The document discusses why the United States did not join the League of Nations after World War I. Henry Cabot Lodge and other Republicans opposed U.S. membership due to concerns that Article X of the League charter would require the U.S. to take military action according to the League's decisions without regard for American interests. While Woodrow Wilson strongly advocated for the League and American involvement after winning the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize, the Republican-controlled Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League. As a result, the U.S. remained outside of the League when it began operations after World War I.
6 The First World WarImperial War MuseumThe Art Archive a.docxalinainglis
6 The First World War
Imperial War Museum/The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY
The Mark V tank was an important technological
advance that helped the Allies achieve victory
in World War I.
bar82063_06_c06_165-198.indd 165 1/9/15 9:32 AM
American Lives: Eugene V. Debs
Pre-Test
1. One of the important ways the United States mobilized for World War I was through the
National Defense Act of 1916. T/F
2. American involvement in World War I was relatively short, and American fighters were
spared from the most deadly fighting in the war. T/F
3. Women largely contributed to the war effort by holding scrap paper drives and fund-
raising campaigns. T/F
4. One of the main challenges in 1919 was racial conflict, and in some cities this erupted
into riot conditions. T/F
5. The United States led the way by being the first nation to join the League of Nations after
the war. T/F
Answers can be found at the end of the chapter.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
• Consider why it became increasingly difficult for the United States to maintain an
isolationist stance in the early 20th century.
• Explain the causes of World War I.
• Discuss the effects mobilization had on the American economy and society.
• Explain how the war changed the lives of African Americans and women.
• Discuss the ways in which the United States moved in a conservative direction following
the war.
American Lives: Eugene V. Debs
Earning nearly a million votes—6% of the total cast—in his fourth run for the presidency in
1912, Socialist Eugene V. Debs mistakenly believed that the Socialist Party of America (SPA)
stood on the edge of an impending electoral revolution. Known as a radical advocate for the
working class, Debs and other Socialists shared a vision for a new America in which workers
would stand united and solve many of the ills of industrial society.
Under ideal socialism, collective or government ownership of utilities, services, and businesses
would in theory equalize the social classes and evenly distribute wealth among the population.
Poverty would be reduced, and all citizens would share in the nation’s prosperity. In the Pro-
gressive era more than 100 local and state officials and two congressmen were elected under
the SPA. Although Progressives were not Socialists, they expressed similar ideals such as mak-
ing capitalism more responsive to the needs of the average citizen and regulating businesses to
level the playing field in major industries.
bar82063_06_c06_165-198.indd 166 1/9/15 9:32 AM
Ailing health prevented Debs from challenging incumbent Woodrow Wilson in the 1916 presi-
dential election, but as Wilson prepared the country to enter the world war a year later, Debs
returned to public life and delivered a series of scathing antiwar speeches. Debs argued that
workingmen were disproportionately affected when the nation went to war. They were, he said,
exploited as a fightin.
Liberty university hius 222 content quiz 3 complete solutions correct answers...Harry White
Liberty University HIUS 222 content quiz 3 complete solutions correct answers key
More than 5 different versions
https://www.coursemerit.com/solution-details/22984/HIUS-222-content-quiz-3-complete-solutions-correct-answers-key
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. 101. How exactly does Communism work? It doesn’t. Seriously, the ideal below has never existed: Communism is a sociopolitical movement that aims for a classless and stateless society structured upon common ownership of the means of production, free access to articles of consumption, and the end of wage labor and private property in the means of production and real estate I went to China, it is not the above!
3. 102. Why did the U.S. become so fervently anti-Russian? This occurred for a variety of reasons: First Red Scare Second Red Scare-McCarthyism Xenophobia Competition for world power
4. First Red Scare 1919-1920 marked by a widespread fear of Bolshevism and anarchism effects of radical political agitation in American society especially in the American labor movement It had its origins in the hyper-nationalism of World War I.
5. First Red Scare following the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, American authorities saw the threat of revolution in the actions of organized labor including such disparate cases as the Seattle General Strike and the Boston Police Strike and then in the bomb campaign directed by anarchist groups at political and business leaders.
6. First Red Scare 1919-1920 Fueled by: labor unrest anarchist bombings spurred on by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer's attempt to suppress radical organizations characterized by exaggerated rhetoric, illegal search and seizures, unwarranted arrests and detentions, and the deportation of several hundred suspected radicals and anarchists.
7. First Red Scare-why? Bolshevism threat of revolution became the general explanation f BUT MOSTLY challenges to the social order even such unrelated events as incidents of interracial violence were used Fear of radicalism was used to excuse such simple expressions of free speech as the display of certain flags and banners. ended in the middle of 1920, after Attorney General Palmer forecast a massive radical uprising on May Day and the day passed without incident.
