This document discusses two national parks: Mulu National Park in Malaysia and Göreme National Park in Turkey. [1] Mulu National Park covers 528.6 square kilometers and contains extensive limestone caves and is home to the Penan tribe. It was declared a national park in 1971 and is known for cave exploration and canopy walks. [2] Göreme National Park covers 400 square kilometers and contains unusual fairy chimney rock formations carved by erosion. It was declared a national park in 1985 and is known for hot air balloon rides and viewing the fairy chimneys. Both parks showcase unique geological features and protect important natural and cultural heritage.

1. P r o j e c t 1 :
E x p e r i e n t i a l L a n d s c a p e
Topic: 1. National Park
Group: NG
Members : Kok Xuan Ying (Leader)
Michelle Wong Sook Yin
Lew Quo Ming
Melvyn Poh Ern Meng
Soh Young Zhou
Liew Cherng Qing (Mike)
Tutor:
Ms. Shazreene Nurjanna Shamsuddin

2. Overview
• Definition of National Park
• Historical Background of National Park
• Characteristics of National Park
• Contextual study of National Park
• Activities around National Park

3. What is a National Park?
- Natural area of land and/or sea.
- designated to:
- protect ecological integrity (unspoiled
landscape).
- provide educational and recreational
opportunities.
- Environment and culturally compatible.
- Unlimited size of area.
- Able to accommodate overall population of the country.

4. Gunung Mulu National Park,
, Malaysia.

5. https://www.google.com.my/maps/place/Gunung+Mulu+National+Park/@
3.9629527,114.7885656,13z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0xcc556a8cef339f29
Mulu National Park Plan View

6. Mulu National Park
Map View
http://www.wonderfulmalaysia.com/imgs/
map-mulu-national-park-sarawak-big.jpg
There are many many caves
i n M u l u N a t i o n a l Pa r k

7. Characteristics
• Area size of 528.6 km².
• Gunung Mulu highest peak : 2376 metre.
• Exhibited 3500 species of vascular plants.
• 109 species of palm species
• Sarawak Chamber (world largest known cave).
600m by 415m and 80m high.

8. Historical Background
• Officially known as national park in 1971.
• Joint expeditions led by Royal Geographical Society and
Sarawak government.
• 27 major caves were first found in 1980.
• Sarawak Chamber discovered in 1984.
• Sabotage incidents by Berawan tribe who claim
surrounding jungle are sacred in 1990s.
• 66,000 hectare of rainforest (biosphere) were set aside by
Sarawak government for indigenous people to practice
traditional lifestyle.

9. C o n t e x t u a l S t u d y
- 3 mountains in park.
Mount. Mulu (2376m)
Mount. Api (1740m)
Mount. Benarat (1585m)
- One of largest limestone caves in world below surface.
- Many caves in park.
eg. Sarawak Chamber (Largest cave chamber in world)
Clearwater Cave (Longest cave in South East Asia)
Deer Cave (Largest cave passage)
Lang Cave
- Penan village at Long Iman .

10. L i m e s t o n e
P i n n c a l e s ,
M o u n t . A p i
N a t u r a l f o r m e d
A b r a h a m L i n c o l n
Silhouette, Deer Cave

11. Penan people with unique traditions
B l o w - p i p e
H u n t i n g

12. Activities
- Cave adventure, explore.
- Bat watching
- Canopy walk
- Camping
- Long Iman River walk + greeting locals
Long Iman River

13. C a n o p y Wa l k
Bat Watching

14. Landscape Features and
E l e m e n t s
Cave formation (Dissolution of limestone)
S i n g l e l e a f
Monophyllaea plant
L o o k s l i k e
crocodiles hanging
from the ceiling

15. Cave Formation
Shadow of Maria

16. Göreme National Park, Cappadocia, Turkey.
a.k.a. Land of Beautiful Horses

17. https://www.google.com.my/maps/place/G%C3%B6reme,+Turke
y/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x152a67dc41ce40e9:0x89cd78142479892
0?sa=X&ei=N2XtVO6fCIPbuQSx5oC4AQ&ved=0CIIBEPIBMA4
Göreme National Park Plan View

18. https://www.google.com.my/maps/place/G%C3%B6reme,+Turke
y/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x152a67dc41ce40e9:0x89cd78142479892
0?sa=X&ei=N2XtVO6fCIPbuQSx5oC4AQ&ved=0CIIBEPIBMA4
Göreme National Park Map View

19. Characteristics
- Located in volcanic zone of Hasan Mountain and Erciyes
Mountain.
- 40km circumference.
- Consists of world-famous rock formation, fairy chimneys.

20. H i s t o r i c a l B a c k g r o u n d
- Locals used to hide themselves away from battles.
- Monastic life (devote themselves to religion) in this area
around 3rd and 4th Century.
- Added to UNESCO World Heritage List in 1985.

21. C o n t e x t u a l S t u d y
Kaymakli
underground cities
Underground cities
Derinkuyu
underground cities
First underground city
open to visit -1964
Background
Second underground
city open to visit
Most visited
underground city
Visitors
Second most visited
underground city
Wide Area Deep
Constructed around 100
tunnels going in and out
Tunnels Uses one same tunnel
4 floors Size
Largest excavated
underground city in
turkey (60m depth)

22. Where they store their food
Very small tunnels throughout the
whole city to confuse the enemies
Kaymakli Underground City
- 4 floors
- 1st and 2nd floor for food storage and
animal as living food source.
- 3rd floor to hide.
- deepest 4th floor are praying rooms to
pray for enemies to not find them.

23. Stone door
Winery
Because wine doesn’t expire
unlike water, perfect for hiding
from enemies.
In fact, they taste better as
time passes !

24. A c t i v i t i e s
Hot air balloon tour
begins everyday at sunrise
takes almost 90minutes for balloon tour
Preparing to
leave the ground

26. This is as close as you can get to take a look
on the Fairy Chimneys from the sky

27. Eroded plateau of Goreme valley : Fairy Chimneys
- Erosion of volcanic sediments by wind and water.
- Pillars and columns of 40m.
- Major remnant of erosion (1325m) is dominant feature.
Nearby Erciyas volcano is active with minor eruptions.
Network of caves within rock formations served as residences
to people.
Landscape Features and
E l e m e n t s

29. Summary & Comparison
Mulu
National Park
National
Park
Göreme
National Park
528.6 km² Characteristics 400 km²
Declared on 1971
Historical
Background
Declared on1985
Caves and Penan
Tribe
Contextual
Studies
Underground Cities
Cave explore and
Canopy Walk
Activities Hot air balloon
Limestone cave and
pinnacles
Features and
Elements
Fairy Chimneys

30. Reference
- http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/357
- http://www.goturkey.com/en/pages/content/652/goreme-
national-park-and-the-rock-site-of-cappadocia
- http://mulupark.com/about-us/mulu-world-heritage-area/
- http://mulupark.com/education-and-research/world-
heritage-information/

31. Q&A

32. T h a n k Y o u