This document discusses acute diarrhoeal diseases. It defines diarrhoea and lists risk factors like bottle feeding, flies, and contaminated food or water. Acute diarrhoea is caused by infections from bacteria, viruses, protozoa or toxins. It affects the stomach and small intestine and is characterized by vomiting and diarrhoea. The document discusses epidemiology, causes, reservoirs, transmission, clinical features, prevention including vaccines and zinc supplementation, and outbreak prevention through isolation, rehydration and food/water safety.
Vectors are organisms that transmit pathogens and parasites from one infected person (or animal) to another, causing serious diseases in human populations
Vectors are organisms that transmit pathogens and parasites from one infected person (or animal) to another, causing serious diseases in human populations
This ppt contains all information about Health statistics-Vital Statistics. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all information about Health statistics-Vital Statistics. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Acute infectious diarrhoea is the leading cause of morbidity leading to dehydration, hospital admission and death in children.
Viral causes (rotavirus) predominate as the pathogen.
Initial management rely on assessment of severity of dehydration and fluid replacement.
Early refeeding
Antibiotic are needed only in some bacterial and parasitic infections.
Probiotics, prebiotics and zinc reduce the duration and severity of symptoms.
Honey, amazingly contain all these substances and extremely useful in diarrhoea
Typhoid Fever is an acute bacterial infection characterized by high fever caused by ingesting the food or water contaminated with faeces from an infected person.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. Diarrhoea
Abnormal increase in-
stool liquidity
stool frequency
stool quantity
Under nutrition , recent measles (in case of under 5yrs)
are associated with increased incidence, severity or
duration of diarrhoea.
3. Risk factors
• Bottle fed babies have more chances to develop
diarrhoea because of unclean bottles
• Houseflies bring germs to uncovered food
• Drinking contaminated water/ food
• Through milk, unclean hands & unclean utensils
4. Acute diarrhoea
• Caused due to infections by a wide variety of micro -
organisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa &
helminthes or due to toxins produced by them, is an
inflammation of G.I. tract.
• Both the stomach & small intestine are involved.
• Characterized by the presence of vomiting & diarrhoea,
the latter being prominent in cases of bacterial origin.
5. Epidemiology ( A.G.E.)
• Magnitude of the problem Acute gastroenteritis is a
major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in
children under 5 yrs of age.
• World wide more than a billion cases of gastroenteritis,
majority being from developing world, are reported
every year.
• In India incidence rate ranges from 1 to 3 episodes per
child per year.
6. • In slum areas of major cities incidence found is 7
episodes/child/year
• National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-16) showed that
9% children under 5yrs of age suffered from diarrhoea in
preceding 2wks
7. Depending on the presence of blood in stool, these agents
are classified as-
(A) Causes of acute gastroenteritis without blood in stool
() Viruses : Rotavirus, Astrovirus, Norwalk group of virus,
Enteric adenovirus, Hepatitis A
() Bacteria : Shigella, Salmonella infection, Enterotoxigenic E.
coli (ETEC), Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC),
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAVC), Staph aureus, V. Cholera,
Clostridium perfringens, C. difficile, Bacillus cereus and B.
subtilis
9. (B) Causes of acute gastroenteritis with blood in stool
() Bacteria : Shigella, Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli,
Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia entercolitis
() Protozoa : Entamoeba histolytica, Balantidium coli
enterocolitis
() Helminths : Massive trichuris infection, Schistosoma
mansoni, S. japonicum Reservoir and source of infection :
Man is the principal reservoir of the infections.
10. Agent factors
• Contaminated food or water serves as the principal
source of infection.
• The causative agents are significantly different from each
other as far as the mode of transmission and virulence
is concerned.
• Vibrio and S. typhi are spread by water, others like Staph.
aureus and C. perfringens are spread by food.
11. • Some like salmonella non - typhi, which multiply in
food & V. cholerae have the potential of causing
outbreaks.
• C. jejuni and E. histolytica produce sporadic diseases.
Patients with acute amoebic dysentery pose only limited
danger as it’s fragile nature.
• Asymptomatic or mild cases excreting cystic forms of E.
histolytica on the other hand are important reservoir of
infection.
12. Host factors :
• Man has no natural immunity against these organisms.
Both sexes are equally susceptible.
• Children and the old-aged suffer more.
• Transient immunity develops against the specific strain of
some of the organisms like Shigella.
• Host differences such as race and age have been
described as affect susceptibility of individuals to
infection
13. • Intestinal motility plays an important role in providing
protection against the infection.
• Increased gut motility associated with diarrhoea is a
highly effective defense mechanism.