10. OvermanCommitte The Committee's hearings into Bolshevik propaganda, conducted from February 11 to March 10, 1919, developed an alarming image of Bolshevism as an imminent threat to the U.S. government and American values. The Committee's final report appeared in June 1919.
11. Overman Committee Findings Archibald E. Stevenson, a New York attorney with ties to the Justice Department, probably as a "volunteer spy",testified on January 22, 1919, during the German phase of the subcommittee's work. He established that anti-war and anti-draft activism during World War I, which he described as pro-German activity, had now transformed itself into propaganda "developing sympathy for the Bolshevik movement. America's wartime enemy, though defeated, had exported an ideology that now ruled Russia and threatened America anew. "The Bolshevik movement is a branch of the revolutionary socialism of Germany. It had its origin in the philosophy of Marx and its leaders were Germans."
12. Sensationalism surrounding the Overman Findings The press reveled in the investigation and the final report, referring to the Russians as "assassins and madmen," "human scum," "crime mad," and "beasts."
13. 2ND RED SCARE“McCarthyism” China falls to Communism Russia has A-Bomb Sensational news stories of spies (Alger Hiss & Julius, Ethel Rosenberg) Fall from power when accuses Army of infiltration
14.
15. 103. If the people were so upset with the Harding administration, how did Calvin Coolidge get elected so easily?
16. Why were people upset with Harding? General info: “return to normalcy”
17. Harding, cont’d largest presidential popular vote landslide in American history (60.36% to 34.19%) since first recorded in 1824. VP is Calvin Coolidge
18. Harding Departed from the Progressive Movement which had dominated Congress since Teddy Roosevelt Rewarded his friends, the “Ohio Gang” with powerful positions
19. Harding- Foreign Affairs Wasn’t part of League of Nations- signed a separate peace treaty to end WWI w/ Germany & Austria Promoted Naval disarmament at Washington Naval Conference of 1921-22 Urged U.S. to join proposed international court
20. Scandals Teapot Dome- (unknown until after his death) Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome and two other locations to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding.
21. Scandals Teapot Dome-Before the Watergate scandal, Teapot Dome was regarded as the "greatest and most sensational scandal in the history of American politics". The scandal also was a key factor in posthumously destroying the public reputation of Harding, who was extremely popular at the time of his death in office in 1923.
22. Scandals Justice Dept.- VERY CORRUPT Bootlegging, narcotics, bribes for pardons, etc. Jess Smith- an aide to the Atty General committed suicide b/c of corruption investigations Historian M. R. Werner referred to the Justice Department under Harding and Daugherty as "the den of a ward politician and the White House a night club."
23. 1924 election Republican- Coolidge Democratic-doesn’t matter Progressive-La Follette Calvin Jr.-blister then death, so very subdued campaign. Also b/c C.C. so nonconfrontational
24. 1924 Election despite the split in the Republican party, very similar to those of 1920. Coolidge and Dawes won every state outside the South except for Wisconsin, La Follette's home state. Coolidge had a popular vote majority of 2.5 million over his opponents' combined total.[106]
25. Coolidge administration Roaring 20s Sec. of Commerce- Hoover Hated gov’t regulation Lassiez faire economics Biggest issue was helping farmers- "Farmers never have made much money," said Coolidge, the Vermont farmer's son, "I do not believe we can do much about it."
26. Coolidge Foreign Affairs- Didn’t think L. of Nations supported U.S. interests Kellogg-Briand Pact- most well known initiative "renounce war, as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another."
27. Robert La Follette member of the U.S. House of Representatives, Gov. of Wisconsin, U.S. Senator from Wisconsin (1906 to 1925). He ran for President of the United States as the nominee of his own Progressive Party in 1924, carrying Wisconsin and 17% of the national popular vote.
28. “Fighting Bob” proponent of progressivism vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations. In 1957, a Senate Committee selected La Follette as one of the five greatest U.S. Senators, along with Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, and Robert Taft. A 1982 survey asking historians to rank the "ten greatest Senators in the nation's history" based on "accomplishments in office" and "long range impact on American history," placed La Follette first, tied with Henry Clay.
29. How was economic reform through gov’t beneficial? A central feature of the U.S. economy is the economic freedom afforded to the private sector by allowing the private sector to make the majority of economic decisions in determining the direction and scale of what the U.S. economy produces. This is enhanced by relatively low levels of regulation and government involvement,aswell as a court system that generally protects property rights and enforces contracts.
30. Tariffs have played different roles in trade policy and the nation's economic history. Tariffs were the largest source of federal revenue from the 1790s to the eve of World War I, until it was surpassed by income taxes.
