The document introduces Norm Sacuta and Brittney Musleh, who will present on carbon capture and storage. It then provides an overview of the Petroleum Technology Research Centre (PTRC), including that it is a not-for-profit research organization that has studied CO2 utilization and storage for 23 years through projects like Aquistore and Weyburn-Midale. The presentation outline indicates it will cover topics ranging from capture and transport technologies to monitoring CO2 storage sites.

1. Norm Sacuta, Director of Communications
Brittney Musleh, Business Development Officer
Introduction to Carbon Capture and Storage

2. Our Presenters
Norm Sacuta
MA, MFA.
Director of Communications,
Petroleum Technology Research
Centre
Brittney Musleh
BBA, Cert. Non-Profit Lifecycle Consulting
Business Development Officer,
Petroleum Technology Research Centre

3. What is the PTRC?
• Founded 1998 by Governments of Canada and
Saskatchewan. Not-for-profit R&D agency.
• Research has been focused around CO2
utilization and storage (CCUS) as well as
reducing the environmental impacts of energy
production.
• Administered over $CAD 300M in research
funding from public and industry sources.
• Pushing into new forms of energy production
including CCS to facilitate blue hydrogen.
• CO2-geothermal (using injected CO2 as a
carrier of heat to surface) and Compressed Air
Energy Storage (CAES)

4. PTRC’s Internationally Recognized Expertise in CCUS
CCUS Research
• PTRC has been studying technical
aspects of CO2 utilization and geological
storage for 23 years
Aquistore Project
• CO2 storage in a deep saline geological
formation (2010 to Present).
• 600,000 tonnes of CO2 stored 3.2 km
underground
Weyburn-Midale Project
• Validation of storage in a depleted
oilfield
• Best Practices Manual and special
supplement of the IJGGC (Volume 16)
CCUS Standards
• Development of Canadian
CCUS Standards 2012
• Chair of the International
Organization for
Standardization’s
Technical Committee 265,
setting international
standards for CCUS

5. CCUS in Southeastern Saskatchewan

6. Course Outline
• Global state of CCS and the role of CCS in
reaching net-zero emissions
• Overview of capture technologies
• Overview of transport options
• Risk assessment and storage site
characterization
• CO2-enhanced oil recovery
• Measuring, monitoring and verifying CO2
storage
• Public and stakeholder engagement
• Closure and post closure of CO2 storage sites

7. Global Status of CCUS and CCUS in
Reaching Net Zero
Gorgon (Australia); Weyburn and Aquistore (Canada)

8. Role of CCS in Reaching Net-Zero
https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/explainers/what-technology-do-we-need-to-cut-carbon-emissions/

9. Operational CCUS Projects by Storage Type
0
5
10
15
20
Asia-Pacific USA Canada Europe S America Middle East
Total capture rates Mt/year across all projects >0.5Mt/year
Dedicated Associated

10. Operational CCUS Projects by Capture Source
0
5
10
15
Asia-Pacific USA Canada Europe S America Middle East
Total capture rates Mt/year across all projects >0.5Mt/year
Gas Processing Fertilizer Coal gasification Power Iron and Steel Steam methane reformer Ethanol

11. Operational Projects – Americas
Project Capture type Year started Nominal annual rate
Mt/yr
Storage type
Great Plains, USA Coal gasifier 2000 3.0 Associated
Shute Creek, USA Gas processing 2010 7.0 Associated
Illinois Industrial, USA Ethanol 2017 1.0 Dedicated
Air Products, USA Steam methane
reformer
2013 1.0 Associated
Century Plant, USA Gas processing 2010 5.0 Associated
Boundary Dam, Canada Coal fired power
Post Combustion
2014 1.0 Associated plus
Dedicated
Shell Quest, Canada Steam methane
reformer
2015 1.0 Dedicated
Alberta Carbon Trunk
Line, Canada
Fertilizer plant,
refinery, others
2020 1.3 Associated
Santos Basin, Brazil Gas processing 2008 8.7 Associated

