This document discusses the political tensions in the United States during the late 1790s between the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties over foreign policy regarding Britain and France, as well as domestic issues like freedom of speech. It led to the passage of the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts by the Federalists, which were opposed by Democratic-Republicans like Thomas Jefferson through actions like the Kentucky and Virginia Resolves asserting states' rights in response.
Early US foreign policy centered around neutrality during the French Revolution and wars between France and Britain. The US signed trade treaties like Jay's Treaty despite opposition. The XYZ Affair damaged relations with France and nearly caused war. Political divisions grew between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. The War of 1812 was declared against Britain due to trade issues but ended without major territory changes. The Monroe Doctrine established the US stance of non-interference in the Western Hemisphere.
John Adams served two terms as vice president under George Washington and narrowly won the 1796 presidential election over Thomas Jefferson. As president, Adams faced difficulties like inheriting Washington's cabinet loyal to Hamilton. He attempted to remain neutral during conflicts between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. The passage of the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts hurt Adams' popularity and he lost reelection in 1800 to Thomas Jefferson.
The document discusses the political and sectional tensions in the United States in the late 1840s and 1850s surrounding the issue of extending slavery into the new western territories. It summarizes that the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo raised debates over the Wilmot Proviso which sought to ban slavery in the territories. Both major political parties, the Whigs and Democrats, advocated for the popular sovereignty doctrine to allow settlers in each territory to decide the slavery issue themselves. The Compromise of 1850 temporarily defused tensions through a series of measures, but the issue continued to divide the nation along North-South lines.
Alexander Hamilton established economic policies including a national bank and tariffs to encourage manufacturing, which led to the emergence of sectional differences between the North and South. This sparked the formation of the first political parties - the Federalists supported Hamilton's vision while the Democratic-Republicans opposed a strong federal government and championed states' rights. Tensions increased as America was drawn into international conflicts during the French Revolutionary Wars, leading to crises both foreign and domestic during Washington and Adams' administrations. The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transfer of power between opposing political parties as Jefferson defeated Adams in a close election.
This document provides summaries of important books, documents, and authors from the 18th through 20th centuries in the United States and England. Some of the key works and authors summarized include Thomas Paine's "Common Sense," the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson, Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations," the Federalist Papers written under the pseudonym "Publius" by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, Frederick Douglass' "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave," Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle," Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring," Betty Friedan's "The Feminine Mystique," and Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein's "All the
The document discusses the early US government following the American Revolution. It describes how the Second Continental Congress served as the de facto government until the Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1781. It then discusses some of the economic challenges the new nation faced, such as lack of trade partners and a common currency. It also summarizes some of the key aspects and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation system of government.
Theodore Roosevelt embraced the three Cs - control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation - as part of his "Square Deal" platform. Dwight Eisenhower increased Social Security and the minimum wage as part of his "Modern Republicanism" agenda. Franklin Roosevelt introduced relief, recovery, and reform as part of his "New Deal" in response to the Great Depression.
The Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia in 1787 to address issues with the Articles of Confederation. 55 delegates debated plans from Virginia and New Jersey before agreeing to the Virginia Plan as a framework and compromising on issues like representation, forming the basis of the US Constitution. The Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 established the boundary between Spanish Florida and the US. James Madison authored the Virginia Plan while the New Jersey Plan was created by William Paterson. Roger Sherman of Connecticut authored the Connecticut Compromise / Great Compromise.
Early US foreign policy centered around neutrality during the French Revolution and wars between France and Britain. The US signed trade treaties like Jay's Treaty despite opposition. The XYZ Affair damaged relations with France and nearly caused war. Political divisions grew between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. The War of 1812 was declared against Britain due to trade issues but ended without major territory changes. The Monroe Doctrine established the US stance of non-interference in the Western Hemisphere.
John Adams served two terms as vice president under George Washington and narrowly won the 1796 presidential election over Thomas Jefferson. As president, Adams faced difficulties like inheriting Washington's cabinet loyal to Hamilton. He attempted to remain neutral during conflicts between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. The passage of the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts hurt Adams' popularity and he lost reelection in 1800 to Thomas Jefferson.
The document discusses the political and sectional tensions in the United States in the late 1840s and 1850s surrounding the issue of extending slavery into the new western territories. It summarizes that the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo raised debates over the Wilmot Proviso which sought to ban slavery in the territories. Both major political parties, the Whigs and Democrats, advocated for the popular sovereignty doctrine to allow settlers in each territory to decide the slavery issue themselves. The Compromise of 1850 temporarily defused tensions through a series of measures, but the issue continued to divide the nation along North-South lines.
Alexander Hamilton established economic policies including a national bank and tariffs to encourage manufacturing, which led to the emergence of sectional differences between the North and South. This sparked the formation of the first political parties - the Federalists supported Hamilton's vision while the Democratic-Republicans opposed a strong federal government and championed states' rights. Tensions increased as America was drawn into international conflicts during the French Revolutionary Wars, leading to crises both foreign and domestic during Washington and Adams' administrations. The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transfer of power between opposing political parties as Jefferson defeated Adams in a close election.
This document provides summaries of important books, documents, and authors from the 18th through 20th centuries in the United States and England. Some of the key works and authors summarized include Thomas Paine's "Common Sense," the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson, Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations," the Federalist Papers written under the pseudonym "Publius" by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, Frederick Douglass' "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave," Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle," Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring," Betty Friedan's "The Feminine Mystique," and Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein's "All the
The document discusses the early US government following the American Revolution. It describes how the Second Continental Congress served as the de facto government until the Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1781. It then discusses some of the economic challenges the new nation faced, such as lack of trade partners and a common currency. It also summarizes some of the key aspects and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation system of government.
Theodore Roosevelt embraced the three Cs - control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation - as part of his "Square Deal" platform. Dwight Eisenhower increased Social Security and the minimum wage as part of his "Modern Republicanism" agenda. Franklin Roosevelt introduced relief, recovery, and reform as part of his "New Deal" in response to the Great Depression.
The Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia in 1787 to address issues with the Articles of Confederation. 55 delegates debated plans from Virginia and New Jersey before agreeing to the Virginia Plan as a framework and compromising on issues like representation, forming the basis of the US Constitution. The Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 established the boundary between Spanish Florida and the US. James Madison authored the Virginia Plan while the New Jersey Plan was created by William Paterson. Roger Sherman of Connecticut authored the Connecticut Compromise / Great Compromise.
In the 1890s-1905, Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois disagreed on the path to civil rights for African Americans. Washington advocated for industrial education and economic advancement through vocations like agriculture. DuBois pushed for higher education and direct political action to fight for civil rights and social change. Their debate reflected differing views on whether the focus should be integration or immediate social reform.
Woodrow Wilson and Henry Cabot Lodge disagreed over the United States joining the League of Nations after World War I, with Wilson supporting it and Lodge opposing it, which ultimately led to the US not joining the League. Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson had opposing views on economic policies and the role of government, with Hamilton supporting a strong federal government and Jefferson favoring states' rights, leading to the rise of opposing political parties. Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal programs were challenged by the Supreme Court but the conflict ended with the court granting Roosevelt more leeway in passing laws.
The document outlines several historical points of conflict between influential figures in United States history, including Woodrow Wilson vs Henry Cabot Lodge over the United States entering the League of Nations after World War 1, and Franklin Roosevelt vs the Supreme Court over New Deal programs in the 1930s. Other conflicts mentioned include Alexander Hamilton vs Thomas Jefferson over federal power and the national bank in the 1800s, and Richard Nixon vs the Supreme Court during the Watergate scandal in the 1970s.
