This is a lecture note for 5th semester MBBS students. Lecture notes on hepatology, liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, alcohol-related liver disease, portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, and acute liver failure. Introduction to acute liver failure, causes, approach, and management of acute liver failure .
basics about chronic liver disease for a pediatrician. fast and easy guide to common causes of chronic liver diseases in children
Please leave a comment if you like it..
This is a lecture note for 5th semester MBBS students. Lecture notes on hepatology, liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, alcohol-related liver disease, portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, and acute liver failure. Introduction to acute liver failure, causes, approach, and management of acute liver failure .
basics about chronic liver disease for a pediatrician. fast and easy guide to common causes of chronic liver diseases in children
Please leave a comment if you like it..
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when your body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones. The condition develops when your body can't produce enough insulin.
When your cells don't get the glucose they need for energy, your body begins to burn fat for energy, which produces ketones. Ketones are chemicals that the body creates when it breaks down fat to use for energy. The body does this when it doesn’t have enough insulin to use glucose, the body’s normal source of energy. When ketones build up in the blood, they make it more acidic.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a potentially life-threatening
syndrome that occurs primarily in hospitalized patients
and frequently complicates the course of critically ill
patient.
Acute Kidney Injury is is (abrupt) reduction in kidney functions as evidence by changed in laboratory values; serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen(BUN)and urine output
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when your body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones. The condition develops when your body can't produce enough insulin.
When your cells don't get the glucose they need for energy, your body begins to burn fat for energy, which produces ketones. Ketones are chemicals that the body creates when it breaks down fat to use for energy. The body does this when it doesn’t have enough insulin to use glucose, the body’s normal source of energy. When ketones build up in the blood, they make it more acidic.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a potentially life-threatening
syndrome that occurs primarily in hospitalized patients
and frequently complicates the course of critically ill
patient.
Acute Kidney Injury is is (abrupt) reduction in kidney functions as evidence by changed in laboratory values; serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen(BUN)and urine output
Correlation liver disfunction and infection disease (dengue typhoid fever)01mataharitimoer MT
Correlation Liver Disfunction and Infection Disease (Dengue and Typhoid Fever)
Dr Erwin, SpPD, FINASIM
Disampaikan pada acara PIT VI IDI Kota Bogor | 9 Nopember 2013
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
4. Acute liver failure: Definition
Acute liver failure in children includes
(1)Biochemical evidence of acute liver (usually <8 wks
duration)
(2) no evidence of a known chronic liver disease;
(3)hepatic-based coagulopathy that is not corrected by
parenteral administration of vitamin K;
(4) hepatic encephalopathy must be present if the
uncorrected prothrombin time (PT) is ≥ 15 seconds or
international normalized ratio (INR) is1.5 to 1.9,
respectively; and
(5) hepatic encephalopathy is not required if the PT
is ≥ 20 seconds or INR ≥2.0, respectively.
Squires et al.J Pediatr 2006;148:652–658
5. Acute Hepatic Failure: Background
Acute hepatic failure in children is a relatively rare
clinical syndrome
Mortality rate is high – 60 to 80%.
Among the different causes,
In western countries:
Viral cause – 12%
Drugs & Chemicals – 52%
Miscellaneous – 18%
Mixed: 10-22%
But in south-east Asia hepatitis is the most
predominant cause of ALF (50-70%)
6. Epidemiology
The incidence of fulminant hepatic failure appears to
be low in the United States, with approximately 2000
cases annually. Drug-related hepatotoxicity accounts
for more than 50% of acute liver failure cases,
including acetaminophen toxicity (42%) and
idiosyncratic drug reactions (12%). Nearly 15% of
cases remain of indeterminate etiology.
7.
8. Etiology of ALF In different age group
Neonates Infants
Infection
Inborn errors of
metabolism
Immune mediated
Ischemia
& abnormal
Perfusion
Drugs & toxins
other
HSV, Adeno virus
HBV
Galatosemia, tyrosinaemia,
Hereditary fructose
Intolerance.
Neonatal
Hemochromatosis
Congestive heart failure,
severe aspyxia
Hemophagocytic syndrome
HAV, HBV, HSV
hereditary fructose
Intolerance, others.
Auloimmune hepatitis
Congestive heart
Failure,
Acetaminophen,INH,
valproate malignancy
14. Acute liver Failure in neonate
The highest incidence of acute liver failure is
seen in newborns.
Dhawan et al, Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology
(2012) 36, 278—283.
Viral infections
HSV infection most common.
Infection acquired usually during perinatal
period.
HSV induced ALF carries high mortality & is
rarely accompanied by skin lesions.
15. It should be considered in all sick babies with
coagulopathy and raised transaminases.
Usually presented with poor feeding, lethargy,
coagulopathy within 2wks after birth.
