Status of North American CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) Projects - presentation by Adam Berger at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
The document discusses the status and progress of carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects in North America, highlighting that while some demonstrations have been canceled, significant ongoing projects are critical for technology advancement. Key CCS pilots, such as Boundary Dam and Kemper County, are moving forward, yet there is a critical need for more public funding and support to further the development of CCS technologies. The future of CCS remains uncertain, raising questions about funding sources and the impact of natural gas prices on coal usage.
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Status of North American CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) Projects - presentation by Adam Berger at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
- 1. Adam Berger ElectricPower Research Institute (EPRI) UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2014 September 11th 2014 Status of North American CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) Projects
- 2. © 2013 ElectricPower Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 About EPRI • US non-profit for collaborative research in electric sector • Research spans electricity production, transportation, consumption, and environmental impacts • Members include 450+ participants in more than 30 countries • Charter is to provide benefit to the public, the electricity sector, and our members
- 3. © 2013 ElectricPower Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Overview of Major Projects • While several North American CCS demonstrations have been cancelled, significant projects are ongoing in all areas • Most funding came from government grants during the economic stimulus • Largest CCS projects involving coal flue gas worldwide have occurred in the region; CCS on gas not pursued for now • All large-scale CCS demonstrations in North America involve enhanced oil recovery (EOR) save FutureGen 2.0; less public concerns about storage than in the EU • More CCS projects are needed to improve technologies; from where will new funding come? What is the current status of and future for CCS projects?
- 4. © 2013 ElectricPower Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 North American CCS Pilots Project / Location Owner Size, Net MW Capture Process / % Capture Vendor Comment Mountaineer / West Virginia AEP 20 Post-combustion capture (PCC) / 75% Alstom Facility shut down; first to do full CCS on coal Plant Barry / Alabama Alabama Power, Southern 25 PCC / 90% MHI Still in operation; first to have significant transportation Shand / Canada Saskatchewan Power 7 PCC / 90% Multiple (including Hitachi) Not operational yet (late 2014); may have storage; will be a test facility Significant pilot-scale work has been and is being performed
- 5. © 2013 ElectricPower Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Alstom’s Chilled Ammonia Process at AEP’s Mountaineer Property of Alstom Power and/or AEP Mountaineer • Alstom’s chilled ammonia CO2 post-combustion capture – ~20-MW demonstration at AEP’s Mountaineer Plant in WV – Designed for ~100,000 tonnes-CO2/year; 75% CO2 capture – Injection occurred in saline reservoir using two on-site wells – Capture started in September 2009 and storage in October 2009; 51,000 tonnes captured and 37,500 tonnes stored – Capture project completed in May 2011, storage monitoring continues • Experience – Met design goals (75% capture) – Resolved design issues caused by accelerated schedule – Process improvements identified – Storage permitting is challenging and new to regulators – Calculated cost of electricity for commercial-scale plant ~$113–123/MWh
- 6. © 2013 ElectricPower Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Plant Barry MHI’s KM-CDR Process at Plant Barry Property of MHI and/or Southern • MHI KM-CDR advanced amine CO2 post-combustion capture – ~25-MW demonstration at Alabama Power’s Plant Barry in AL – 500 tonnes-CO2/day – Capture started on 3 June 2011; ~200,000 tonnes captured – Injection started on 20 August 2012; ~100,000 tonnes stored in oilfield 20 km away – Plan: Capture CO2 through 2014, then 3 years of post-injection monitoring • Experience – Capture plant demonstrated stable performance at full load conditions with lower steam consumption than MHI conventional capture process – New amine emission reduction technologies achieved significant reduction (90%) – Stored CO2 with minimal issues – Significant characterization and monitoring efforts have taken place – Regulatory hurdles for storage were substantial