The document summarizes several aspects of life in the United States during the 1920s (Jazz Age). It discusses how immigration was restricted through the National Origins Act of 1924, which set quotas based on country of origin. It also describes the Sacco and Vanzetti case, in which two Italian immigrants were convicted of murder amid nativist sentiment. Women gained more freedoms in the 1920s compared to the pre-WWI era, exemplified by the emerging "flapper" lifestyle, but still faced restrictions in politics and the workplace. The Ku Klux Klan grew in popularity during this time as well.
The document provides an overview of several key people and events in American history from the late 19th century through the early 2000s. It discusses Jane Addams and Hull House, trusts and monopolies in the Gilded Age, Progressivism, labor unions, immigration debates, imperialism, the Open Door Policy, the Roosevelt Corollary, and more.
- The document discusses several key events and ideas in early American history, including the writing of the Declaration of Independence, framing of the Constitution, slavery and abolitionism, westward expansion, and the Civil War.
- It also summarizes major political philosophies and figures that emerged during this period, such as Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists, Hamilton vs. Jefferson, and abolitionists like Frederick Douglass and John Brown.
- Key documents and compromises that shaped the nation are outlined, from the Northwest Ordinance to the Three-Fifths Compromise to the Emancipation Proclamation.
Workbook 35 apush power of the printed word 2thompsonvaliant
This document provides summaries of important works from the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. In the 18th century, works discussed Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations and how it established principles of capitalism and laissez-faire economics. Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence advocated for American independence. In the 19th century, works brought attention to social issues like slavery with Uncle Tom's Cabin and civil disobedience. Looking Backward envisioned a utopian future. The 20th century saw works exposing corruption with The Jungle and poverty with The Other America, as well as environmental concerns in Silent Spring and investigations into political scandals.
The document discusses several key events and issues surrounding the American Civil War:
1) Lincoln was faced with an ominous choice regarding how to respond to the secession of South Carolina and other southern states taking control of federal forts and property. He ultimately refused the southern demand to surrender Fort Sumter.
2) The southern attack on Fort Sumter was ultimately a positive for the North and Lincoln, as it rallied support for the Union cause.
3) The Border States of Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware were crucial because their allegiance could have tipped the war strongly in the South's favor if they had seceded.
4) Railroads and telegraph networks gave the North a
- George Washington was unanimously elected as the first President of the United States and helped establish precedents for the office, including a two-term limit. His cabinet included both Federalists like Alexander Hamilton and Anti-Federalists like Thomas Jefferson.
- Hamilton implemented an ambitious economic plan that established the Bank of the United States and led to tensions between the Federalist and Anti-Federalist parties. The Whiskey Rebellion demonstrated the new government's ability to enforce tax collection.
- The 1796 election saw John Adams defeat Thomas Jefferson, resulting in the first opposing-party presidency. Foreign relations issues with Britain and France exacerbated divisions between the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties.
This document provides information about various presidents and their policies/mottos, including Theodore Roosevelt's "Square Deal", William Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy", Dwight Eisenhower's "Modern Republicanism", Woodrow Wilson's "New Freedom", Franklin Roosevelt's "New Deal", James Polk's "Manifest Destiny", Herbert Hoover's "Rugged Individualism", Lyndon Johnson's "Great Society", Harry Truman's "Fair Deal", John Kennedy's "New Frontier". It also provides quotes and their historical context.
The document discusses the political changes that occurred in the United States following the Era of Good Feelings. New political parties formed as opposition became more accepted. Candidates used new campaign methods like parades and barbecues to appeal to voters. Voter turnout doubled between 1824 and 1828 as people became more engaged in the political process. The elections of the 1820s and 1830s were characterized by the rise of Jacksonian democracy and the development of the two-party system between the Democrats and Whigs.
The document provides background information on the events leading up to America's entry into World War II. It discusses the aftermath of WWI and the Treaty of Versailles which led to resentment in Germany. It outlines Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 and the Spanish Civil War from 1936-1939. It also discusses America's policy of neutrality in the 1930s as well as Japan's expansionism. Key events covered include Germany's rearmament under Hitler, the Munich Agreement of 1938, and Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939 which marked the start of WWII. The document concludes with an overview of key events in Europe and North Africa from 1939-1945.
The document discusses why the United States did not join the League of Nations after World War I. Henry Cabot Lodge and other Republicans opposed U.S. membership due to concerns that Article X of the League charter would require the U.S. to take military action according to the League's decisions without regard for American interests. While Woodrow Wilson strongly advocated for the League and American involvement after winning the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize, the Republican-controlled Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League. As a result, the U.S. remained outside of the League when it began operations after World War I.
The document discusses several key aspects of the American Revolution:
1) It was not simply about home rule, but who would rule - the American colonists or the British.
2) The Declaration of Independence articulated the colonists' natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness which the British government was denying.
3) The Revolution and Declaration planted the seeds for ending slavery in the northern states by contradicting slavery with the statement that "all men are created equal."
The document provides a detailed overview of the origins of American government from the colonial period through the ratification of the US Constitution. It discusses the English political heritage that influenced the colonies, including concepts of limited government and representative democracy. Key events that pushed the colonies toward independence are summarized, such as the French and Indian War, various Acts and taxes passed by British Parliament, and the Intolerable Acts. The document also summarizes the major compromises and agreements that were made during the Constitutional Convention to overcome differences and produce the final Constitution.
The document summarizes key events leading up to the American Civil War between 1840-1863. Tensions grew between the northern and southern states over the issues of slavery and states' rights. The Mexican-American War and Compromise of 1850 temporarily eased tensions but did not resolve the core issues. The Dred Scott decision and election of Abraham Lincoln further polarized the nation. Several southern states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America. After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the Civil War began in 1861. Major battles like Bull Run, Antietam, and Gettysburg resulted in high casualties as the Union fought to preserve the United States and abolish slavery.
The document summarizes the key events that led to the outbreak of the Civil War between 1850-1861. It describes the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act as part of the Compromise of 1850, the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin, the Kansas-Nebraska Act and violence in "Bleeding Kansas", the Dred Scott decision, Lincoln-Douglas debates, John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry, and Lincoln's election in 1860 which prompted Southern states to begin seceding from the Union.
This document provides an overview of key events in the United States between 1812-1824, including the War of 1812. It summarizes that Tecumseh and the Prophet tried to unite Native American tribes against white settlement before being defeated. The War of 1812 was declared for various reasons but the country was disunited in the war effort. Key battles are described along with the Treaty of Ghent that ended the war. Nationalism grew after the war and policies like the Tariff of 1816 and American System were implemented. The Era of Good Feelings under President Monroe is also summarized.
The document summarizes events in the United States between 1812-1824, including:
1) Tecumseh and the Prophet tried to unite Native American tribes against American expansion but were defeated by 1813.
2) The War of 1812 was declared against Britain due to trade tensions, impressment of American sailors, British support of Native raids, and American desires for expansion. It ended in 1814 with no territorial changes in the Treaty of Ghent.
3) After the war, American nationalism increased and the foundations were laid for industrialization through the American System of Henry Clay, which advocated infrastructure projects, tariffs, and national banking.
Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 novel Uncle Tom's Cabin aroused strong reactions in both the North and South by vividly portraying the cruelty of slavery. It sold millions of copies and influenced public opinion in both America and Europe. In the 1857 Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court ruled that slaves were property without rights and Congress could not ban slavery in territories, further straining sectional tensions. The 1860 election saw Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln while the southern Democrats nominated John Breckinridge after walking out of the Democratic convention, reflecting the deep split over slavery in the nation.
The Tripolitan War was America's first foreign war following independence from Britain. With Britain no longer paying tribute to the Barbary States, the U.S. refused to pay tribute to the Pasha of Tripoli, leading to attacks on American merchant vessels. Jefferson reluctantly sent the navy to fight the pirates. After four years of intermittent fighting and a key battle at Derne, the U.S. negotiated a peace treaty in 1805 that included a $60,000 payment to end attacks on American ships. The war established American independence on the world stage and influenced future U.S. foreign policy.