Acyclovir should be started in all neonates with liver
failure, as herpes virus infection is the predominant
viral cause.
Dhawan et al, Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology
(2012) 36, 278—283.
16. Cont….
Metabolic disease:
Most common metabolic diseases that may
presented as neonatal ALF are:
Galactosemia, hereditary fructose intolerance,
Tyrosinaemia, neonatal iron storage disease.
Ischemic injury:
Due to hypovolaemia/hypotension, congestive
cardiac failure.
17. Viral causes are:
Hepatitis A,B,C,D,E: also may present as ALF
Hepatitis C: rare in children.
Dengue causes ALF in children in thailand.(40
cases with 66% mortality)
Poovorawan Y et al. Dengue virus infection: a major cause
of AHF in Thai children. Ann Trop Paediatr 2006, 26:17-23.
Other virus-CMV,HSV, EBV, Influenzae type A.
18. Non viral cause-rare
Severe sepsis
Bacterial infections- Salmonella,
Shigella, E.coli etc
Miliary TB
Leptospirosis
Plasmodium falciparum infection
19. Hepatitis
Direct cytopathic immune-mediated injury
necrosis in the centri-lobular areas
diffuse kupffer cell hyperplasia and
parenchymal collapse fulminant hepatic
failure
20. Important drugs responsible for ALF
•Dose dependant:
Acetamenophen
CCI
Mushroom
•Idiosyncratic:
INH
Valproic acid
Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Propylthiouracil
Halothane
Nitrofurantoin
22. Most imp. drug of dose dependant toxicity.
Acute toxic Dose:
> 200 mg/kg within a 24 hour period in <12
yrs of age.
Patient with acetamenophen induced ALF
have a higher rate of spontaneous recovery
than do pt. with viral hepatitis.
25. Wilson disease
It is an autosomal recessive disorder.
The condition is due to mutations in the Wilson
disease protein (ATP7B) gene
May present as ALF in older child.
ALF due to wilson disease should be suspected in any
pt with.
-ALF + Coomb’s negative hemolytic anemia.
26.
27.
28. History
Duration of illness.Onset of jaundice and
encephalopathy.
Risk factors for hepatitis: eg- street food,
sanitation, BT, surgery.
Drug & immunization history
Family history and consanguinity
H/O any bleeding episode.
Systemic enquiry
Features of hepatic encephalopathy
29. Stages of encephalopathy
Encephalopathy Symptoms Signs
Stage I (mild)
Stage II
Stage III
Stage IV
Alert, euphoric, occasionally depression.
Poor concentration,
slow mentation and affect,reversed
sleep rhythm.
Drowsiness, lethargic, inappropriate
behavior, disorientation
Stuporous but easily arousable, marked
confusion, incoherent speech
Coma, unresponsive but may respond to
painful stimulus.
Trouble drawing figures,
performing mental task,
EEG-normal
Asterexis,fetor
hepaticus,EEG slowing of
wave.
Asterexis, hyperreflexia,
rigidity, EEG-Triphasic
wave
Planter extensor,
Rigidity ,Areflexia,
Flacidity.EEG-delta wave.
30. Aggravating factors of HE
GI bleeding
Hypovolemia
Hypokalemia
Hypoglycemia
Sedatives
Uremia
Sepsis
High protein diet
Constipation
Paracentesis
31. Physical examination
Jaundice
Anaemia
Vital signs: Hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnoea.
Mental status.
Hepatomegaly
Spleenomegaly
Stigmata of chronic liver disease.
Ascities
Features of raised ICP
Nervous system examination.
32.
33. Investigation
a. Complete blood count: Leucocytosis ,
thrombocytopenia
b. LFT: S. bilirubin
ALT: raised
AST :raised
Alkaline phospatase: may be normal or
PT and INR: to see the severiry of coagulopathy
and to asses prognosis.
c. Blood grouping and cross matching
d. C/S blood, urine etc.
34. Inv.continued
E . Biochemical test:
S. Electrolytes- Hypokalaemia and others.
S. Glucose- Hypoglycaemia.
S. Creatinine
S. Ammonia-
S. Calcium , Phosphate, Magnesium
S. lactate: At 4 hours(>3.5) or at 12 hours(>3)
are early predictors of outcome in
acetamenophan induced ALF.
F . Blood gas analysis.
35. To detect cause
G . Serological marker
Anti HAV IgM
HBsAg, AntiHBcIgM
Anti HEV IgM
Screening for other viruses- HSV, CMV etc.
36. Immunological test
S. immunoglobulin, ANA, anti SMA,
antiLKM1
J . S acetamenophen level
K . USG of HBS
L . Screening for metabolic disease.
M . EEG
N . Liver biopsy :in auto-immune, metabolic
causes of liver failure.