12. Operational Projects – Rest of World
Project Capture type Year started Nominal annual rate
Mt/yr
Storage type
Sleipner, Norway Gas processing 1996 0.9 Dedicated
Gorgon, Australia Gas processing 2019 3.4 Dedicated
Qilu-Shengli, China Fertilizer plant 2022 1.0 Associated
Qatar LNG Gas processing 2019 2.1 Associated
OTHER NOTABLE PROJECTS:
Utmanyah, Saudi
Arabia
Gas processing 2015 0.8 Associated
Abu Dhabi Iron and steel 2016 0.8 Associated
Snohvit, Norway Gas processing 2008 0.7 Dedicated

13. U.S. financial Incentives Driving Deployment
Storage Type Operational
capture rate in
U.S. 2023
(Mt/yr)
Predicted 2030
capture rate in
U.S. 2030
(Mt/yr)
Dedicated 1 90
Associated 20 30
Unspecified 40
TOTAL 21 160
• Increase in operational capacity
has, to date, been gradual
• Predicted surge in project
numbers driven by 45Q tax
legislation
• Note:
• Numbers estimated to 1
significant figure
• 2030 numbers based on public
announcements

14. Scale of Deployment Required
40 large-scale CCS projects -
combined capture capacity of
approximately 71 Mtpa*:
• 22 projects in operation or
construction (40 Mtpa)
• 6 projects in advanced
planning (6 Mtpa)
• 12 projects in earlier stages of
planning (25 Mtpa)
OECD
Non-OECD
~4,000 Mtpa of CO2
captured by CCS by 2040
(IEA 450 Scenario)**
40 Mtpa
Global Status of CCS
(Global CCS Institute, 2017)
*Mtpa = million tonnes per annum
**Source: IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives (2016).

15. Research Priorities
• Capture research trends
• Gas-fired power
generation
• Industrial sources
• Direct Air Capture
• Hybrid technology systems
• Transport research
• limited need as technology
is essentially proven
• Storage research priorities are
changing
• Some fundamental, pore-scale
research is ongoing
• Focus shifting to applied field
research to support project
Recycle CO2 pipe at
Weyburn facility

16. Current and Emerging Technologies for
Carbon Capture
Special thanks to Dr. Hussam Ibrahim of
University of Regina’s CETRI

17. Introduction
There are currently three main types
of capture technologies:
• Pre-combustion
• Post-combustion
• Oxyfuel combustion
Pre combustion: Kemper County Energy Facility
Post combustion: Boundary Dam SaskPower
Left: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle demonstration plant
(Oxy-combustion) in La Porte, Texas, NET POWER

18. Pre-Combustion Capture
• Pre-combustion capture is often
used in integrated gasification
combined cycle (IGCC) power
plants.
• In this process, coal or other fossil
fuels are converted into a gas
mixture of hydrogen and carbon
monoxide, known as syngas.
• The syngas is then burned to
generate electricity, while the
carbon dioxide is separated and
captured.

19. Post Combustion Capture
• Post-combustion capture is
the most widely used
capture technology, as it can
be retrofitted onto existing
power plants.
• This process involves
capturing carbon dioxide
from the flue gas after the
fuel has been burned,
typically using solvents or
membranes.
Shell Consolv Process Figure from Shell

20. Oxyfuel Combustion
• Oxyfuel combustion involves burning fuel in pure oxygen
instead of air, which produces a flue gas consisting mainly of
carbon dioxide and water vapor.
• This makes it easier to capture the carbon dioxide, as there
are fewer other gases present.

21. Emerging Capture Technologies
• There are also several emerging
capture technologies that are still in
the research and development stage
• catalyst-aided novel solvents-based
capture, which uses catalytically
enhanced novel solvent blends to
selectively separate carbon dioxide
from other gases.
• membrane-based capture and direct
air capture, which involves capturing
CO2 directly from the atmosphere
using special filters or chemicals.
• DAC: Direct Air Capture
Direct Air Capture Schematic

22. CO2 Transportation Options

23. Transport Types
• Pipelines = predominant
established option for long
distance transportation
• Increasing U.S. interest in rail
• Tankers (both short and long
distance)
• Trucks (short distance transport of
smaller quantities)
• Ship for offshore e.g. Northern
Lights project, Norway (used for
intercontinental transport of CO2)
Photo: Aquistore CCS Project, Saskatchewan, Canada