31. History of Tariffs A tariff is a tax levied on imports or exports. The word is derived from the Arabic word taʿrīf, meaning 'fees to be paid. Tariffs are usually associated with protectionism, a government's policy of controlling trade between nations to support the interests of its own citizens. For economic reasons, tariffs are usually imposed on imported goods. . When shipments of goods arrive at a border crossing or port, customs officers inspect the contents and charge a tax according to the tariff formula. Since the goods cannot continue on their way until the duty is paid, it is the easiest duty to collect, and the cost of collection is small. Traders seeking to evade tariffs are known as smugglers.
32.
33. 187. Why was there such a controversy over Wilson’s proposal of a League of Nations? In short, b/c it required the U.S. to not have complete control over itself. Membership would require that the U.S. take action according to the League’s decisions
34. League of Nations Despite Wilson's efforts to establish and promote the League, (Nobel Peace Prize)1919 United States did not join the League b/c of opposition in the U.S. Senate, (Henry Cabot Lodge and William E. Bora) also b/c Wilson's refusal to compromise
35. Treaty of Versailles The Republican Party, led by Henry Cabot Lodge controlled the United States Senate after the election of 1918, but the Senators were divided into multiple positions on the Versailles question. Never passed it- a different act was passed under Harding
36. Henry Cabot Lodge Was the conservative faction of the Republican Party. staunch supporter of the gold standard, vehemently opposing the Populists and the silverites, who were led by the left-wing Democrat William Jennings Bryan.
37. Lodge Imperialist- wanted to annex Phillippines Wanted U.S. to enter WWI Wilson’s 14 criticized as weak Hated Wilson and wanted to find an issue the Republicans could win with in 1920
38. League of Nations dispute key objection: Article X provision of the League of Nations charter that required all signatory nations to make efforts to repel aggression of any kind. Lodge perceived an open-ended commitment to deploy soldiers into conflict regardless of it being relevant to the national security interests of the United States.
39. Lodge Lodge appealed to the patriotism of American citizens by objecting to what he saw as the weakening of national sovereignty: "I have loved but one flag and I can not share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league."
40. Causes of Cold War There were deep-rooted ideological, economic and political differences between the United States and the Soviet Union before the Second World War. These differences were intensified as a result of their mutual suspicions immediately after the Second World War.
41. Causes of the Cold War-UNDERLYING 1. Ideaological- two opposing forms of gov’t- Republic/free elections vs. Communist/fixed elections Little common ground for compromise
42. Causes of the Cold War 2. Economic-The United States wanted to encourage free trade throughout the world. The Soviet Union wanted to shield off her own sphere from international commerce.
43. Causes of the Cold War 3. Power Rivalry- After the Second World War, with the decline of Europe, power was largely shared between the Soviet Union and the United States. As one wanted 'to dominate the other, conflicts were inevitable.
44. Causes of the Cold War-immediate events Extension of Russian influence in Europe- -gradually influenced in Europe, obtained new boundary line with Poland and E. Germany. Close of war began consolidating power & controlling elections.
45. Causes of the Cold War-immediate events Extension of Russian influence in Europe- CONT’D -Although the non-communists could still gain some votes, most of the votes went to the communists so coalition govt’sformed immediately after the war were largely dominated by the communists. Two of the key ministries - Defense and Military (Police) - were always under communist control.
46. Causes of the Cold War-immediate events Extension of Russian influence in Europe- CONT’D -Stalin was not satisfied with communist control of eastern Europe. -In the meantime, he encouraged the communists to take an active part in the immediate post-war elections in western Europe. -In late 1946, the French and Italian Communists were becoming the most powerful parties in France and Italy.
47. Causes of the Cold War-immediate events 2. The reactions of the U.S. 3. Poor relations between the U.S. and Soviet Union http://www.funfront.net/hist/europe/coldwar.htm#CAUSES%20OF%20THE%20COLD%20WAR Go here for more specific
48. Sedition Act of 1918 The Sedition Act of 1918 –Wilson-It forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt.
49. Sedition Act of 1918 Though the legislation enacted in 1918 is commonly called the Sedition Act, it was actually a set of amendments to the Espionage Act
50. Esipnoge Act of 1917 It originally prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, to support U.S. enemies during wartime, to promote insubordination in the military, or to interfere with military recruitment..
51. Espionage Act of 1917 In 1919, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled in Schenck v. United States that the act did not violate the freedom of speech of those convicted under its provisions. “fire in a crowded theatre” The constitutionality of the law, its relationship to free speech, and the meaning of the law's language have been contested in court ever since
52. Alien & Sedition Acts The Alien and Sedition Acts were four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the 5th United States Congress during an undeclared naval war with France, later known as the Quasi-War. They were signed into law by President John Adams. Proponents claimed the acts were designed to protect the United States from enemy aliens, and to prevent seditious attacks from weakening the government.