• Incidence is highest at the time of weaning i.e. between 6
- 11 months
14. Environmental factors :
• Non - availability, inadequacy or lack of access to clean
drinking water.
• Inadequate disposal of fecal waste and poor hygiene and
sanitation increases the likelihood of these diseases.
Travelers travelling from developed countries to
developing countries usually contract disease agents
15. • Diarrhoeal diseases follow a distinct seasonal pattern.
• Rotavirus diarrhoea tends to occur throughout the year,
increasing in frequency during the drier, cool months,
whereas bacterial diarrhoeas tend to peak during the
warmer, rainy season.
16. Mode of Transmission :
• Infection by all organisms is by ingestion of
contaminated food or drink i.e. fecal- oral route.
• Individuals primarily responsible for transmission are
those with poor personal hygiene & those who fail to
cleanse contaminated hands and carry organisms under
their fingernails after defecation.
17. • Contaminated water is believed to play a major role in
the transmission of amoebiasis.
• Amoebic cysts are not killed by chlorine in amounts
normally added for water disinfection.
• Water can be rendered free from amoeba-cyst only by
sand filtration.
18. • Milk & food are contaminated by infected water or by
the hands of a carriers or case.
• Cockroaches also can act as vehicles for contamination
of crockery, cutlery, kitchen utensils.
• Dust containing cysts in case of Entamoeba histolytica
also responsible for transmision of agent
• Vegetables from fields irrigated with polluted water or
especially those cultivated with raw sewage as practiced
in improper sewage farming are liable to carry infection.
19. Incubation period and Period of
communicability :
Several hours as in case of bacillary dysentery to (2 to 4
weeks), but can be prolonged to several months, as in
case of amoebic dysentery.
Diarrhoea and bacillary dysentery cases are most
infective during the clinical illness.
A case of amoebic dysentery is infective mostly during
the non - clinical period between the remissions of
clinical attack, because it is the cystic stage of amoeba
which is infective.
20.
21. Clinical Features
• Diarrhoea, vomiting occasionally both.
• The frequency and consistency of the stool depends on
the causative organism.
• Conventionally diarrhoea is the passage of 3 or more
loose or liquid stools per day, or more frequently than is
normal for the individual. Acute diarrhoea is an attack of
sudden onset which usually lasts for 3 – 7 days
22. • Most cases of infectious diarrhoea are acute.
• Usually acute gastroenteritis is not associated with
constitutional symptoms
• But abdominal cramps may be present in some cases
especially with dysentery.
• Fever may be occasionally present especially in
salmonella and shigella infections.
• In some cases, due to excessive loss of fluid, features of
dehydration like thirst, restlessness or irritable behavior,
dry mucosa, decreased skin turgor and sunken eyes, may
be present.
23. • Rotavirus infection occurs worldwide & it is estimated to
cause 20% of childhood(under 5yrs of age) deaths.
• Children less than 3 years of age are most commonly
infected.
• Vomiting is an early feature and fever is common.
• Diarrhoea is usually watery and large in volume.
• Colicky abdominal pain, ill defined tenderness and
exaggerated bowel sounds are common
25. Two live, oral, attenuated rotavirus vaccines licensed in
India since 2006 for prevention of Rotavirus infection…
1. Rotarix: 2 oral doses (1st-6wks 2nd -12wks)
2. Rota Teq: 3 oral doses at ages 2, 4 & 6 months
26. 20 mg per day of Zn supplementation for 14 days
starting as early as possible after onset
10 mg per day for infants 2-6 months
WHO/UNICEF Joint statement (2001),
IAP 2003,
GOI 2007
Recommendations for use of zinc in clinical
management of acute diarrhoea :
27. Outbreak prevention
(a) Isolation :
This will break the chain of transmission.
(b) Rehydration :
All cases must be given reduced osmolarityORS liberally.
(c) Breastfeeding : Because of its protective qualities,
breastfeeding must be continued for sick children.
(d) Safe drinking water :
Water supplies should be adequately chlorinated.
(e) Food safety : Food hygiene should be made stricter.
Adequate storage facility for storage of food (both cooked and
uncooked)and adequate water for cleaning and cooking must be
provided.All crockery and cutlery must be adequately cleaned
before use.Milk should be boiled before consumption.
28. WHO Safety guidelines for food
• Cook raw food thoroughly
• Eat cooked food immediately
• Prepare food for only one meal
• Avoid contact between raw food & cooked food
• Choose food processed for safety
• Wash hands repeatedly
• keep food preparation premises meticulously clean
• Use safe water
• Be cautious with food purchased outside
• Breast-feed infants & babies