24. Ship Transport of CO2
https://norlights.com/
• In Europe on shore
storage has been banned
in many countries due to
public perception issues
• Ship transport using
tankers similar to natural
gas transport
• Equinor already has two
offshore projects (Sleipner
and Snohvit) but these are
platform based for CO2
and not ship based)

25. Land Transport of CO2
Photo from: TOMCO Systems
https://tomcosystems.com/product/co2-transportation/
• Land transportation of CO2 via
tanker trucks is most often
associated with pilot injection
projects for EOR or small utilization
efforts like fertilizer or cement
manufacturing
• Most utilization efforts outside of
EOR require smaller amounts of
CO2. Pipeline access would be
expensive (unless the pipelines are
near to these industrial uses)
• CO2 sources would need to have
specially fitted compression and
loading stations for ground
transport

26. Pipelines
Three primary types of pipelines for CO2
• Gathering line
• Trunk line
• Distribution line
Integrity Challenges with CO2 pipeline
• Corrosion both external and internal
• Water accumulation
• CO2 and H2O put into high pressure,
more CO2 can dissolve in the water (
soda)
• CO2+H2O H2CO3 carbonic acid
• Carbonic acid is corrosive , PH goes
down

27. Pipelines
Requirements (EPA standards) :
• Dehydrate the CO2 (dry CO2 consisting less than 50ppm
of water)
• Construct or soak CO2 pipeline with non-corrodible
materials such as polymers and fiber glass
• Water dropout traps – collect and drain excess fluids
• Pipeline exposed to the surface may be wrapped in
insulation to protect against or minimize phase change
and pressure issues resulting from changes in
atmospheric conditions

28. Can we use existing hydrocarbon pipelines?
• Integrity challenges
• Internal corrosion
• Cracking
• Multiple feeders depending on sources
• CO2 needs to be transported at 700 PSI higher
than natural gas therefore CO2 pipeline walls have
to be thicker than other types of pipeline
Pipelines: Repurposing Existing Infrastructure
Best approach to a safe conversion of
existing pipeline to CO2
• Good understanding of integrity of pipeline is a
must
• Operate CO2 in a dense phase
• Understand historical services to deploy proper
inspection strategies
• Pipeline material and fracture toughness
• Monitor metal loss and corrosion and fracture

29. Risk Management for CO2 Storage

30. Purpose of Risk Management
The purpose of risk management is to ensure that
the risk scenarios involved in CO2 storage project
are effectively managed and reduced to an
acceptable level.

31. Risk Management for CO2 Storage
Risk Management
(Containment and
Storage Performance)
• Risk Assessment
• Risk Identification, Analysis, and
Evaluation
• Risk Mitigation
• Treating, Monitoring, and
Reviewing/Reevaluating

32. Project Values & Objectives
• Articulate the objectives of the project and define the scope,
conditions, and criteria for the process for risk management.
• Identify the appropriate elements of concern for the project.
• Often defined by the values of the organization

33. Risk Evaluation Criteria
Identify the appropriate elements of concern for the project and establish risk
evaluation criteria for each element of concern based on the scope and objectives
of the project.
Evaluation Criteria
Criteria against which
each risk is evaluated
and distinguished as
acceptable, tolerable, or
unacceptable.
• Acceptable Risk
• Tolerable Risk
• Unacceptable Risk

34. The Risk Assessment Workshop
• Gathering experts to debate risks
• Structured around predetermined
risk scenarios (FEPs)
• Experts are ranked and represent
best the different aspects of the
project
• Timing of workshop is key in the
overall project workflow
• How much data is required vs. how
much data do you have

35. Ranking Risks in Risk Matrix

36. Risk Analysis & Evaluation
Features, Events and Processes (FEPS)
• Risk scenarios for each identified
threat
• Likelihood of each scenario
• Severity of potential
consequences
• Uncertainties associated with
likelihood and severity
• Measures to reduce or manage
uncertainties
• Risk controls to prevent or
mitigate identified risk scenarios
• Measures for timely
implementation of risk mitigation
• Data requirements and modelling
to support risk analysis
Risk
Analysis
Meteor hits your injection well and storage location
• Impact: high/catastrophic
• Likelihood of scenario: extremely low almost zero
Does the project need a plan for this FEP?