The document summarizes the presidencies of the first three US presidents - George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson. It outlines key events and accomplishments of their terms, including Washington establishing precedents like the cabinet system, Adams passing the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts, and Jefferson's Louisiana Purchase doubling the size of the US. Critical court cases like Marbury v. Madison that established judicial review also occurred during these early administrations.
In the 1890s-1905, Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois disagreed on the path to civil rights for African Americans. Washington advocated for industrial education and economic advancement through vocations like agriculture. DuBois pushed for higher education and direct political action to fight for civil rights and social change. Their debate reflected differing views on whether the focus should be integration or immediate social reform.
Woodrow Wilson and Henry Cabot Lodge disagreed over the United States joining the League of Nations after World War I, with Wilson supporting it and Lodge opposing it, which ultimately led to the US not joining the League. Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson had opposing views on economic policies and the role of government, with Hamilton supporting a strong federal government and Jefferson favoring states' rights, leading to the rise of opposing political parties. Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal programs were challenged by the Supreme Court but the conflict ended with the court granting Roosevelt more leeway in passing laws.
The document outlines several historical points of conflict between influential figures in United States history, including Woodrow Wilson vs Henry Cabot Lodge over the United States entering the League of Nations after World War 1, and Franklin Roosevelt vs the Supreme Court over New Deal programs in the 1930s. Other conflicts mentioned include Alexander Hamilton vs Thomas Jefferson over federal power and the national bank in the 1800s, and Richard Nixon vs the Supreme Court during the Watergate scandal in the 1970s.
The document summarizes several aspects of life in the United States during the 1920s (Jazz Age). It discusses how immigration was restricted through the National Origins Act of 1924, which set quotas based on country of origin. It also describes the Sacco and Vanzetti case, in which two Italian immigrants were convicted of murder amid nativist sentiment. Women gained more freedoms in the 1920s compared to the pre-WWI era, exemplified by the emerging "flapper" lifestyle, but still faced restrictions in politics and the workplace. The Ku Klux Klan grew in popularity during this time as well.
The document provides an overview of several key people and events in American history from the late 19th century through the early 2000s. It discusses Jane Addams and Hull House, trusts and monopolies in the Gilded Age, Progressivism, labor unions, immigration debates, imperialism, the Open Door Policy, the Roosevelt Corollary, and more.
- The document discusses several key events and ideas in early American history, including the writing of the Declaration of Independence, framing of the Constitution, slavery and abolitionism, westward expansion, and the Civil War.
- It also summarizes major political philosophies and figures that emerged during this period, such as Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists, Hamilton vs. Jefferson, and abolitionists like Frederick Douglass and John Brown.
- Key documents and compromises that shaped the nation are outlined, from the Northwest Ordinance to the Three-Fifths Compromise to the Emancipation Proclamation.
Workbook 35 apush power of the printed word 2thompsonvaliant
This document provides summaries of important works from the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. In the 18th century, works discussed Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations and how it established principles of capitalism and laissez-faire economics. Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence advocated for American independence. In the 19th century, works brought attention to social issues like slavery with Uncle Tom's Cabin and civil disobedience. Looking Backward envisioned a utopian future. The 20th century saw works exposing corruption with The Jungle and poverty with The Other America, as well as environmental concerns in Silent Spring and investigations into political scandals.
The document discusses several key events and issues surrounding the American Civil War:
1) Lincoln was faced with an ominous choice regarding how to respond to the secession of South Carolina and other southern states taking control of federal forts and property. He ultimately refused the southern demand to surrender Fort Sumter.
2) The southern attack on Fort Sumter was ultimately a positive for the North and Lincoln, as it rallied support for the Union cause.
3) The Border States of Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware were crucial because their allegiance could have tipped the war strongly in the South's favor if they had seceded.
4) Railroads and telegraph networks gave the North a
- George Washington was unanimously elected as the first President of the United States and helped establish precedents for the office, including a two-term limit. His cabinet included both Federalists like Alexander Hamilton and Anti-Federalists like Thomas Jefferson.
- Hamilton implemented an ambitious economic plan that established the Bank of the United States and led to tensions between the Federalist and Anti-Federalist parties. The Whiskey Rebellion demonstrated the new government's ability to enforce tax collection.
- The 1796 election saw John Adams defeat Thomas Jefferson, resulting in the first opposing-party presidency. Foreign relations issues with Britain and France exacerbated divisions between the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties.
This document provides information about various presidents and their policies/mottos, including Theodore Roosevelt's "Square Deal", William Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy", Dwight Eisenhower's "Modern Republicanism", Woodrow Wilson's "New Freedom", Franklin Roosevelt's "New Deal", James Polk's "Manifest Destiny", Herbert Hoover's "Rugged Individualism", Lyndon Johnson's "Great Society", Harry Truman's "Fair Deal", John Kennedy's "New Frontier". It also provides quotes and their historical context.
The document discusses the political changes that occurred in the United States following the Era of Good Feelings. New political parties formed as opposition became more accepted. Candidates used new campaign methods like parades and barbecues to appeal to voters. Voter turnout doubled between 1824 and 1828 as people became more engaged in the political process. The elections of the 1820s and 1830s were characterized by the rise of Jacksonian democracy and the development of the two-party system between the Democrats and Whigs.
The document provides background information on the events leading up to America's entry into World War II. It discusses the aftermath of WWI and the Treaty of Versailles which led to resentment in Germany. It outlines Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 and the Spanish Civil War from 1936-1939. It also discusses America's policy of neutrality in the 1930s as well as Japan's expansionism. Key events covered include Germany's rearmament under Hitler, the Munich Agreement of 1938, and Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939 which marked the start of WWII. The document concludes with an overview of key events in Europe and North Africa from 1939-1945.
The document discusses why the United States did not join the League of Nations after World War I. Henry Cabot Lodge and other Republicans opposed U.S. membership due to concerns that Article X of the League charter would require the U.S. to take military action according to the League's decisions without regard for American interests. While Woodrow Wilson strongly advocated for the League and American involvement after winning the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize, the Republican-controlled Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League. As a result, the U.S. remained outside of the League when it began operations after World War I.
The document discusses several key aspects of the American Revolution:
1) It was not simply about home rule, but who would rule - the American colonists or the British.
2) The Declaration of Independence articulated the colonists' natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness which the British government was denying.
3) The Revolution and Declaration planted the seeds for ending slavery in the northern states by contradicting slavery with the statement that "all men are created equal."
The document provides a detailed overview of the origins of American government from the colonial period through the ratification of the US Constitution. It discusses the English political heritage that influenced the colonies, including concepts of limited government and representative democracy. Key events that pushed the colonies toward independence are summarized, such as the French and Indian War, various Acts and taxes passed by British Parliament, and the Intolerable Acts. The document also summarizes the major compromises and agreements that were made during the Constitutional Convention to overcome differences and produce the final Constitution.
The document summarizes key events leading up to the American Civil War between 1840-1863. Tensions grew between the northern and southern states over the issues of slavery and states' rights. The Mexican-American War and Compromise of 1850 temporarily eased tensions but did not resolve the core issues. The Dred Scott decision and election of Abraham Lincoln further polarized the nation. Several southern states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America. After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the Civil War began in 1861. Major battles like Bull Run, Antietam, and Gettysburg resulted in high casualties as the Union fought to preserve the United States and abolish slavery.
The document summarizes the key events that led to the outbreak of the Civil War between 1850-1861. It describes the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act as part of the Compromise of 1850, the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin, the Kansas-Nebraska Act and violence in "Bleeding Kansas", the Dred Scott decision, Lincoln-Douglas debates, John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry, and Lincoln's election in 1860 which prompted Southern states to begin seceding from the Union.
