity (heterogenous
myometrial echotexture)
 hyperechoic: islands of endometrial glands
 hypoechoic: associated muscle hypertrophy
 a "Venetian blind" appearance may be seen due to
subendometrial echogenic linear striations and acoustic
shadowing where endometrial tissues cause a
hyperplastic reaction

39. HSG:
 Characteristic findings are multiple
spicules 1 -4 mm extending from
endometrium into myometrium &
ending in small sacs.
 Honey coomb appearance in
myometrium due to communication
between endometrium &
myometrium.
 Non specific as they can occur due
to lymphatic & vascular
extravasation also.
 Seen in 25% of cases only.

40. ROLE OF COLOUR DOPPLER :
 To differentiate Leiomyomas & Adenomyosis.
 Leiomyoma : Peripheral scattered feeding vessels
or outer feeding vessels were noted.
 Adenomyosis : vessels traverse the hypertrophic
myometrium between cystic spaces.

41. MRI :
 Accurate & superior to USG.
 Homogenous JZ thickness > 12mm with hemorrhagic high signal
myometrial spots is highly predictive .
 On T2-weighted MRI, focal adenomyosis are seen in areas of
abnormal low signal intensity within the myometrium in approximately
50% of patients.
 These foci correspond to islands of heterotopic endometrial tissue,
cystic dilatation of heterotopic glands, or hemorrhagic foci.
 On T2-weighted MRI, diffuse adenomyosis usually manifested as
diffuse thickening of the junctional zone with homogeneous low signal
intensity .
 T2-weighted imaging provided significantly better lesion detection
than unenhanced or contrast material–enhanced T1-weighted
imaging

43. Classification for adenomyosis based on MRI
uterine JZ:
 (i) simple JZ hyperplasia (zone thickness 8 mm but
<12 mm on T2-weighted images, in women aged
35 years or less);
 (ii) partial or diffuse adenomyosis (thickness 12
mm; high-signal-intensity myometrial foci;
involvement of the outer myometrium: <1/3, <2/3,
>2/3); and
 (iii) adenomyoma (myometrial mass with indistinct
margins of primarily low-signal intensit on all MRI
sequences).

44. MYOMETRIAL BIOPSY LAPAROSCOPICALLY OR
SONOGRAPHICALLY GUIDED:
 Larger study by Popp et al.
 In that study biopsies are taken immediately at the time of
laparoscopy as well as transvaginally under ultrasound guidance .
 A single myometrial biopsy picked up only 8% to 19% of women
with adenomyosis.
 The sensitivity of random needle biopsy is therefore too low for
clinical practice.
CA 125 :
 Raised but not specific.

45. MANAGEMENT :
 Conservative treatment
 Medical treatment
 Hysterectomy
 Uterine sparing procedures.

46. CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT :
 For young symptomtomatic patient.
 Observation & NSAIDS.
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT :
 Progestins
 OCPills.
 Estrogen receptors are more consistently present than
progesterone receptors.( absent in 50% of cases )
 They are of little aid in treatment.
 However low dose OCPills can be used for menorrhagia &
dysmenorrhea.

47. GnRH agonist :
 leuprolide acetate 3.75 mg/IM/month for 6 months.
 0.5 mg daily SC for 6 months.
 Recurrence is common after discontinuation of treatment.
Pre & post operative use of GnRH agonist therapy :
 Role of combination approach..not clear
 Hypothesized to have synergistic effect.
 Response of remaining adenomyotic tissue to GnRH
enhanced after surgery.
Advantages of pre- op use :
 reduction of uterine vascularity
 correction of anemia
 reductionof intraoperative bleeding.

48. Disadvantages of pre-op use :
 recognition of adenomyotic tissue is difficult
 dermarcation of adenomyosis & normal
myometrium difficult
 risk of endometrial perforation increased
 removing large amount of adenomyomotic tissue
difficult.
LNG IUS :
 Growing evidence indicates its use for menorrhagia
& dysmenorrhea.
Danazol:
 Loaded 300-400 mg IUD

49.  Based on these results, the researchers concluded that:
 Among patients resistant to oral danazol therapy and
nasal GnRH agonist therapy, a danazol-loaded IUD
treatment can be very effective and is much more
conservative than a hysterectomy
 The subjective and objective signs and symptoms of
adenomyoma were reduced or eliminated in the majority
of participants in a minimal amount of time
 Conception can occur after removal of the IUD
 Systemic side effects do not occur because the danazol
remains concentrated in the uterine area

50.  In view of the accumulating evidence that endometriosis is
an epigenetic disease our encouraging pilot results on the
off-label use of VPA for treatment of adenomyosis should
be greeted with guarded enthusiasm. Obviously, whether
VPA or other HDACIs may be truly efficacious in treating
adenomyosis and/or endometriosis should await future
controlled randomized clinical trials that have optimal
treatment duration, sufficient sample sizes, and more
objective quantification. If proven efficacious, VPA may be
a much cheaper alternative to GnRH agonist therapy, and
possibly more efficacious and potent as a result of its
potential to rectify epigenetic aberrations, yet with fewer
and milder side effects.

