SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Acid, base N buffers
• Arrhenious concept
• An acid is a hydrogen containing compd which
gives hydrogen ion when dissolved in water.
HCl + H2O-------H+(aq) + Cl- (aq)
H2SO4 + H2O-----H+ + SO4—
CH3COOH
• Base---gives OH- ions
NaOH
NH4OH
limitations
• Acid base behaviour in aqueous conditions
only..not acid in gaseous state or dissolved in
other solvents
Acids and bases have to contain H and OH- ions
respectively…
NaNH2 is a strong base, it gives Na+ and NH2-
but no OH-
Bronsted-lowry concept
• Not limited to water as a solvent
• acid = species donating protons
• Base = species accepting protons
NH3 + H2O ------- NH4+ + OH-
• Water donates a proton and NH3 accepts
HCl + H2O----- H3O+ + Cl-
HCl donates and water accepts
limitation
• It is applicable to aqueous and non-aqueous
protic solvents equally well.
• However, acids have to contain hydrogen
• CO2, SO2 acts as acid
Conjugate acids and bases
• When an acid loses a proton in solution to act
as an acid, the remaining part of its molecule
which is an anion will have a tendency to gain
the proton back and thus acts as a base
• CH3COOH + H2O--------CH3COO- + H3O+
• A+B----CB+CA
Lewis concept
• Acid= accepts a pair of electron
• Base = electron donor
:NH3 + BF3----H3N:->BF3
Base acid ammonia boron trifluoride
neutralization
• The reaction of an acid with a base in which
characteristic properties of both are destroyed
or neutralized, is called neutralization.
• When an acid reacts with a base it produces a
compd called salt and water
• HCl+ NaOH-----NaCl + H2O
salt
• Compound formed by the partial or complete
neutralization of an acid by a base.
• H2SO4 + NaOH----NaHSO4 + H2O
• H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2----CaSO4 + 2H2O
Classification of salt
• Normal salt- complete neutralization
• Acidic salt- partial neutralization of acid by base
H2SO4 + NaOH----NaHSO4 + H2O
• Basic salt- partial neutralization of base by acid
Zn(OH)2 + HCl-----Zn(OH)Cl + H2O
• Mixed salt- consists of different cations or anions
NaKSO4
pH & buffer
• pH=-logH+
• General form of the buffering reaction
Buffer +H+ =============== H Buffer
Henderson hasselbalch eqn
• pH= pKa + log base/acid
Or
• pH= pKa + log salt/acid
• When base = acid, pH=pKa
• Therefore, when the concentration of base and
acid are the same, then pH is equal to pKa.
– The pH of a buffer on addition of known quantity of
acid and alkali can therefore be predicted by the eqn
– Moreover, the concentration of salt or acid can be
found out by measuring th pH
buffer
• Aqueous system that tend to resist any
changes in pH when small amount of acid or
base is added.
• Are formed by weak acid and weak base
• Never a strong acid or base
• Types
– Acidic buffer
– Basic buffer
• Acidic buffer
• Mixture of wk acid and conjugate base ( salt of
same acid with a strong base)
• CH3COOH/CH3COONa
• Basic buffer
• Mixture of wk base and conjugate base (salt of
same base with a strong acid)
• NH4OH/NH4Cl
Mechanism of buffer action
• Acetate buffer
• CH3COOH/CH3COONa-
– When an acid is added
• HCl + CH3COONa----- CH3COOH + NaCl
• St.acid wk acid
– When a base is added
• NaOH + CH3COOH------CH3COONa + H2O
• St.base wk base
Biological buffer
• Bicarbonate buffer
• Phosphate buffer
• Protein buffer
• Hb buffer
• H+ concn and pH
• Ka dissociation constant and pKa
• The pH at which an acid is half ionized is called
pKa of an acid which is constant at a particular
temperature and pressure.
• Strong acids will have a low pKa and weak
acids have a higher pKa
Henderson hasselbalch eqn
• pH= pKa + log base/acid
Or
• pH= pKa + log salt/acid
• When base = acid, pH=pKa
• Therefore, when the concentration of base and
acid are the same, then pH is equal to pKa.
– The pH of a buffer on addition of known quantity of
acid and alkali can therefore be predicted by the eqn
– Moreover, the concentration of salt or acid can be
found out by measuring th pH
• Normal pH= 7.4
• Range 7.38-7.42
• Acidosis
– Below 7.38
– Below 7.25- life threatening—CNS depression and
coma
– Below 7.0-death
• Alkalosis
– Above 7.42
– Above 7.55 dangerous-neuromuscular
hyperexcitability and tetany
– Above 7.6-death
Mechanism of regulation of pH
1. buffers of body fluids
2. Respiratory system
3. Renal excretion
These mechanisms are inter-related
Buffers are the first line of defense against acid load. The
buffers are effective as long as the acid load is not
excessive, and the alkali reserve is not exhausted.
Once the base is utilised in this reaction, it is to be
replenished to meet further challenge.
Bicarbonate buffer
• NaHCO3 -sodium bicarbonate-kidney
• H2CO3- carbonic acid-respiratory component
65% of buffering capacity in plasma
40% in whole body
pH= 7.4 (blood)
pKa of H2CO3 = 6.1
Ratio of NaHCO3/H2CO3=20/1
Also called as alkali reserve
Strong and non volatile acids are converted to weak
and volatile form.e.g, HCl, H2SO4, lactic acid, ketoacids
• pH= pKa + log salt/acid
• pH= 6.1 + log 24/ 1.2
• pH = 6.1 + log 20 = 6.1 + 1.3
• Mechanism
• Acidic condition
• HCl + NaHCO3------ NaCl + H2CO3-----H2O +
CO2----exhaled
• Basic condition
• NaOH + H2CO3-----NaHCO3 + H2O----excreted
through kidney
Phosphate buffer
• Also called as intracellular buffer
• Na2HPO4
• NaH2PO4
• pH=7.4
• pKa of NaH2PO4=6.8
• Ratio = 4/1
• Acidic condition
• HCl + Na2HPO4----NaCl + NaH2PO4-----kidney acidic urine
• Basic
• NaOH + NaH2PO4----H2O + Na2HPO4---kidney alkaline
urine
Protein buffer
• Buffering capacity depends on pKa value of
ionizable side chain
• Accepts H+ from medium and acts as base in
acidic condition and vice-versa
Hb buffer
• Buffering capacity of Hb is due to imidazole ring
of histidine
• One Hb has 38 histidine
• Imidazole ring contains 2 groups
1. Iron containing grp
2. Immidazole nitrogen- donates or accept proton
depending on pH of the medium
Oxygenation of Hb acts as acid
Deoxygenation of Hb acts as base
N
H
N--- Fe++
N
N--- Fe++
-- H+ +HCO3------ H2CO3-----H2O+ CO2------exhaled
H+ + HCO3- -----H2CO3 --------H2O + CO2
Oxygenation state
In lungs
Deoxygenation state
In tissues
ACID BASE PH
ACID BASE PH
ACID BASE PH
ACID BASE PH
ACID BASE PH
ACID BASE PH