53. sedition any action, especially in speech or writing, promoting such discontent or rebellion. incitement of discontent or rebellion against a government.
54. 14 Points The Fourteen Points was a speech delivered by United States President Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918. The speech was delivered 10 months before the Armistice with Germany and became the basis for the terms of the German surrender, as negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. The Treaty of Versailles had little to do with the Fourteen Points and was never ratified by the U.S. Senate.
56. 14 Points Summary There should be an end to all secret diplomacy amongst countries. Freedom of the seas in peace and war The reduction of trade barriers among nations The general reduction of armaments The adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of the inhabitants as well as of the colonial powers The evacuation of Russian territory and a welcome for its government to the society of nations The restoration of Belgian territories in Germany The evacuation of all French territory, including Alsace-Lorraine The readjustment of Italian boundaries along clearly recognizable lines of nationality Independence for various national groups in Austria-Hungary The restoration of the Balkan nations and free access to the sea for Serbia Protection for minorities in Turkey and the free passage of the ships of all nations through the Dardanelles Independence for Poland, including access to the sea A league of nations to protect "mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small nations alike."
57. 14 Points The Fourteen Points in the speech were based on the research of the Inquiry, a team of about 150 advisors led by foreign-policy advisor Edward M. House into the topics likely to arise in the anticipated peace conference. Wilson's speech on January 8, 1918, took many of the principles of progressivism that had produced domestic reform in the U.S. and translated them into foreign policy (free trade, open agreements, democracy and self-determination). The Fourteen Points speech was the only explicit statement of war aims by any of the nations fighting in World War I.
58. Who were the main presidents and what were their economic policies that aided the advent of the Industrial Revolution? 1812 Lowell Factory- Maidson, Monroe 1850-60 Bessemer Steel**Buchanan, Lincoln, Johnson, Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Then chemical industries, petro refining & dist,.electrical industries & (in 20th) automobiles
59. What were the restrictions placed upon the Germans Legal restrictions- Occupation of the Rhineland- Military restrictions- Territorial changes- Shandong problem- Reparations-
60. What were the restrictions placed upon the Germans Legal restrictions- Article 227 charges former German Emperor, Wilhelm II with supreme offense against international morality. He is to be tried as a war criminal. Articles 228–230 tried many other Germans as war criminals. Article 231 (the "War Guilt Clause") lays sole responsibility for the war on Germany and her allies, which is to be accountable for all damage to civilian populations of the Allies.
61. What were the restrictions placed upon the Germans Occupation of the Rhineland As a guarantee of compliance by Germany, Part XIV of the Treaty provided that the Rhineland would be occupied by Allied troops for a period of fifteen years.[12]
62. What were the restrictions placed upon the Germans Military restrictions Part V of the treaty begins with the preamble, "In order to render possible the initiation of a general limitation of the armaments of all nations, Germany undertakes strictly to observe the military, naval and air clauses which follow."[13] German armed forces will number no more than 100,000 troops, and conscription will be abolished. Enlisted men will be retained for at least 12 years; officers to be retained for at least 25 years. German naval forces will be limited to 15,000 men, 6 battleships (no more than 10,000 tons displacement each), 6 cruisers (no more than 6,000 tons displacement each), 12 destroyers (no more than 800 tons displacement each) and 12 torpedo boats (no more than 200 tons displacement each). No submarines are to be included. The import and export of weapons is prohibited. Poison gas, armed aircraft, tanks and armoured cars are prohibited. Blockades on ships are prohibited. Restrictions on the manufacture of machine guns (e.g. the Maxim machine gun) and rifles (e.g. Gewehr 98 rifles).
63. What were the restrictions placed upon the Germans Territorial changes Changed borders which resulted in loss of land
64. What were the restrictions placed upon the Germans Territorial changes Changed borders which resulted in loss of land Shandong problem Article 156 of the treaty transferred German concessions in Shandong, China, to Japan rather than returning sovereign authority to China. Chinese outrage over this provision led to demonstrations and a cultural movement known as the May Fourth Movement and influenced China not to sign the treaty. China declared the end of its war against Germany in September 1919 and signed a separate treaty with Germany in 1921.
65. What were the restrictions placed upon the Germans Reparations Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles assigned blame for the war to Germany; much of the rest of the Treaty set out the reparations that Germany would pay to the Allies. (*war-guilt clauses) The total sum of war reparations demanded from Germany—around 226 billion Reichsmarks—was decided by an Inter-Allied Reparations Commission. In 1921, it was reduced to 132 billion Reichsmarks at that time then $31.4 billion (US$ 442 billion in 2011), or £6.6 billion (UK£ 217 billion in 2011).