This document provides an overview of key events in the United States between 1812-1824, including the War of 1812. It summarizes that Tecumseh and the Prophet tried to unite Native American tribes against white settlement before being defeated. The War of 1812 was declared for various reasons but the country was disunited in the war effort. Key battles are described along with the Treaty of Ghent that ended the war. Nationalism grew after the war and policies like the Tariff of 1816 and American System were implemented. The Era of Good Feelings under President Monroe is also summarized.
The document summarizes events in the United States between 1812-1824, including:
1) Tecumseh and the Prophet tried to unite Native American tribes against American expansion but were defeated by 1813.
2) The War of 1812 was declared against Britain due to trade tensions, impressment of American sailors, British support of Native raids, and American desires for expansion. It ended in 1814 with no territorial changes in the Treaty of Ghent.
3) After the war, American nationalism increased and the foundations were laid for industrialization through the American System of Henry Clay, which advocated infrastructure projects, tariffs, and national banking.
Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 novel Uncle Tom's Cabin aroused strong reactions in both the North and South by vividly portraying the cruelty of slavery. It sold millions of copies and influenced public opinion in both America and Europe. In the 1857 Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court ruled that slaves were property without rights and Congress could not ban slavery in territories, further straining sectional tensions. The 1860 election saw Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln while the southern Democrats nominated John Breckinridge after walking out of the Democratic convention, reflecting the deep split over slavery in the nation.
The Tripolitan War was America's first foreign war following independence from Britain. With Britain no longer paying tribute to the Barbary States, the U.S. refused to pay tribute to the Pasha of Tripoli, leading to attacks on American merchant vessels. Jefferson reluctantly sent the navy to fight the pirates. After four years of intermittent fighting and a key battle at Derne, the U.S. negotiated a peace treaty in 1805 that included a $60,000 payment to end attacks on American ships. The war established American independence on the world stage and influenced future U.S. foreign policy.
The document summarizes the presidencies of the first three US presidents - George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson. It outlines key events and accomplishments of their terms, including Washington establishing precedents like the cabinet system, Adams passing the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts, and Jefferson's Louisiana Purchase doubling the size of the US. Critical court cases like Marbury v. Madison that established judicial review also occurred during these early administrations.
Thomas Jefferson faced several challenges during his presidency from 1804 to 1808. These included tensions with Britain and France over neutral trade rights during the Napoleonic Wars, conflicts with the Barbary States over pirate attacks on American ships, and disputes with Native American tribes as settlers moved west. Jefferson attempted policies like embargos to address these issues, but they had unintended economic consequences and did not fully resolve the underlying problems. He chose not to seek a third term, leaving office amid continuing tensions abroad and unrest at home over trade and expansion.
The XYZ Affair was a 1797 diplomatic incident where French officials demanded bribes from American envoys, which Americans viewed as an insult from France and led to the Quasi-War, an undeclared naval war between the two countries. John Adams had refused to help France in their war with Britain as he believed it would make France too powerful, fueling tensions that resulted in the XYZ demands and subsequent conflict.
The document discusses key aspects of foreign policy in the United States. It outlines that the president and Congress both play roles in establishing foreign policy, with the president able to independently respond to events and negotiate agreements while Congress can support or oppose policies through legislation and funding. It also summarizes the positive impact of the Marshall Plan in rebuilding European economies after World War 2. Current events discussed include calls for increased defense cooperation at NATO and UN appeals for support to aid survivors of Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines.
The United States consumes a disproportionate amount of the world's oil compared to what it produces domestically. While the US uses 25% of global oil supplies, it only has 1.37% of proven reserves. Recent US military conflicts in regions like the Middle East have been less about countering terrorism and more about securing access to foreign oil supplies and resources to sustain American economic and military power. The document suggests that the US government has used threats of terrorism to strategically establish military bases near foreign oil deposits and pursue control of oil-rich countries.
This document summarizes key events during John Adams' presidency from 1796-1800, including his election over Alexander Hamilton, the XYZ Affair which damaged US-French relations, the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts to suppress Republicans, and the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions opposing the Sedition Act as unconstitutional. Tensions increased between the Federalist and Republican parties during Adams' single term as he struggled to unite the Federalists while facing foreign policy challenges.
American foreign policy suffers from several blindspots according to the document. It has an ahistorical and acultural view that is prone to mirror imaging other cultures. It also has an overreliance on technological solutions and quantitative measures over human-centered qualitative approaches. There is an overemphasis on short term economic fixes like infrastructure projects without considering long term unintended consequences. The document argues for a more strategic and historically grounded approach to foreign policy that considers local cultural and qualitative factors.
The 1800 US presidential election resulted in a tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, both Democratic-Republicans. This tie had to be resolved by the House of Representatives, which took 36 votes over multiple days before electing Jefferson as president. The tie exposed flaws in the electoral process and led to the passage of the 12th Amendment, which established separate ballots for president and vice president to avoid similar ambiguities in the future. The election marked the first peaceful transition of power between opposing political parties in the young American republic.
The document outlines the key issues in the 1800 presidential election between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. It discusses their differing views on foreign relations with Britain and France, military and national security policies, civil liberties, the balance of federal and state powers, and who should rule and participate in government. Adams supported a stronger federal government and military, while Jefferson favored individual liberties and giving more power to the states and common people.
This document summarizes a keynote speech given by John Adams, an early Twitter engineer, about scaling Twitter operations from 2008-2009. Some key points:
1) Twitter saw exponential growth rates from 2008-2009, processing over 55 million tweets per day and 600 million searches per day.
2) Operations focused on improving performance, reducing errors and outages, and using metrics to identify weaknesses and bottlenecks like network latency and database delays.
3) Technologies like Unicorn, memcached, Flock, Cassandra, and daemons were implemented to improve scalability beyond a traditional RDBMS and handle Twitter's data volumes and real-time needs.
4) Caching,
US Foreign Policy: A Commemoration Through The YearsEling Price
This mini-project is a comprehensive presentation on US Foreign Policy first beginning in 1899 well unto the millennium era. The assignment is for Professor McFadden History 1023.52 ~ 15 SP. The due date deadline is Friday, May 1, 2015 11:59 pm. The following was prepared by Eling Price.
This document summarizes theories and factors that influence foreign policy decision making. It discusses that foreign policy is shaped by transnational actors, bureaucracies, and decision making processes within governments. Specifically, the executive branch tends to dominate foreign policy decisions due to controlling international relations. However, legislatures, courts, interest groups, and public opinion can also exert influence. Theories explored include rational choice models, bureaucratic politics, and how cognitive biases and group dynamics impact leadership decisions.
This document discusses different types of political leadership. It defines political leadership and explains that political leaders are important drivers of change in a society, country, and people's lives. It then describes four main forms of political leadership: 1) Democratic countries, where leaders must abide by the constitution and public opinion; 2) Authoritarian countries, where traditional rulers claim power through inheritance; 3) Dictatorships, where leaders seize power through force of arms; and 4) Façade liberal democracies, where leaders outwardly follow democratic processes but can act dictatorially against opposition. The document emphasizes that political leadership is crucial and impacts a nation's sovereignty, economy, education, military, and technological development.
This Presentation Contains information obtained from a Leadership Survey that was conducted from 11/11/2010 to 11/15/2010 to obtain information on political leadership. The survey was presented to 12 users within the peers and outsiders between the given time frames. The results of this survey will enable the understanding of what type of leadership style or qualities a political leader need to posses.
