The document summarizes information about orangutans and the National Monument in Indonesia. It describes orangutans' physical characteristics, behaviors, habitats, and reproduction. It then provides details about the construction and design of Indonesia's National Monument in Jakarta, which took place from 1961 to 1975 under the direction of President Sukarno and symbolizes the country's independence movement.

1. English Assiggment
Name:
Rama Ari Friyanto
Yogie Prakasa
Zulkarnain

3. Orangutans are large apes that live in southeast Asia (on
the islands of Borneo and Sumatra). These apes mostly
live in trees (they are arboreal) and swing from branch to
branch using their arms.
The word orangutan means "man of the forest" in the
Malay language. As its habitats are being usurped by
man, the orangutan's population is decreasing and it is in
grave danger of extinction.

4. ANATOMY
Orangutans have a large, bulky body, a thick neck,
very long, strong arms, short, bowed legs, and no
tail. Orangutans are about 2/3 the size of the gorilla.
Hair:
They are mostly covered with long reddish-brown
hair.
The Head:
The orangutan has a large head with a prominent
mouth area. Adult males have large cheek flaps
(which get larger as the ape ages).

5. BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL HABITS
Orangutans are shy, solitary animals that are active during the
day (they are diurnal). They live alone in large territories. This is
probably due to their eating habits; they need a large area in
order to get enough food and too many orangutans in one area
might lead to starvation.
The only long-lasting orangutan social group is the mother and
offspring, who live together for about 7 years. When mating,
the male and female orangutan stay together for only a few
days.

6. HABITAT
Orangutans live in tropical rain forests.
DISTRIBUTION
Orangutans live in Asia. They are the only great ape from
Asia. They are found in tropical rain forests in northern
Sumatra, Indonesia and in low-lying swamps in Borneo.
REPRODUCTION AND BABY ORANGUTANS
Orangutans are mature and capable of reproducing
beginning when they are 7 to 10 years old. Females are
pregnant for 8.5 to 9 months and give birth to a single
baby. Young orangutans are weaned from their mothers
at about 6-7 years of age.

7. The National Monument (Indonesian: Monumen
Nasional (Monas)) is a 433 ft (132 metre) tower in
the centre of Merdeka Square, Central Jakarta,
symbolizing the fight for Indonesia's independence.
Construction began in 1961 under the direction of
President Sukarno and the monument was opened
to the public in 1975. It is topped by a flame
covered with gold foil. The monument and the
museum is open daily from 08.00 - 15.00 Western
Indonesia Time (UTC+7), everyday throughout the
week, except for the last Monday of each month,
when the monument is closed.

8. After the Indonesian government returned to Jakarta
from Yogyakarta in 1950 following the Dutch recognition of
Indonesian independence, President Sukarno began to
contemplate the construction of a national monument
comparable to the Eiffel Tower on the square in front of the
Presidential Palace. On 17 August 1954, a National
Monument Committee was established and a design
competition was held in 1955.
This attracted 51 entries, but only one design, by
Frederich Silaban, met any of the criteria determined by the
committee, which included reflecting the character of
Indonesia in a building capable of lasting for centuries. A
repeat competition was held in 1960, but once again, none of
the 136 entries met the criteria.

9. The chairman of the jury team then asked Silaban to
show his design to Sukarno. However, Sukarno did not like the
design as he wanted the monument to be in the form of a
linga and yoni. Silaban was asked to design such a monument,
but his design was for a monument so large that it would have
been unaffordable given the economic conditions at the time.
Silaban refused to design a smaller monument,
suggesting that construction be delayed until the Indonesian
economy improved. Sukarno then asked the architect R.M.
Soedarsono to continue with the design. Soedarsono
incorporated the numbers 17, 8 and 45, representing the 17
August 1945 Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, in the
dimensions of the monument.

10. Construction
Construction proceeded in three stages. The first period, from
1961/1962–1964/1965 began with the official start of construction on
17 August 1961 with Sukarno ceremonially driving in the first concrete
pile. A total of 284 piles were used for the foundation block. A further
360 piles were driven in for the museum foundations, with work being
completed in March 1962. The walls of the museum in the base were
completed by October. Construction of the obelisk than commenced
and was finished in August 1963. Work in the second stage, from 1966
to 1968 was delayed by shortages of funding and the aftermath of the
30 September Movement coup attempt.
In the final phase, from 1969–1976, the dioramas for the
historical museum were added. Problems remained once construction
was complete, and work was needed to solve problems with water
leaking into the museum. The monument was officially opened to the
public on 12 July 1975.[4][5] The location of the construction site is
known as Merdeka Square

11. Designer PP
Rama Ari Friyanto & assisten
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