- 7. © 2013 ElectricPower Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 North American CCS Demonstrations Project / Location Owner Size, Net MW Capture Process / % Capture Cost / Funding (Source) Status Boundary Dam / Canada Saskatchewan Power 110 PCC (Cansolv) / 90% $1.4B / $245M (Saskatchewan govt) FutureGen 2.0 / Illinois FutureGen Alliance 99 Oxy-combustion / 98% $1.65B / $1B (ARRA) Hydrogen Energy California (HECA) / California SCS Energy 288 IGCC / 90% (also producing urea / ammonia) $3.9B / $408M (CCPI) Kemper County / Mississippi Mississippi Power / Southern 524 / 582 IGCC / ~65% ? / $270M (CCPI) Texas Clean Energy Project (TCEP) / Texas Summit Power 200 IGCC / 90% (also producing urea / ammonia) $2.9B / $450M (CCPI) WA Parish / Texas NRG Energy, Petra Nova 250 PCC / 90% $845M for PCC / $167M (CCPI) Boundary Dam and Kemper County are moving forward; others are possible
- 8. © 2013 ElectricPower Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Boundary Dam Boundary Dam Used with permission from SaskPower • World’s first commercial PCC CCS demonstration; expected on-line in late 2014 • Retrofit Boundary Dam Unit 3 – Increase steam to 124 bar, 565oC – Capture ~1 Mtonnes/year CO2 • Net power of 110 MW after capture • Cansolv process captures SO2 & CO2 • Anticipated energy penalty 21% • Delays due to issues on power plant retrofit (asbestos, welding); CCS unit is done • CO2 for EOR – Some saline storage during commissioning Used with permission from SaskPowerCO2and SO2AbsorbersCO2StripperFlue Gas from PlantCovered Buildings (weather)
- 9. © 2013 ElectricPower Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 • IGCC with CCS plant nearing completion; expected on-line in late 2014 • 65% CO2 capture for EOR • Two-train plant with air-blown TRIG gasifiers, Selexol, and Siemens gas turbines / Toshiba steam turbine • Uses local Mississippi lignite • 524-MW net with peak using duct firing of 582 MW • Design net plant heat rate with CCS 12,353–12,819 kJ/kWh – 28-29% efficiency Kemper County Illustration Used with permission from Southern Company Kemper County
- 10. © 2013 ElectricPower Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 FutureGen 2.0 • 99-MW net oxy-combustion repower on Meredosia Unit 4 – 98% capture – 1.1 Mtonnes/year storage in Mt. Simon formation 48 km away • FutureGen Alliance (5 members) leading project. Major vendors: B&W and Air Liquide • All permits, financing and power purchase agreement are in place • Air-fired net plant efficiency = 31.5% (HHV) air-fired; 21.5–22.5% (HHV) oxy-combustion with CCS (lower due to use of existing steam turbines) • Construction: 2014–17; Operation: 2017–37; Monitoring: 2037–87 FutureGen 2.0 Process Flow Diagram Used with permission from the FutureGen Alliance
- 11. © 2013 ElectricPower Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Feedstock Storage Urea Storage UAN Storage Power Block Gasifier Water Treatment Sulfur Recovery Fertilizer Complex Shift Rectisol Gasifier 100% Ammonia 60% Power 100% Draw Down Storage Fertilizer 100% 33% 67% 100% 65% Build 50% 50% Maximum Power Production (16 hours/day) Maximum Ammonia Production (8 hours/day) Used with permission from Hydrogen Energy California HECA – Hydrogen Energy California Polygeneration with variable operation and two operating modes; Project is in jeopardy due to financial closure issues
- 12. © 2013 ElectricPower Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 TCEP – Texas Clean Energy Project Polygeneration with fixed operation and one operating mode; Project is in jeopardy due to uncertainty in off-take agreements Used with permission from Summit Power
- 13. © 2013 ElectricPower Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 WA Parish WA Parish CCS Illustration Used with permission from Petra Nova • Retrofit PCC to 250-MW unit in Richmond, TX – Recently announced using MHI amine capture system – 1.5 Mtonnes for EOR • Gas-fired peaker to provide power + steam for capture unit • 130-km pipeline for EOR • Federal permitting took nearly two years – Environmental impact statement – no major impacts • Project on a path forward for financial close, plant construction, commercial operations by 2015
- 14. © 2013 ElectricPower Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Summary for North America • CCS demonstrations have not advanced as fast as planned, but progress is being made • Key CCS pilots ongoing or successfully completed • Boundary Dam and Kemper are only CCS demonstrations definitely going forward; several more possible • No major new government funding for CCS forecasted, but need more public funding and support to advance CCS • Questions: – Are lower-cost CCS technologies required for more demos? – With low natural gas prices, will coal be phased out? – Will CCS be required for natural gas-powered units?
- 15. © 2013 ElectricPower Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Together…Shaping the Future of Electricity