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overview of materials and processes for CCS technologies 2
- 1. 1 Overview of CCS Technologies
- 2. 2 2 Presentation Outline • Introduction • CO2 Capture Processes & Separation Technologies • CO2 Transportation & Storage • Quality Specification of CO2 • Monitoring & Mathematical expressions • CCS Status in World & in India • Alternative Approaches to Capture CO2
- 3. 3 Questions on sustainable energy • Out look of CO2 emission, energy consumption and generation • How can we make a sustainable energy plan • We need to get off fossil fuel – Numbers not adjectives – Not easy, but possible • All renewable energy is diffuse – To make a difference, renewable energy facility has to be country-sized.
- 4. 4 Atmospheric CO2 concentration still increases Today’s CO2 level: 413.79 ppm
- 5. 5 CO2 emission strongly related to industrialization
- 7. 7 How much is a gigaton (Gt)? • One billion metric tons (1012 kg) • It is about 2750 Empire state buildings. • Global CO2 emissions related to energy are about 36.3 Gt as of 2012.
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- 10. 10 10 We Still Rely on Fossil Fuels • Fossil fuels (coal, gas and oil) represent 80% of the global energy supply • Renewables supply only account for 13% of our total energy supply
- 11. 11 11 … and will Continue to do so for Decades to Come By 2030 Renewables could make upto 30% of the global energy supply • But fossil fuels will remain our main source of energy for decades to come
- 12. 12 12 CO2 emissions by industry & power plant
- 13. 13 13 Fossil Fuels Power the Largest Emitters of CO2…. Fossil fuels power plants, heavy industry and refineries account for 52% of the world’s current CO2 emissions (15 billion tonnes CO2 emissions/year)
- 14. 14 14 How do we Meet this Challenge? • We need to cut CO2 emissions fast… … as energy consumption continues to rise …Our climate depends on it
- 15. 15 15 CCS alone will provide up to 20% of the CO2 emission reductions we need to make by 2050. Here’s how it works...
- 16. 16 16 What Is Carbon Capture and Sequestration (Storage) Three stage process: i. Capturing CO2 at Large & stationary point sources ii. Transporting the CO2 from source to sink, iii. Injecting the CO2 in suited geological reservoir or sinks
- 17. 17 17 Inside CCS
- 18. 18 18 Carbon Capture Options • Capture Processes: 1. Post-combustion :separation CO2-N2 2. Pre-combustion :separation CO2-H2 3. Oxy-fuel combustion :separation O2-N2 • Separation technologies: 1. Adsorption 2. Absorption 3. Membrane Separation 4. Cryogenic distillation
- 19. 19 19 Separation principles 1.Adsorption: attachment of fluid to a solid surface – Solid sorbents :Lime, zeolite, activated carbon 2.Absorption: fluid dissolves or permeates into a liquid – Solvents :Aqueous amines and salts Chemical Adsorption Physical Adsorption Chemical Absorption Physical Absorption
- 20. 20 20 Separation principles 3.Membrane Separation: separation which makes use of difference in physical/chemical interaction with membrane • Membrane provides grater contacting area
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- 25. 25 Olav Bolland, MEA scrubbing Energy consumption (3.8 MJ/kgCO2), energy penalty: 10-14% Large uncertainty on health issues relating to emission of amines Uncertainty of handing waste amines relating to degradation
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- 28. 28 Carbonate looping Energy penalty of CO2 capture is about 5% << other techniques CO2 capture: 87-90% Environmental friendly Berstad, D., et. al., Int J Greenh GC 2014, 24:43
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- 33. 33 Pre-combustion •Technology of large scale hydrogen production is commercially available •Turbine needed to be modified for combustion of hydrogen •Complex processes
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- 39. 39 Pre-combustion • Current – IRCC (Integrated Reforming Combined Cycle) – IGCC (Integrated gasification Combined Cycle) • Next? – Carbonate looping for CO2 capture – H2/O2/CO2 membranes
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- 49. 49 Sorption Enhanced SMR or WGS • Reforming: CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2 • WGS: CO + H2O CO2 + H2 • Overall: CH4 + 2H2O CO2 + 4H2 • Capture: MO + CO2 MCO3 • CO2 acceptor installed together with the catalyst • Shift in the equilibrium H O C Ca Cat CaO CaCO3
- 50. 50 Steam Turbine Stack HRSG Generator Air Compressor Gas Turbine Coal Biomass Heavy oil ... Gasifier Slag Air Fuel Cell Fuels & Chemicals Air seperator Air Oxygen O2 Steam Water Steam to turbine Carbonate looping CO2 Reactor regenerator H2
- 51. 51 SEMR Cond. Cooler Fresh acceptor PSA Waste Gas OXYGEN Natural Gas HYDROGEN Supplementary NG Burner Cond. CO2 Comp. Cooler REGENERATOR REFORMER WATER Cooler SE WGS Cond HYDROGEN Water Regenerator ATR PRE Oxygen Natural Gas Cond. CO2 Steam Export Steam SEWGS