The document outlines seven guiding principles for political leadership: be an achiever, be pragmatic, practice strategic humility, be customer-focused, be committed, become an optimist, and accept responsibility. It then discusses factors for success such as individual competence, experience, respect from others, and education/support. Various leadership roles are presented like The Selector, The Connector, The Problem Solver, The Evaluator, and The Negotiator along with their goals, methods, and tools. Risk assessment, conflict management, synergy creation, and self-improvement are also addressed.
This document discusses different theories and styles of leadership. It begins by defining leadership as managing one's own energy and getting people to places they have not been before through vision. It then outlines three key skills of leadership: creating a vision, gaining commitment, and managing progress. The document goes on to describe the evolution of leadership styles, from authoritarian to transactional to transformational. Authoritarian leadership is top-down, while transactional leadership involves compliance. Transformational leadership utilizes everyone's talents and values participation and diversity of opinions. The document concludes by contrasting control theory with choice theory perspectives on leadership.
Jefferson's Embargo and the War of 1812 (Trials of the Jeffersonians)Tom Richey
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document describes a certificate course in socio-political leadership offered by the Research, Measurement and Policy Centre (RMP). The 3 month course aims to develop leadership skills in aspiring politicians, public servants, and other citizens. It will cover the political system in India, leadership skills, and ethics. Experienced leaders will share their experiences. The course will be held in Delhi, Pune, and Thane. Those interested in envisioning India's future, such as corporate managers and NGO leaders, are encouraged to apply. Contact information is provided for more details.
This document provides an overview of key events during the presidency of Andrew Jackson and the Age of Jackson. It discusses Jackson's election in 1828 and his promotion of Jacksonian democracy, which expanded voting rights. It also outlines major political issues like the Nullification Crisis over tariffs and Jackson's conflict with the Second Bank of the United States. The document notes Jackson's implementation of the Indian Removal Act and the forced relocation of several Native American tribes to territories west of the Mississippi River.
The document discusses John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the two main candidates in the 1796 presidential election. It notes that Adams had a diplomatic background while Jefferson was accused of being pro-French. Adams won the election and became president, while Jefferson became vice president. Their differing views on foreign policy would strain relations between the Federalist and Republican parties in the coming years.
George Washington established important precedents as the first President of the United States, including establishing the cabinet and serving only two terms. His presidency helped establish the strong national government favored by the Federalist Party led by Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton implemented an economic plan that established the Bank of the United States and tariffs to protect American industry, though his plan was opposed by Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republican Party who favored states' rights and a weaker federal government. This division between the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties led to the first American political parties.
George Washington served two terms as the first US President and established several cabinet positions including Secretary of State and Secretary of War. In his farewell address, he warned against the dangers of political parties and sectionalism dividing the country. After his presidency, the first political parties emerged led by Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.
The XYZ Affair involved failed negotiations between the U.S. and France, where French diplomats demanded a bribe and loan before negotiating. This angered the American public against France. In response, President Adams avoided war but increased military spending. He also signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts, allowing deportation of immigrants and imprisonment of government critics. Republicans like Jefferson and Madison opposed these laws as unconstitutional, laying the foundation for states' rights debates.
The document provides information on several topics related to the early presidents of the United States:
1) The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established rules for territories to become states and banned slavery in the Northwest Territory.
2) George Washington was the first president and faced challenges including a large national debt and foreign powers occupying U.S. territory.
3) Thomas Jefferson succeeded Washington as president and believed strongly in individual rights, a weak national government, and separation of church and state.
Washington was elected the first President of the United States under the new Constitution. His presidency established important precedents like the cabinet system of advisors. Political divisions emerged between Federalists led by Hamilton who favored a strong national government and Democratic-Republicans led by Jefferson who favored stronger state governments. The presidency of John Adams saw tensions increase with passage of controversial laws like the Alien and Sedition Acts, leading to the election of Jefferson in 1800 on a platform of states' rights.
The document provides an overview of key political events in early American history from 1789-1820, including the origins and views of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties, the Whiskey Rebellion, the Jay Treaty, the XYZ Affair and Alien and Sedition Acts. It also summarizes major territorial acquisitions and explorations such as the Louisiana Purchase and Lewis and Clark Expedition, as well as military conflicts like the Battle of Tippecanoe, all of which contributed to rising tensions that led the U.S. to declare war on Britain in 1812.
1) The document provides an overview of key events and figures during the founding of the United States from 1780 to 1812, including the Whiskey Rebellion, French Revolution, disagreements between Hamilton and Jefferson, establishment of political parties, and presidencies of Washington, Adams, and Jefferson.
2) It describes the ideological divisions between Federalists like Hamilton who favored a strong federal government and Democratic-Republicans like Jefferson who favored states' rights.
3) Major accomplishments included establishing precedents for presidential power, passing the National Bank and protective tariffs, and the Louisiana Purchase which doubled the size of the nation under Jefferson.
Washington was elected the first President of the United States in 1789. His presidency established important precedents, including creating the Cabinet and warning against political factions and foreign entanglements. Political divisions grew between Hamilton's Federalists and Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans over the role and power of the federal government. The Alien and Sedition Acts passed under President Adams further inflamed tensions between the two parties.
The signers of the declaration of independencecapesociology
Fifty-six men signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776, pledging their lives, fortunes, and honor to American independence from Britain. The document was drafted by Thomas Jefferson and debated over several weeks by the Second Continental Congress. Though not all were initially in favor, persuasive figures like John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Patrick Henry rallied support for independence. On July 4th, the Declaration was adopted, and John Hancock was the first to sign, writing his name large for King George to see. Others signed over the following months, with Caesar Rodney riding through a storm to add his name.
The document discusses John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the key candidates in the 1796 presidential election. It notes their diplomatic backgrounds and roles in the Declaration of Independence. The election resulted in Adams winning the presidency while Jefferson became vice president as the runner up. This established the system of the presidential candidate and vice presidential candidate coming from opposing parties. The document also discusses the Alien and Sedition Acts passed under Adams, which were aimed at suppressing Republican opposition but were unpopular.
The document discusses John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the key candidates in the 1796 presidential election. It notes their diplomatic backgrounds and roles in the Declaration of Independence. The election resulted in Adams winning the presidency while Jefferson became vice president as the runner up. This established the system of the vice president position going to the runner up that was later changed by the 12th Amendment. The document also summarizes several events that occurred during Adams's presidency, including the Alien and Sedition Acts and Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which challenged the constitutionality of the federal government's powers.
George Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the United States in 1789. He worked to establish the executive branch and cabinet positions. Congress passed laws to set up three initial departments: Treasury, State, and War. Washington appointed the first cabinet members. His presidency established important precedents and helped the new government function during a challenging time.
1. John Adams was the second President of the United States, serving from 1796 to 1800.
2. His presidency saw the emergence of the first political parties - the Federalists led by Hamilton and the Democratic-Republicans led by Jefferson - who disagreed on how strong the federal government should be.
3. In response to tensions with France, Adams signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts to limit immigration and criticism of the government, damaging his popularity and ensuring he became a one-term president.
1) The US dollar was established in 1786 and gets its name from the German 'Thaler'.
2) US bills feature portraits of prominent Americans including presidents Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, Grant, and Franklin.
3) The US Treasury has printed bills in denominations from $1 to $10,000, but no longer prints bills higher than $100.
George Washington establishes the first Cabinet and shapes the executive branch. Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson disagree over interpreting the Constitution, leading to the first political parties. Hamilton establishes economic plans that spark debate and opposition. Washington's presidency helps transform the new nation's founding principles into a functioning government.
The United States Presidents Pp 2008 2009guest7af7918
The document provides biographical and political information about the first 6 US Presidents from George Washington to Andrew Jackson. It discusses their backgrounds, key events and policies during their presidencies, including establishing precedents, creating political parties, dealing with foreign conflicts, westward expansion, and interactions with Native Americans. Economic and judicial reforms are also summarized for each president's time in office.