37. CCUS
CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery

38. Oilfield Production - Lifecycle
• Primary Production -
Natural depletion of the
reservoir
• Secondary recovery –
putting energy back into
the reservoir
• Enhanced Oil Recovery
– changing the chemical
and physical properties
of reservoir fluids
Reservoir energy continues to
decline until insufficient energy exists
to force enough oil into the well to
warrant continued production.

39. Secondary Recovery
• Waterflooding most
common
• Simplicity
• Availability
• Cost
• Efficiency determined by
fluid/rock properties,
reservoir heterogeneity
and placement of wells
• Optimized traditionally by
updating reservoir models
using historical data

40. Enhanced Oil Recovery –
Solvent Injection Methods
• A solvent can mix with the
oil, form a homogeneous
mixture, and carry the oil
away from the reservoir.
• CO2, propane, methane……
CO2 Injection
• Is miscible with crude oil
• When the injected CO2 and
residual oil are miscible, the
CO2 dissolves in the oil, it
swells the oil and reduces
its viscosity
Diagram courtesy of DOE

41. Case Study – Weyburn
Largest CO2 EOR project in
Canada
• OOIP 1.4 Bbbls
• 160 Mbbls incremental
Outstanding EOR response
World’s largest geological CO2
sequestration project
• 42 million tonnes stored
to date
• Approximately 6000Tpd
from Beulah
• Another 2000Tpd from
Boundary Dam

42. Weyburn Seismic Studies

43. WAG in Action at Weyburn
• WAG in action
• Control valves allow for
the periodic changeover
from CO2 to water
injection
• Wells are “wagged” on a
roughly monthly time
scale Well
Water
CO2

44. Weyburn Oil Production

45. PTRC’S CCS RESEARCH – DISSEMINATION
AND CAPACITY BUILDING
Weyburn Findings

46. Measurement Monitoring and
Verification (MMV) of Injected CO2

47. Manages risks identified by the project’s risk management plan
03
02
01
Collect data needed to verify and update models and simulations
04 Enable the potential transfer for long-term liability
05
Demonstrate containment and conformance of injected CO2
Objectives of the Monitoring Program
Meet any regulatory requirements that are set out in legislation

48. Slide 1
Aquistore Example Dr. Rick Chalaturnyk, University of Alberta
Pre-Injection Monitoring

49. MMV installation at Aquistore
InSAR Reflector
Gravimeter
5.5 km
5.5 km
2.5 km
2.5 km

50. Injection Monitoring: Seismic Imaging
Plume Monitoring
Seismic Survey Requires the Following Equipment :
• Energy source (Dynamite shots, Vibroseis vehicles, permanent seismic
source)
• Receiver ( geophone)
• Recorder
• Processors
• Navigation system
• Planning –need a permit
• Source placement
• Data acquisition
• Data processing
• Interpretation
• Reporting

51. • Injection Rates
• Wellhead Pressure
• Surface Pressure
• CO2 Temperature at Surface
• CO2 Sensor at Surface
• Gas Chromatograph
• Shallow Groundwater
• Soil Gas
• Passive Seismic
Surface/Near Surface Monitoring ($)
• Bottom Hole Pressure &Temp
• Reservoir Saturation Tool Logging
• Reservoir Model/Simulations
• Pressure Falloff Test
Reservoir/Plume Monitoring ($$$)
• Pressure Testing of Casing/Annulus
• Cement Bond Log
• Injection Summary
• Corrosion Integrity
• Mechanical Integrity Testing
Wellbore Monitoring ($)
Selecting the right
MMV technology
for your CCS project
matters!
Aquistore Monitoring Program

52. Guidance Documents on MMV
I. ISO Standards and guidelines provide framework for ensuring the accuracy
and completeness of MMV activities
II. Binational standards- Guideline-MMV and reporting (development of
performance indicators and reporting formats) joint initiative between US
and Canada ( guidelines covers capture, transport and storage) – developed
by IEA
III. Canadian standards
IV. NETL- BPM
V. Regulator