51. Conservative surgery has not become the standard treatment
for adenomyosis ?
This is mainly because adenomyotic tissue
 invades the uterine muscle layer in a way that make the borders of the
lesion unclear, so complete excision of the affected area remains
inaccurate .
 Moreover, the excision of adenomyotic tissue is always accompanied by
excision of myometrium, so it is partly destructive for the uterine wall:
 Advantages of removing an affected area must be balanced against
disadvantages of leaving a possibly defective uterine wall.
 Hence, there is a recognized difficulty in establishing the state-of-art of
conservative surgical technique for uterine-sparing management of
adenomyosis,& operative options include nonstandardized
cytoreductive approaches .

53. UTERUS SPARING METHODS:
Complete excision of adenomyosis.
Adenomyomectomy.
 Preferably used in cases of localized adenomyosis
(adenomyoma)
 Selected cases of diffuse adenomyosis with
reconstruction of the uterine wall.
 This includes the complete removal of all clinically
recognizable non-microscopic lesions.
 The integrity of uterine wall is maintained

54. CLASSIC TECHNIQUE:
 Open or laparotomy.
 Recognition of lesion location by inspection /palpation
 Longitudinal incision of uterine wall along adenomyoma.
 Sharp & blunt dissection of lesion .
 Suturing of uterine wall in one/two /more seromuscular layers
 Suturing of endometrial cavity if necessary
 USG can be used if required.

55. U SHAPED WALL SUTURING :
 after excision of adenomyoma cave like wound is approximated by U
shape sutures at muscle layer.
 Seromuscular layer by figure of eight sutures
OVER LAPPING FLAP METHOD :
 Transverse incision
 Excision of lesion with monopolar needle
 Seromuscular layers re overlapped & sutured to counteract the lost
muscle layer of uterus.

56. TRIPLE-FLAP METHOD:(OSADA et al)
 Laparotomy technique.
 Bisection of uterus in midline & in sagittal plane with scalpel until
uterine cavity is reached.
 Opening of endometrial cavity to permit introduction of index finger
to guide during excision.
 Myometrial thickness of 1cm from serosa above & endometrium
below is left
 Closure of flaps of endometrium with 3-0 vicryl
 Closure of flaps of uterine wall
 Approximating myometrium & serosa of one side of bisected uterus
in AP plane with interuppted 2-0 vicryl
 While C/L side is brought over reconstructed first side in such away
to cover it.

58.  RESULTS :
In 9 studies,469 patients
 Mean age …37.5 years
 Mean follow up..25 months
 Reduction of pain…82%
 Reduction of bleeding..68%
In Studies where fertility preservaion was main…341
patients :
 Pregnancy rate :60.5 %
 Delivery rate :83.1 %

59. Cystectomy:
 Used in cases of cystic focal adenomyosis, including the
entire removal of the adenomyotic cyst
Cytoreductive surgery/partial adenomyomectomy:
 Done in diffuse adenomyosis,
 the partial removal of the clinically recognizable non-
microscopic lesions because complete removal of the
lesion would lead to the concomitant excision of critical
amount of healthy myometrium, which could lead to
‘‘functional’’ hysterectomy.
 Laparoscopically assisted vaginal excision can also be
done.

60. PREGNANCY ISSUES :
INTERVENTION TO CONCEPTION TIME :
 At least 3 months after conception .
IMPLICATIONS TO ART METHODS :
 ART increased pregnancy rates after operative intervention when compared
to natural cycles.
 Single embryo transfer .

61. Complications :
 Uterine rupture
 Wang etal…1 in 8 after cyto reductive surgery
 Atonic PPH

62. NON EXCISIONAL TECHNIQUES :
UAE :
 Success rate 25 -90%
 Minimally invasive angiographic interventional procedure
which delivers embolic materials into both uterine arteries
& leads to ischemia & necrosis of adenomyotic tissue.
 PVA pellets of 500-710 um or triacryl gelatin microspheres
are used.
Procedure :
 Done by interventional radiologist.
 SA/EA
 Under digital flouroscopic control
 Via femoral artery ,percutaneous catheter is passed to IIA
& then passed to UA.Embolic materials are then injected.
 Procedure is repeated on other side.
 Duration : 45-60 min.

63. Contraindications :
Pregnancy
Pelvic infection
Immunocompromised

64. procedure dysmenorrhea menorrhagia Conception
rate
Delivery rate
Complete
excision
82 % 66 % 60% 83%
cystectomy 86 % 84%
Partial
excision
81 % 50% 46% 73%
Non
excisional
method
54 % 73% 55% 50%