More Related Content

Similar to ACID BASE PH

acid_base ppt.ppt
acid_base ppt.pptacid_base ppt.ppt
acid_base ppt.ppt
ManishaKammarMistry
 
IB Chemistry on Acid Base Buffers
IB Chemistry on Acid Base BuffersIB Chemistry on Acid Base Buffers
IB Chemistry on Acid Base Buffers
Lawrence kok
 
Chapter_14_-_Acids_and_Bases.ppt
Chapter_14_-_Acids_and_Bases.pptChapter_14_-_Acids_and_Bases.ppt
Chapter_14_-_Acids_and_Bases.ppt
yosef374749
 
Acid Base.pptx
Acid Base.pptxAcid Base.pptx
Acid Base.pptx
oussamaamrani4
 
Acid Base Titration curves.pptx
Acid Base Titration curves.pptxAcid Base Titration curves.pptx
Acid Base Titration curves.pptx
CLASH CATALYSTS
 
Acids-Bases-1.pdf
Acids-Bases-1.pdfAcids-Bases-1.pdf
Acids-Bases-1.pdf
ssuser932b2b
 
Acid Base Equilibria ppt.pptx titrations
Acid Base Equilibria ppt.pptx titrationsAcid Base Equilibria ppt.pptx titrations
Acid Base Equilibria ppt.pptx titrations
alfordtamisayi6
 
Acid base and buffers
Acid base and buffersAcid base and buffers
Acid base and buffers
abhishek rai
 
Acids bases
Acids basesAcids bases
Acids bases
Santosh Kumar Kar
 
Acid base imbalance
Acid base imbalanceAcid base imbalance
Acid base imbalance
nick alfaro
 