53. Stakeholder Engagement
Public Outreach

54. Why Outreach?
Local communities are very specific for each project with unique needs
• People must feel their regionally specific concerns are being met
• Communities must be involved as a project is being planned, not
informed after decisions have been made
All CCS projects globally are tied to each other
• Global concerns tied to climate change
• What happens in one project will affect another
• Early projects have responsibilities to educate and inform
Carbon Capture and Storage is a suite of complex technologies
• Understanding these are important
• Misunderstanding builds distrust and fear

55. Wrong or is it?
Right
One of the purposes of effective CCS communications is to
provide clear, scientific detail where needed. This means,
for example, the storage images should be to scale.
Image – Drawing to Scale

56. TLA’s
CO2 fate
aquifer
Structural trapping
well heads
corrosion
Phase change
Language – Words Matter

57. Pipeline Opposition
• Pipelines have been sited through
indigenous lands without consultation
• Rural communities without consent or
minimal consent, minimal information
leading to confusion
• Pipeline right of way can take infringe on
property surface rights
• Confusion about CO2 versus hydrocarbons
and natural gas transport (seen as same
dangers)
Capture Measurement
and monitoring
Injection
wells
Subsurface
and seismic
CCS around
the world
Stakeholder
Introduction

58. Pipelines: The Denbury Leak 2020 Lessons Learned
Incident occurred on the Denbury Gulf
Coast CO2 Pipeline in Sataria
Mississippi, February 22, 2020
• Incident was not a human induced rupture of
the line, but one caused after heavy rain and
mudslides, leading to axial strain on the
pipeline
• Because CO2 is supercritical (liquid state) for
transport, small leakages usually immediately
turn to gas and dissipate.
• But the location was low lying, near a small
town; there was little wind
• CO2 is heavier than air and did not dissipate as
would normally be expected
• Pipeline operators are expected to prepare
atmospheric models in anticipation of leaks
Photo US Department of Transport Accident Investigation Division

59. Main failure seen as public
engagement and an effective public
outreach and emergency response plan
“Improved public engagement efforts to ensure public
and emergency responder awareness of nearby CO2
pipeline and pipeline facilities and what to do if a CO2
release occurs. This is especially important for
communities in low-lying areas, with certain
topographical features such as rivers and valleys.”
Photo US Department of Transport Accident Investigation Division
Impacts of leak:
• 45 people taken to local hospital with
symptoms of excessive CO2 exposure
• Two people retained for observation for two
days
• 200 people evacuated from area
• 21,873 barrels of CO2 gas released
• Evacuation radius was .25 miles
• Pressure drop was notices at 7:07 pm
• Leak verified at 8:46 and valve closed.
Pipelines: The Denbury Leak 2020 Lessons Learned

60. The Case of Accusations of a Leak at Weyburn-Midale
When the Project Story Stops Being About Your Project

61. Soil Gas Concentrations
Carbon-14 Isotope
The Importance of MMV Data and Science

62. Media After Interviews and Statements from PTRC

63. Closure and Post-Closure
of CO2 Storage Sites

64. Criteria for Site Closure
Site closure criteria should focus on:
• Observed CO2 plume dispersion and future
expansion of the plume.
• Reservoir pressure and future evolution of it.
• Formation fluid compositional changes resulted
from the project and implications for future fluid
movement.
• Condition of the wells, and their closure and
abandonment.
• Removal of surface facilities and equipment
associated with the storage project.
• Applicable regulations.
Aquistore MMV station including, water well sampling, soil gas
ports, INSAR reflector and passive seismic monitoring geophones

65. Post Closure
When site closure is complete:
• No need for future interventions
should be anticipated.
• The storage facility should be
suitable for other uses.
• Post-closure requirements are set
by regulatory authorities to ensure
long-term safety and permanence
of CO2 storage.
Anticipated CO2 plume to 2030 Decatur post injection MMV
plan submitted to EPA

66. Summary
•Cessation of injection does not mean the storage
site is closed.
•Closure plan and criteria for site closure should be
developed by the operator.
•Once closure is complete, no future interventions
should be anticipated.
•Some countries have prescriptive post closure
regulations.

67. Thank you!
https://ptrc.ca