The Civil Rights Movement sought to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans. It was inspired by leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and organizations like the SCLC who advocated for nonviolent civil disobedience based on the teachings of Gandhi. Major events included the Montgomery bus boycott, Nashville sit-ins, and March on Washington. Federal legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed to prohibit racial discrimination and protect voting rights, marking major successes for the movement.
The document provides an overview of the Great Depression and the New Deal. It discusses the economic crisis of the 1920s that led to the Depression, including falling farm prices, overproduction, and rising debt. The magnitude of the Depression is examined through statistics on business/bank failures, unemployment, homelessness, and malnutrition. The document also summarizes Hoover's unsuccessful policies and FDR's New Deal programs in the "100 Days" to provide relief through jobs, agriculture supports, and public works projects. The immediate impact and legacy of expanding the role of government are discussed.
Core democratic values unite all Americans and include personal, political, and economic freedoms. Citizens have rights like due process, privacy, equality, and non-discrimination. Diversity and tolerance are important in a democratic society where citizens participate in government through voting and civic engagement, and no one is above the law.
The document provides information about the United States in 1850, including its population characteristics, forces of disharmony, and the issue of slavery. Some key points:
1. In 1850, the US had 23 million people with the population growing fastest in the Midwest. It was divided into 16 non-slave and 15 slave states.
2. Forces of disharmony included localism over national identity, religious/ethnic pluralism with rising immigration, and strong sectionalism between the North, South, East and West over economic and political differences including slavery.
3. Slavery was a major issue dividing the sections and was growing rapidly despite being a minority system, as the South became increasingly dependent on
The document provides background on the origins and history of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. It discusses how slavery and Jim Crow laws led to discrimination and oppression of African Americans. Key events and figures discussed include the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision that upheld the "separate but equal" doctrine, the Brown v. Board of Education ruling that declared segregation unconstitutional, and the influence of Gandhi's teachings of nonviolent civil disobedience on leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
The document provides background information on the United States in 1850, including its population characteristics, divisions, and the issue of slavery. Key points include:
- The US had 23 million residents in 1850, most living in rural areas across 16 free and 15 slave states.
- Forces of disharmony included localism, pluralism from immigration and religion, and sectionalism between the North, South, East and West which was exacerbated by economic differences and the issue of slavery.
- Slavery was a major dividing issue and while a minority of Southerners owned slaves, the institution was deeply entrenched economically and culturally in the South. The expansion of slavery into new territories further inflamed tensions between
The document discusses the emergence of the two-party system in the early United States. It begins by noting that while the founders hoped to avoid political factions, disagreements over Hamilton's financial plan led to the development of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties. The key disagreement was over whether the "necessary and proper" clause of the Constitution allowed for implied powers like Hamilton's national bank. The Federalists supported a strong national government and loose interpretation while the Democratic-Republicans favored state power and strict interpretation. This partisan divide was cemented by opposing views on domestic economic policy and foreign affairs.
Chapter 3 Home Expert Discussion QuestionsJames Henry
The document contains 5 discussion questions about Chapter 3 of a Home-Expert textbook. The questions cover the founding of proprietary colonies, debates over slavery in early settlements, the advantages and disadvantages of British mercantilism for colonies and mother country, how the Glorious Revolution influenced American views of empire, and the causes and beliefs behind the Salem Witch Trials.
The document provides an overview of English colonization in North America, beginning with their initial motives for profit and copying of the Spanish model. It then discusses the large numbers of English men and women who intended to stay permanently and establish farming colonies. Two key factors that drove many English to migrate were population growth in England and the English Reformation. The founding of Jamestown and Virginia colony is described, noting early struggles. The document also summarizes the founding of New England colonies by Puritans seeking religious freedom. It discusses the development of slavery and differences between the Chesapeake and New England colonies.
The Great Awakening was a religious revival movement that originated in the 1730s and 1740s in Britain and its American colonies. It arose in response to a perceived loss of piety due to the Enlightenment and a lack of traditional church structure on the frontier. The movement emphasized emotional religious experiences and justification by faith alone rather than good works. It promoted the idea that salvation was open to all and challenged the emphasis on predestination. The Great Awakening had consequences such as disputes over religious practices, the splitting of some churches, and a new vision of expanded religious liberty for individuals.
1. Thomas Jefferson was chosen to draft the Declaration of Independence due to his skills as a writer and to represent Virginia, though he was busy with many other tasks and wanted to be home with his ill wife.
2. Jefferson drafted the Declaration over two weeks in June 1776, drawing on his own writings and the ideas of the Enlightenment. He focused on condemning the King rather than Parliament.
3. Congress made some edits to Jefferson's draft, mostly toning down criticisms of the King. They adopted independence on July 2nd and approved the final Declaration on July 4th.
The document discusses the business cycle, which consists of four phases: expansion/growth, peak, recession, and trough/depression. During expansion, spending and employment rise until reaching a peak. Then a recession begins as spending and employment fall. The cycle bottoms out at a trough, with low production and high unemployment, before beginning expansion again. The business cycle is influenced by internal factors like consumption, investment, and government policy, as well as external factors such as technology and wars. The government uses fiscal and monetary policy to stabilize the economy and prevent severe recessions or inflation.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
2. French Revolution
• Foreign policy divisions in the US magnify
tension
• Americans initially praised Revolution
(1789), but as executions mount, some
Americans (esp. Federalists) fear disorder
• Democratic-Republicans more sympathetic
• War between France and England (1793)
creates dilemma: USA allied w/ France, but
dependent on trade w/ England
3. French Revolution (cont.)
• Genet raised possibility of US intervention
• Washington, Hamilton, and Jefferson agree
on pursuing impartiality (neutrality)
• Democratic-Republican societies form
(1793); grassroots sympathy for France and
public opposition to Hamilton’s Federalists
• See themselves as new Sons of Liberty, but
President horrified by organized dissenters
4. Relations w/ Great Britain
• Want England to respect neutral rights,
evacuate frontier posts, compensate for
slaves freed, and sign a commercial treaty
• But Jay had little to offer; able to avert war
in 1795 treaty, plus got evacuation of forts
and some protection of US trade
• Many Americans, especially in South and in
Democratic-Republican societies upset
5. Partisan Divisions in Congress
• In tension w/ House, President establishes
executive privilege to withhold information
• By 1794, congressional votes display
emerging partisanship (voting as a group)
• Democratic-Republicans strong in South and
w/ non-English, small farmers
• Federalists supported by New Englanders,
Anglo-Americans, and merchants
6. Partisan Divisions in Congress (cont.)
• Democratic-Republicans want opportunity
and westward expansion; Federalists stress
order and stability
• Federalists more pro-English; Democratic-
Republicans lean more to France
• Not modern organized political parties
• (1796) First contested presidential election
7. Election of 1796
• Washington’s Farewell: establishes principle
of unilateralism in foreign policy and attacks
legitimacy of Democratic-Republicans
• Adams and Pinckney (Federalists) vs.
Jefferson and Burr (Democratic-Republicans)
• Adams wins presidency, but Jefferson
becomes vice-president
• Constitution does not expect party slates
8. Quasi-War w/ France and XYZ Affair
• US in a weak position militarily in early days.
Could not easily go it alone, yet alliance with
either France or England dangerous as they fought
each other.
– If joined the loser, would suffer in the end.
– If joined the winner, would be a satellite nation,
losing independence.
– Staying neutral was difficult. Both French and
English attacked US ships.
• Peace at any price not an option, so military build-
up called for.
9. Quasi-War w/ France and XYZ Affair
• France very angry w/ US for perceived pro-
British slant of later years of Washington
administration. Neutrality and refusal to honor
Rev. War treaty angered them.
– Published decrees ordering that could attack
American vessels and take them to French-
controlled ports for plunder.