Mecchapter8 120815082050-phpapp01
Mecchapter8 120815082050-phpapp01Mecchapter8 120815082050-phpapp01
Mecchapter8 120815082050-phpapp01
Cleophas Rwemera
 
Buffers_Acidic and Basic buffer solutions
Buffers_Acidic and Basic buffer solutionsBuffers_Acidic and Basic buffer solutions
Buffers_Acidic and Basic buffer solutions
ChimwemweGladysBanda
 
acids-and-bases-lecture.ppt
acids-and-bases-lecture.pptacids-and-bases-lecture.ppt
acids-and-bases-lecture.ppt
LiezlValiente1
 
Acids and bases 13052020
Acids and bases 13052020Acids and bases 13052020
Acids and bases 13052020
Vajiravelu Sivamurugan
 
body fluids (water, acid, base and buffers).pptx
body fluids (water, acid, base and buffers).pptxbody fluids (water, acid, base and buffers).pptx
body fluids (water, acid, base and buffers).pptx
breenaawan
 
Apchemunit14presentationpart1 120226122440-phpapp02
Apchemunit14presentationpart1 120226122440-phpapp02Apchemunit14presentationpart1 120226122440-phpapp02
Apchemunit14presentationpart1 120226122440-phpapp02
Cleophas Rwemera
 
Acids andbases cheat sheet
Acids andbases cheat sheetAcids andbases cheat sheet
Acids andbases cheat sheet
Timothy Welsh
 
Acids andbases cheat sheet
Acids andbases cheat sheetAcids andbases cheat sheet
Acids andbases cheat sheet
Timothy Welsh
 
Acids and bases
Acids and basesAcids and bases
Acids and bases
Banele Mbatha
 
Ph &; henderson hesselbach equation
Ph &; henderson  hesselbach equationPh &; henderson  hesselbach equation
Ph &; henderson hesselbach equation
Athira RG
 

Similar to ACID BASE PH (20)

acid_base ppt.ppt
acid_base ppt.pptacid_base ppt.ppt
acid_base ppt.ppt
 
IB Chemistry on Acid Base Buffers
IB Chemistry on Acid Base BuffersIB Chemistry on Acid Base Buffers
IB Chemistry on Acid Base Buffers
 
Chapter_14_-_Acids_and_Bases.ppt
Chapter_14_-_Acids_and_Bases.pptChapter_14_-_Acids_and_Bases.ppt
Chapter_14_-_Acids_and_Bases.ppt
 
Acid Base.pptx
Acid Base.pptxAcid Base.pptx
Acid Base.pptx
 
Acid Base Titration curves.pptx
Acid Base Titration curves.pptxAcid Base Titration curves.pptx
Acid Base Titration curves.pptx
 
Acids-Bases-1.pdf
Acids-Bases-1.pdfAcids-Bases-1.pdf
Acids-Bases-1.pdf
 
Acid Base Equilibria ppt.pptx titrations
Acid Base Equilibria ppt.pptx titrationsAcid Base Equilibria ppt.pptx titrations
Acid Base Equilibria ppt.pptx titrations
 
Acid base and buffers
Acid base and buffersAcid base and buffers
Acid base and buffers
 
Acids bases
Acids basesAcids bases
Acids bases
 
Acid base imbalance
Acid base imbalanceAcid base imbalance
Acid base imbalance
 
Mecchapter8 120815082050-phpapp01
Mecchapter8 120815082050-phpapp01Mecchapter8 120815082050-phpapp01
Mecchapter8 120815082050-phpapp01
 
Buffers_Acidic and Basic buffer solutions
Buffers_Acidic and Basic buffer solutionsBuffers_Acidic and Basic buffer solutions
Buffers_Acidic and Basic buffer solutions
 
acids-and-bases-lecture.ppt
acids-and-bases-lecture.pptacids-and-bases-lecture.ppt
acids-and-bases-lecture.ppt
 
Acids and bases 13052020
Acids and bases 13052020Acids and bases 13052020
Acids and bases 13052020
 
body fluids (water, acid, base and buffers).pptx
body fluids (water, acid, base and buffers).pptxbody fluids (water, acid, base and buffers).pptx
body fluids (water, acid, base and buffers).pptx
 