37. Screening for Wilsons disease
Eye examination for KF ring & cataract
S.copper
S. Ceruloplasmin
24 hours urinary copper
38.
39. Management of ALF
Medical: To maintain physiological functions of liver
Supportive care
Specific treatment
Surgical:
Extracorporeal systems
Liver transplantation
40. Supportive care.
Nursing in a quiet environment.
ICU.
Avoid sedation and stimulation.
Fluid restriction- 60-80% of daily requirement.
Choice of fluid: 0.225% Nacl in 10% dextrose.
Prevention of hypoglycemia(maintain glucose level
>4 mmol/L).
41. IV H2 blocker or PPI.
Antibiotic: Cefuroxim, amoxycillin, fluconazole.
(King’s College protocol)
Cefotaxime+ flucoxacillin-Indian protocol.
Anaemia should be corrected to ensure maximum
oxygen supply to tissue.
Lactulose
Management of complication:
42. Close Monitoring
Continous O2 saturation
Clinical status: Pulse & BP hourly, liver size 12 hrly
Strict input-output chart : Avoid fluid overload
CVP, Foley’s and arterial line : MAP >60 mmHg
Frequent evaluation of blood glucose and
neurological status.
• 12 hourly electrolyte and coagulation studies
43. ALF: common complication
Encephalopathy
cerebral edema
Raised ICP
Infection
Coagulapathy
Hypoglycemia
Dyselectrolytemia
Acid base disturbance.
Multi-organ failure
45. Encephalopathy
Treatment
Low protein by month.
Lactulose 10-50ml 2-4 hourly
Acid enema: Lactulose enema, vinegar-can be given
6 hourly
Treat sepsis, bleeds and electrolyte imbalance.
Avoid sedation
Flumazenil : Short lived results.
46. Cerebral Edema
Treatment
• Nurse the child 20-30° elevated ¯ ICP
• IV mannitol
• Hypertonic saline
• Hyperventilation may help ¯ ICP
• Hypothermia ¯ ICP
• Avoid hyperthermia.
47. Bleeding
Treatment
Inj. Vitamin K
Fresh frozen plasma (FFP).
Platelet transfusion -If platelet<10000/mm3 or
platelet count<50000 with bleeding.
Fresh whole blood transfusion.
Recombinant factor VII.
48. Acid Base Changes
Treatment
• Volume expansion.
• Dopamine infusion.
• NaHCO3.
• Mechanical ventilation for R.acidosis.
• Plan for liver transplantation.
49. Septicaemia
:
Gram-positive (in 2/3rd cases):
Staphylococcus
Streptococci
Gram-negative (in 1/3rd cases):
Fungal infection
50. Septicemia
• Septic workup : culture blood, sputum & urine
• Cefuroxime, Amoxycillin, Fluconazole.
• Fungal infection : IV amphoterecin .
• We use fluconazole orally.
• Iv cefuroxime and flucloxacillin
51. Renal complication
Renal failure may occur in 50% pt. with ALF
Due to
Hepatorenal syndrome.
ATN by due to sepsis, endotoxemia, bleeding
hypotension.
Directly by nephrotoxic drug.
56. Extracorporeal Liver Assisted Device(ELAD)
Artificial
Bioartificial
To bridge liver transplantation or
regeneration of native liver
To remove toxic substances to
improve survival and HE
58. King’s College Criteria For liver transplantation.
Acetaminophen cases
Arterial PH < 7.3 or
Arterial lactate>3.5 at 4
hrs or
Arterial lactate>3 at 12
hrs
INR>6.5 &
Cr>3.4 &
Stage 3 or 4
encephalopathy
Non-acetaminophen
cases
INR>6.5 or
Any 3 of the followings:
Age<10 or >40 yrs
Duration of jaundice>7
d
Total Bili>17.5
INR>3.5
Etiology: idiosyncratic
drug, halothane,
idiopathic, non-A non-
B hepatitis
59. Liver Transplantation
Survival increased from 20% to 60-80% in various
studies
Has changed the outlook & the natural course
61. Overall mortality with supportive care exceeds
70 percent.
With intensive medical support survival rate 50-
60 % in acetaminophen overdose and fulminant
HAV or HBV infections.
In idiopathic form of ALF or acute onset of
Wilson disease mortality rate is 80-90% .
62. Prognosis
The prothrombin time is the best indicator of
survival.
73% of children with an< INR 4 surviving versus only
4 of 24 (16.6%) with an> INR 4.
This is now the widely accepted criteria.
Bhaduri BR, Mieli-Vergani G. Fulminant hepatic failure:pediatric aspects.
Semin Liver Dis 1996;16:349-355.
63. Poor prognosis is seen in :
age less than 1 year
stage 4 encephalopathy
INR more than 4
Need of dialysis before transplantation