– Refused to recognize French ambassador
Charles Pickney.
– Would not talk with Americans until they
changed policies.
10. Quasi-War w/ France and XYZ Affair
• Adams inherits this conflict over shipping
rights. French privateers were capturing
American ships. American ships were
losing cargo and money. Many Federalists
agitate for war. Adams desires a middle
course. Build up the military (especially
the Navy) while negotiating.
11. XYZ AFFAIR
• Adams sent a secret negotiating team to deal with
the French (Pickney, Elbridge Gerry, and John
Marshall).
– Foreign minister Talleyrand refused to meet them
formally. Sent representatives in private (men
labeled X, Y, and Z) who tried to bribe the
Americans.
– They said Talleyrand would not talk until US paid
any debts owed to France by American citizens, gave
a loan to France, and paid a quarter-million dollar fee
“for the pocket… for the private use of the minister.”
In other words, a bribe. The American negotiators
refused.
12. XYZ AFFAIR
• The negotiations eventually became public
knowledge. The attempted bribery
infuriated Americans. The XYZ affair
pushed America to the brink of war with
France. Adams began building a large navy
in case war came. War fever spread
amongst Americans.
13. SEDITION ACTS
• Politics generally becoming uglier in
this time. Partisanship was on the rise.
• Republican press exposes Alexander
Hamilton’s affair with Maria Reynolds
and payments to James Reynolds to
keep things quiet. Appears that Mr. and
Mrs. Reynolds were in on it together for
extortion.
14. SEDITION ACTS
• Federalists began forming societies to
promote a possible war (that Adams,
without their knowing, had no intention of
fighting) and began sending letters of
support to Adams. “Stand behind” the
president letters. “Millions for defense, but
not one cent for tribute.” “To be lukewarm
is to be criminal,” said on NY newspaper.
15. SEDITION ACTS
• Newspaper business a tough one at this time.
Many tried, but few succeeded. A real
gamble to try and be successful.
• Perhaps the gamble is what gave rise to
excessive speech. Insults were hurled.
Newspapers were not independent, but
partisan.
16. SEDITION ACTS
• Benjamin Franklin Bache (pronounced Beech) was a
Republican. The Aurora.
– Attacked even G. Washington: Administration tainted
with “dishonor, injustice, treachery.…” “If ever a
nation had been debauched by a man, America was
debauched by WASHINGTON…. Let his conduct be
an example for future ages… a warning that no man
may be an idol.”
– Called Adams, “old, bald, blind, querulous, toothless
[and] crippled.”
– Once got into a street fight with John Fenno, a
Federalist publisher, over accusations made in Bache’s
paper. They punched, Fenno bit Bache, Bache beat
Fenno back with a cane (walking stick). Bystanders had
to pull them apart. Each wrote up their own version in
their papers and accused the other of cowardice in
running away.
17. SEDITION ACTS
• William Corbett, Federalist publisher. Porcupine’s Gazette.
Fired sharp quills at the enemy Republicans. Wrote as Peter
Porcupine.
– Of Bache: “All the world knows and says he is a liar; a fallen
wretch; a vessel formed for reprobation; and therefore we should
always treat him as we would a TURK, a JEW, a JACOBIN, or a
DOG.”
– Letter to the editor (maybe): “I have often observed, in looking
over Bache’s paper, that he never has any advertisements relating
to mercantile business…. [I]t is that merchants are ashamed to
have their names seen in so scandalous a paper or think it would be
of little or no use to advertise in it on account of their being so
few- except poor, ignorant, low-bred Jacobins- who take pains
enough to read it.” Editor replies: “…[I]f you wish to continue to
deserve your name, you should immediately cease to read Bache;
for if you have the virtue of an angel, frequent converse with him
will corrupt you.”
18. SEDITION ACTS
The Federalists used the war fever as an opportunity to
pass the Alien and Sedition Acts. Acts presented as a
way to protect America from French enemies in this
country; but were really an opportunity to try and
control the Republican party.
• Alien Acts- increased the amount of time necessary for
an immigrant to become a citizen (most immigrants
voted Republican); allowed the President to jail and/or
deport quot;enemiesquot;- an increase of presidential power.
• Sedition Acts- a series of laws that made it illegal to
criticize the President and his (Federalist) govt.
Clearly an attempt to scare the Republicans into
silence.
19. Actual trials under the Acts.
Sedition Acts:
• Luther Baldwin. At parade as Pres. Adams passed through on
way to Quincy. Cannon fired. “I hope one hits him in the
[rump].” $100 fine.
• Rep. Matthew Lyon.
– Background. Fought on the floor of Congress with Federalist
Roger Griswold. During debate, Lyon spat in Griswold’s face. 2
wks later, Griswold walked over to Lyon and began beating him
with a cane. Lyon grabbed the tongs from a nearby fireplace and
the fought. Had to be pulled apart while rolling on the floor.
– Between sessions when at home, Republican Lyon criticized
Adams in local paper. 4 months in jail and a $1,000 fine. Put in
jail in midwinter in an unheated cell. Backfired on Federalists-
reelected from jail and returned triumphantly to Philadelphia.
Republicans collected money to pay his fine.
20. Actual trials under the Acts.
• Jedidiah Peck, NY assemblyman. Indicted for passing
about petition for repeal of Alien and Sedition Acts.
Never came to trial.
• David Brown, Dedham Mass. Put up a liberty pole and
sign: “NO STAMP ACT, NO SEDITION AND NO
ALIEN ACTS…DOWNFALL TO TYRANTS OF
AMERICA; PEACE AND RETIREMENT TO THE
PRESIDENT; LONG LIVE THE VICE PRESIDENT
AND THE MINORITY.” Small fight between Reps
and Feds before Feds were able to chop it down. $450
fine (4 to 5 times the yearly cash income of a family
farm) and 18 months in jail. Stiffest sentence of all
sedition act punishments.
21. KENTUCKY RESOLVES AND STATE'S RIGHTS
Jefferson was furious over the Sedition
Acts. They were an attack on him, his
party, and he believed they were absolutely
unconstitutional.
The Acts violated strict construction,
which he believed should limit government
activities.
He wrote the Kentucky Resolves: This
was a document passed by the Kentucky
legislature expressing outrage at the
Sedition Acts.
22. KENTUCKY RESOLVES AND STATE'S RIGHTS
State's Rights Philosophy: The Kentucky Resolves
said that if the federal govt. passed a law that the
Constitution did not give it power to pass, the
state could quot;nullifyquot; that law. When declaring a
federal law quot;null and void,quot; a state would be
refusing to enforce the federal law, or allow it to
be enforced, within its borders.
This philosophy allows states to protect
themselves from a power hungry federal govt.
This is a very radical philosophy. Many
years later, southerners revived this philosophy
and used it as a basis for breaking away from the
Union, thus beginning the Civil War.
23. THE CAMPAIGN OF 1800
J. Adams versus his Vice-President Thomas
Jefferson.
This campaign conducted in the days when
candidates did not actually do much. Political
operatives did all the work.
This campaign was often very ugly: both sides
making terrible accusations.
Jefferson overcomes slander, the legitimate
challenge of Adams, and intrigue by his vice-
presidential candidate Aaron Burr to win the
election by a very slender vote in the House of
Representatives.
24. THE CAMPAIGN OF than today.
Elections in 1800 much more complicated
1800
Not a single election day, but a patchwork of elections.
• Only direct national election was for House. Senate
and Pres. elected indirectly.
• 10 of 16 states had Pres. electors appointed by State
Legislatures, so for Pres. election crucial to win
preceding state legislature votes. Party that wants to win
needs to start early in getting its state legislature
candidates elected.
• Most states had two houses, which had to come to
agreement on elector choices. This complicated matters.