Apchemunit14presentationpart1 120226122440-phpapp02
Apchemunit14presentationpart1 120226122440-phpapp02Apchemunit14presentationpart1 120226122440-phpapp02
Apchemunit14presentationpart1 120226122440-phpapp02
 
Acids andbases cheat sheet
Acids andbases cheat sheetAcids andbases cheat sheet
Acids andbases cheat sheet
 
Acids andbases cheat sheet
Acids andbases cheat sheetAcids andbases cheat sheet
Acids andbases cheat sheet
 
Acids and bases
Acids and basesAcids and bases
Acids and bases
 
Ph &; henderson hesselbach equation
Ph &; henderson  hesselbach equationPh &; henderson  hesselbach equation
Ph &; henderson hesselbach equation
 

More from RajanKhaniya

Genetic-engineering Genetic - engineering
Genetic-engineering Genetic - engineeringGenetic-engineering Genetic - engineering
Genetic-engineering Genetic - engineering
RajanKhaniya
 
Seed system of nepal 5th semester lamjung campus
Seed system of nepal 5th semester lamjung campusSeed system of nepal 5th semester lamjung campus
Seed system of nepal 5th semester lamjung campus
RajanKhaniya
 
Population genetics khaireni for agriculture
Population genetics khaireni for agriculturePopulation genetics khaireni for agriculture
Population genetics khaireni for agriculture
RajanKhaniya
 
Seed and Sowing
Seed and SowingSeed and Sowing
Seed and Sowing
RajanKhaniya
 
Sugarcane cotton cultivation
Sugarcane cotton cultivationSugarcane cotton cultivation
Sugarcane cotton cultivation
RajanKhaniya
 
Study of Fish Morphology
Study of Fish MorphologyStudy of Fish Morphology
Study of Fish Morphology
RajanKhaniya
 
Citation Guidelines
Citation GuidelinesCitation Guidelines
Citation Guidelines
RajanKhaniya
 

More from RajanKhaniya (7)

Genetic-engineering Genetic - engineering
Genetic-engineering Genetic - engineeringGenetic-engineering Genetic - engineering
Genetic-engineering Genetic - engineering
 
Seed system of nepal 5th semester lamjung campus
Seed system of nepal 5th semester lamjung campusSeed system of nepal 5th semester lamjung campus
Seed system of nepal 5th semester lamjung campus
 
Population genetics khaireni for agriculture
Population genetics khaireni for agriculturePopulation genetics khaireni for agriculture
Population genetics khaireni for agriculture
 
Seed and Sowing
Seed and SowingSeed and Sowing
Seed and Sowing
 
Sugarcane cotton cultivation
Sugarcane cotton cultivationSugarcane cotton cultivation
Sugarcane cotton cultivation
 
Study of Fish Morphology
Study of Fish MorphologyStudy of Fish Morphology
Study of Fish Morphology
 
Citation Guidelines
Citation GuidelinesCitation Guidelines
Citation Guidelines
 

Recently uploaded

Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
 
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف القراءات العشر   أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdfمصحف القراءات العشر   أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
سمير بسيوني
 
B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdfB. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
BoudhayanBhattachari
 
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptxC1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
mulvey2
 
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryHow to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Celine George
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
RESULTS OF THE EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE.pptx
RESULTS OF THE EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE.pptxRESULTS OF THE EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE.pptx
RESULTS OF THE EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE.pptx
zuzanka
 
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptxBIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
RidwanHassanYusuf
 
A Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdf
A Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdfA Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdf
A Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdf
Jean Carlos Nunes Paixão
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationLeveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
TechSoup
 
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
MysoreMuleSoftMeetup
 
Bonku-Babus-Friend by Sathyajith Ray (9)
Bonku-Babus-Friend by Sathyajith Ray  (9)Bonku-Babus-Friend by Sathyajith Ray  (9)
Bonku-Babus-Friend by Sathyajith Ray (9)
nitinpv4ai
 
Pharmaceutics Pharmaceuticals best of brub
Pharmaceutics Pharmaceuticals best of brubPharmaceutics Pharmaceuticals best of brub
Pharmaceutics Pharmaceuticals best of brub
danielkiash986
 
Stack Memory Organization of 8086 Microprocessor
Stack Memory Organization of 8086 MicroprocessorStack Memory Organization of 8086 Microprocessor
Stack Memory Organization of 8086 Microprocessor
JomonJoseph58
 
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfWalmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
TechSoup
 
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDFLifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
Vivekanand Anglo Vedic Academy
 
Electric Fetus - Record Store Scavenger Hunt
Electric Fetus - Record Store Scavenger HuntElectric Fetus - Record Store Scavenger Hunt
Electric Fetus - Record Store Scavenger Hunt
RamseyBerglund
 
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview TrainingBBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Katrina Pritchard
 
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
Celine George
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
 
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف القراءات العشر   أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdfمصحف القراءات العشر   أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
 
B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdfB. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
 
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptxC1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
 
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryHow to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
 
RESULTS OF THE EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE.pptx
RESULTS OF THE EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE.pptxRESULTS OF THE EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE.pptx
RESULTS OF THE EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE.pptx
 
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptxBIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
 
A Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdf
A Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdfA Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdf
A Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdf
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
 
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationLeveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
 
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
 
Bonku-Babus-Friend by Sathyajith Ray (9)
Bonku-Babus-Friend by Sathyajith Ray  (9)Bonku-Babus-Friend by Sathyajith Ray  (9)
Bonku-Babus-Friend by Sathyajith Ray (9)
 
Pharmaceutics Pharmaceuticals best of brub
Pharmaceutics Pharmaceuticals best of brubPharmaceutics Pharmaceuticals best of brub
Pharmaceutics Pharmaceuticals best of brub
 
Stack Memory Organization of 8086 Microprocessor
Stack Memory Organization of 8086 MicroprocessorStack Memory Organization of 8086 Microprocessor
Stack Memory Organization of 8086 Microprocessor
 
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfWalmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
 
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDFLifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
 
Electric Fetus - Record Store Scavenger Hunt
Electric Fetus - Record Store Scavenger HuntElectric Fetus - Record Store Scavenger Hunt
Electric Fetus - Record Store Scavenger Hunt
 
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview TrainingBBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
 