• Actual electorate was small- number of eligible
voters was limited by restrictions; only 31% of eligible
in Mass. voted; only 14% of eligible in Conn. voted.
25. THE CAMPAIGN OF 1800
“Real” election was Dec. 3, when electoral
votes cast in the states. Then those votes
were sent to the capital to be counted.
• In the middle of December that it became
apparent that one party would win but still a
long process ahead.
• In Feb. the votes counted in Congress.
• In March, new president to take office.
26. A Campaign of Attacks
Accusations against Adams (fewer because of Sedition
Acts)- that he favored monarchy and aristocracy; that he
was the enemy of liberty (Sedition Acts); that he was
arrogant, over-blown, etc; that he was too close to the
British.
• Specific Rumors…
– “expressed himself in favor of an hereditary President…”
– had plotted to marry one of his 3 sons to a daughter of King
George III to begin an American dynasty and had been stopped
by George Washington’s threat of force.
– had sent General Pinckney to England to bring back 4 pretty
ladies to share as mistresses. (Adams joked…” if this is true
General Pinckney has kept them all for himself and cheated me
out of my two.)
27. A Campaign of Attacks
Accusations against Jefferson-
1. He was soft on slavery: Southern states were concerned
that he may try to abolish slavery.
2. Financial problems: Jefferson was deeply in debt. He
did not manage his financial affairs very well. Sometimes
he was accused of shady business deals.
3. Atheism: Jefferson was not a terribly religious man.
Like Ben Franklin, a deist. This concerned many, and
Federalists distorted his views.
4. Immorality: TJ was accused of having an on-going affair
and children with a slave girl, Sally Hemmings. These
stories were published most by a political enemy of TJ,
James Callender. This issue is still discussed and debated
about Jefferson.
28. • Jefferson defeats Adams in
the Electoral College 73-65.
• Problem: Jefferson & Burr
Problem
received 73 votes each and
both were Democratic-
Republicans
• Therefore election decided by
House of Representatives
29. 1. Election of 1800: The rise of political parties caused
flaws in the electoral college
Parties chose their candidates and electors
would vote for them
Federalists Democratic Republicans
Adams--Pres---65 Jefferson---Pres.---73
Hamilton---VP Burr---VP----73
2. Led to a tie between Jefferson and Burr----House of
Representatives chose Jefferson.
3. To eliminate future problems
12th Amendment: Requires electors to specify which
person they want for President and VP on separate
ballots so their would never be a tie.
30. Election determined in the House of Reps.
Jefferson and Burr tied in the electoral vote.
• Federalists had one electoral voter give a vote to
someone other than the VP candidate to ensure
this didn’t happen. Republicans neglected this.
• When a tie, House decided the matter.
• States voted as states. Majority of states required
to win.
• House still controlled by Federalists (new
members did not take power until March), so they
wanted to deprive TJ of presidency. Willing to
vote for Burr instead.
31. Election determined in the House of Reps.
House was supposed to decide “immediately.” Decided to
deal with no other issues until the election was decided.
• Members brought beds in.
• Joseph Hopper Nicholson of MD was very ill.
Carried in on a bed. When votes called, his wife would
help him sit up so he could write Jefferson on his paper.
MD was evenly divided between R and F, so his vote
was necessary to keep election from being controlled by
F’s.
• First day (Feb. 11th), stayed until 3am and took no
fewer than 27 ballots. 9 states needed to win (a simple
majority of the 16 states). Jefferson had 8, Burr 6, and 2
divided so not voting.
• More voting on the 12th and 13. No result. Many
negotiations taking place.
32. Election determined in the House of Reps.
• Rumors begin to swirl…
– Fed’s are going to try and elect one of their own or
leave Adams in the chair.
– Rep’s will used armed revolt if F’s do that.
• Deal worked out when James Bayard of Del., says
he heard TJ say that he did not believe that
Federalist should be removed from govt. jobs only
for political reasons.
• Md and Vermont Fed’s withheld their votes,
allowing the states’ delegations to go Rep, giving
Jefferson 10 states and making him President.
33. JEFFERSON'S FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS
In this speech he tried to soften the tone of a nasty campaign.
quot;We are all Republicans-- we are all Federalists.quot; He was
reaching out to the opposition, and indicating that all
Americans believed in a federal govt. and republican govt.
He embraced certain principles:
Majority rule- with protection for minorities. He was
aligning himself with democracy more than the Federalists
would.
Frugal govt- keep finances small, taxes low, and let the
people have their money.
No foreign entanglements- following precedent of George
Washington
Pay off govt. debts- and don't create more.
Freedom of the press (no Sedition Acts), and religion.
***Emphasis: small govt and individual rights.***
34. •Jefferson’s Presidency is
considered a transitional period
in US History.
•Many historians look at this
time period as the beginning of
the true democracy in the US.
•Believed National
Government became too
powerful during Adam’s
Presidency
•Would try to reduce National
Govt. power but actually
expands Presidential power.
35. •Champion for the common man
•Believed education would prepare
them for participation in
government…..
•For now, educated should rule…
•Believed National Government
became too powerful during Adam’s
Presidency
•Kept most Federalist programs. WHY?
•Washington/Adams laid a solid foundation for USA.
•Pardoned those arrested with Sedition Act
•Repealed the Whiskey tax
•Kept most of Hamilton’s financial policies— including
BUS
•Had Alien Act repealed.
36. •Visualized an agrarian society
•Feared industrialization and its effects.
•Farmers were the chosen class.
•Laissez faire govt. (hands off govt.)
•Against BUS but did not repeal it.
•Owned slaves but believed it was evil….Slavery
would end but predicted it would divide
•Native Americans, co-existence a long range goal but
he believed that Natives needed to adopt white ways,
and that, at that time, Indians and whites could not co-
exist. He worked towards removal of tribes to western
lands
•Believed education the key to social mobility Jeffersonian democracy
37. JEFFERSON AND THE COURTS
In 1801 the Federalist govt. passed a Judiciary Act,
which created many new courts and judicial
jobs.
Adams and his Secretary of State, John Marshall,
spent, literally, the last hours of their
administration filling judicial jobs with
Federalists before TJ took office and appointed
Republicans.
Jefferson accused the Federalists of making a
quot;retreat to the judiciaryquot; where he couldn't get
rid of them. Threat to Revolution of 1800.
38. JEFFERSON AND THE COURTS
One of Adams last appointments- John Marshall to
Chief Justice of Supreme Court. Marshall and
TJ were cousins, but political opponents.
Marshall as Chief Justice dealt Jefferson a major
defeat in the case of Marbury v. Madison.
• For the first time the Sup. Ct. declared a law
unconstitutional. This set a precedent for the
future.
39. Chief Justice John Marshall stated,
•“The Constitution is either a superior paramount law,
unchangeable by ordinary means, or it is on a level with
ordinary legislative acts, and like other acts, is alterable when
the legislature shall please to alter it.
•If the former part of the alternative be true, then a legislative
acting contrary to the constitution is now law; if the latter part
be true, then written constitutions are absurd attempts, on the
part of the people to limit a power in its own nature illimitable.
•It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial
department to say what the law is
•If, then, the courts are to regard the Constitution and the
Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature,
the Constitution and no such ordinary act, must govern the
case to which they are both applicable”.
40. • 1800. France acquired Spanish Louisiana and
New Orleans.
• Because of pressure from the west and national
security threats, Jefferson offered to buy New
Orleans from France. Offered $10M.
41. • Since Napoleon was at war w/
Gt. Britain, he offered entire
Louisiana Territory to US for
$15M.
• In need of money for his war.
• Jefferson agreed to the deal-
approx. 3 cents per acre.
• Doubled the size of the US.
– No blood shed.
– Possibility of an ‘empire of
liberty.’