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
 

ACID BASE PH

  • 1. Acid, base N buffers
  • 2. • Arrhenious concept • An acid is a hydrogen containing compd which gives hydrogen ion when dissolved in water. HCl + H2O-------H+(aq) + Cl- (aq) H2SO4 + H2O-----H+ + SO4— CH3COOH • Base---gives OH- ions NaOH NH4OH
  • 3. limitations • Acid base behaviour in aqueous conditions only..not acid in gaseous state or dissolved in other solvents Acids and bases have to contain H and OH- ions respectively… NaNH2 is a strong base, it gives Na+ and NH2- but no OH-
  • 4. Bronsted-lowry concept • Not limited to water as a solvent • acid = species donating protons • Base = species accepting protons NH3 + H2O ------- NH4+ + OH- • Water donates a proton and NH3 accepts HCl + H2O----- H3O+ + Cl- HCl donates and water accepts
  • 5. limitation • It is applicable to aqueous and non-aqueous protic solvents equally well. • However, acids have to contain hydrogen • CO2, SO2 acts as acid
  • 6. Conjugate acids and bases • When an acid loses a proton in solution to act as an acid, the remaining part of its molecule which is an anion will have a tendency to gain the proton back and thus acts as a base • CH3COOH + H2O--------CH3COO- + H3O+ • A+B----CB+CA
  • 7. Lewis concept • Acid= accepts a pair of electron • Base = electron donor :NH3 + BF3----H3N:->BF3 Base acid ammonia boron trifluoride
  • 8. neutralization • The reaction of an acid with a base in which characteristic properties of both are destroyed or neutralized, is called neutralization. • When an acid reacts with a base it produces a compd called salt and water • HCl+ NaOH-----NaCl + H2O
  • 9. salt • Compound formed by the partial or complete neutralization of an acid by a base. • H2SO4 + NaOH----NaHSO4 + H2O • H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2----CaSO4 + 2H2O
  • 10. Classification of salt • Normal salt- complete neutralization • Acidic salt- partial neutralization of acid by base H2SO4 + NaOH----NaHSO4 + H2O • Basic salt- partial neutralization of base by acid Zn(OH)2 + HCl-----Zn(OH)Cl + H2O • Mixed salt- consists of different cations or anions NaKSO4
  • 11. pH & buffer • pH=-logH+ • General form of the buffering reaction Buffer +H+ =============== H Buffer
  • 12. Henderson hasselbalch eqn • pH= pKa + log base/acid Or • pH= pKa + log salt/acid • When base = acid, pH=pKa • Therefore, when the concentration of base and acid are the same, then pH is equal to pKa. – The pH of a buffer on addition of known quantity of acid and alkali can therefore be predicted by the eqn – Moreover, the concentration of salt or acid can be found out by measuring th pH
  • 13. buffer • Aqueous system that tend to resist any changes in pH when small amount of acid or base is added. • Are formed by weak acid and weak base • Never a strong acid or base • Types – Acidic buffer – Basic buffer
  • 14. • Acidic buffer • Mixture of wk acid and conjugate base ( salt of same acid with a strong base) • CH3COOH/CH3COONa • Basic buffer • Mixture of wk base and conjugate base (salt of same base with a strong acid) • NH4OH/NH4Cl
  • 15. Mechanism of buffer action • Acetate buffer • CH3COOH/CH3COONa- – When an acid is added • HCl + CH3COONa----- CH3COOH + NaCl • St.acid wk acid – When a base is added • NaOH + CH3COOH------CH3COONa + H2O • St.base wk base
  • 16. Biological buffer • Bicarbonate buffer • Phosphate buffer • Protein buffer • Hb buffer
  • 17. • H+ concn and pH • Ka dissociation constant and pKa • The pH at which an acid is half ionized is called pKa of an acid which is constant at a particular temperature and pressure. • Strong acids will have a low pKa and weak acids have a higher pKa
  • 18. Henderson hasselbalch eqn • pH= pKa + log base/acid Or • pH= pKa + log salt/acid • When base = acid, pH=pKa • Therefore, when the concentration of base and acid are the same, then pH is equal to pKa. – The pH of a buffer on addition of known quantity of acid and alkali can therefore be predicted by the eqn – Moreover, the concentration of salt or acid can be found out by measuring th pH
  • 19. • Normal pH= 7.4 • Range 7.38-7.42 • Acidosis – Below 7.38 – Below 7.25- life threatening—CNS depression and coma – Below 7.0-death • Alkalosis – Above 7.42 – Above 7.55 dangerous-neuromuscular hyperexcitability and tetany – Above 7.6-death
  • 20. Mechanism of regulation of pH 1. buffers of body fluids 2. Respiratory system 3. Renal excretion These mechanisms are inter-related Buffers are the first line of defense against acid load. The buffers are effective as long as the acid load is not excessive, and the alkali reserve is not exhausted. Once the base is utilised in this reaction, it is to be replenished to meet further challenge.
  • 21. Bicarbonate buffer • NaHCO3 -sodium bicarbonate-kidney • H2CO3- carbonic acid-respiratory component 65% of buffering capacity in plasma 40% in whole body pH= 7.4 (blood) pKa of H2CO3 = 6.1 Ratio of NaHCO3/H2CO3=20/1 Also called as alkali reserve Strong and non volatile acids are converted to weak and volatile form.e.g, HCl, H2SO4, lactic acid, ketoacids
  • 22. • pH= pKa + log salt/acid • pH= 6.1 + log 24/ 1.2 • pH = 6.1 + log 20 = 6.1 + 1.3 • Mechanism • Acidic condition • HCl + NaHCO3------ NaCl + H2CO3-----H2O + CO2----exhaled • Basic condition • NaOH + H2CO3-----NaHCO3 + H2O----excreted through kidney
  • 23. Phosphate buffer • Also called as intracellular buffer • Na2HPO4 • NaH2PO4 • pH=7.4 • pKa of NaH2PO4=6.8 • Ratio = 4/1 • Acidic condition • HCl + Na2HPO4----NaCl + NaH2PO4-----kidney acidic urine • Basic • NaOH + NaH2PO4----H2O + Na2HPO4---kidney alkaline urine
  • 24. Protein buffer • Buffering capacity depends on pKa value of ionizable side chain • Accepts H+ from medium and acts as base in acidic condition and vice-versa
  • 25. Hb buffer • Buffering capacity of Hb is due to imidazole ring of histidine • One Hb has 38 histidine • Imidazole ring contains 2 groups 1. Iron containing grp 2. Immidazole nitrogen- donates or accept proton depending on pH of the medium Oxygenation of Hb acts as acid Deoxygenation of Hb acts as base
  • 26.
  • 27. N H N--- Fe++ N N--- Fe++ -- H+ +HCO3------ H2CO3-----H2O+ CO2------exhaled H+ + HCO3- -----H2CO3 --------H2O + CO2 Oxygenation state In lungs Deoxygenation state In tissues