The document discusses various types of errors that may occur in accounting records and how to correct them. It describes errors that do and do not affect the trial balance agreement. Methods for correcting errors include making adjusting journal entries, using a suspense account to temporarily resolve imbalances, and recalculating accounts after errors are fixed. The goal is to identify errors and make necessary corrections to ensure accurate financial reporting.

1. Week 10 CORRECTION OF ERRORS AND SUSPENSE ACCOUNT

2. At the conclusion of this lecture, you should have an appreciation of: Identify types of errors in a Trial Balance Explain ways to correct the errors Learning Objectives

3. Errors not affecting trial balance agreement After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to: correct all errors which do not affect trial balance totals being equal distinguish between the different kinds of errors that may arise Suspense accounts and errors After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to: explain why a suspense account may be used create a suspense account in order to balance the trial balance correct errors using a suspense account recalculate profits after errors have been corrected explain why using a suspense account is generally inappropriate Learning Objectives

4. Recap: Analyzing and Recording Process Analyze each transaction and event form source documents Record relevant transactions and events in a journal Post journal information to ledger accounts Prepare and analyze the trial balance DISCOVER ERROR!!!

5. Errors Most errors are found after preparing the trial balance. Errors cannot be crossed out or erased. If there are errors, the trial balance will not agree. But there are some errors which will not affect the agreement of the trial balance totals.

6. Steps in Analyzing and Correcting Errors Determine the correct journal entry and the appropriate debits and credits. 2. Analyze the original errors journal entry and determine all the debits and credits that were recorded. 3. Preparing the correcting entries. 3rd Step 2nd Step 1st Step

7. Errors Revealed by Trial Balance Errors in calculation – Miscalculation of the trial balance totals or the net account balances. Errors of omission of one entry – Omission of either the debit or credit entry of a transaction. Posting to the wrong side of an account. Errors in amount – debit entry of a transaction differs in amount with the credit entry. Note: Suspense account is opened to take care of errors which have caused an imbalance in the Trial Balance.

8. Errors NOT Revealed by Trial Balance Errors of omission – A transaction is completely omitted from the books. Errors of commission – An entry posted at the correct amount but to the wrong person’s account. Errors of principle – An entry is made in the wrong class of account. Complete reversal of entries – An account that should be debited is credited and vice versa.

9. Compensating errors – where errors cancel each other out. Errors of original entry – The original figure incorrectly entered although the correct double-entry principle has been observed.

10. CORRECTION OF ERRORS - Errors of Omission When a transaction has been completely omitted from the books, it can be corrected by simply making a double-entry to record the transaction. EXAMPLE A cash payment of RM 1,600 for rent has been omitted from the books. Correct entry: Dr Rent Account Cr Cash RM1,600 Dr Cash Account Cr Rent RM1,600 1 st Step 2nd Step 3rd Step Error: Dr Rent Account Cr Cash Dr Cash Account Cr Rent Correction: Dr Rent Account Cr Cash RM 1,600 Dr Cash Account Cr Rent RM 1,600

11. CORRECTION OF ERRORS - Errors of Omission The journal entry is as follows: General Journal Particulars Dr (RM) Cr (RM) Actual: Rent 1,600 Cash 1,600 Error: Rent 0 Cash 0 Correction: Rent 1,600 Cash 1,600 Being correction of error – payment for rent omitted from books 1 st Step 2 nd Step 3 rd Step

12. CORRECTION OF ERRORS - Errors of Commission An entry has been posted to the wrong account of the same category. X EXAMPLE A sale of RM150 to Folin Brothers has been posted to Lin Associates. √ Correct entry: Dr Debtor-Folin Brother Cr Sales RM 150 Dr Sales Cr Debtor- Folin Brother RM 150 1 st Step 2nd Step 3rd Step Error: Dr Debtor- Lin Associates Cr Sales RM 150 Dr Sales Cr Debtor - Lin Associates RM 150 Correction: Dr Debtor- Folin Brother Cr Debtor- Lin Associates RM 150 Dr Debtor- Lin Associates Cr Debtor- Folin Brother RM 150

13. CORRECTION OF ERRORS - Errors of Commission The journal entry is as follows: √ X General Journal Particulars Dr (RM) Cr (RM) Actual: Folin Brother 150 Sales 150 Errors: Lin Associates 150 Sales 150 Correction: Folin Brother 150 Lin Associates 150 Being correction of error – Lin Associates wrongly debited 1 st Step 2 nd Step 3 rd Step

14. X √ CORRECTION OF ERRORS - Errors of Principle An entry is posted to an account of a different category e.g. an expense is recorded as an asset. EXAMPLE Repairs to vehicles amounting to RM 1,000 has been posted to Vehicles Account. Correct entry: Dr Repair expense Cr Cash/ Acct. payable RM 1,000 Dr Cash / Account payable Cr Repair RM 1,000 1 st Step 2nd Step 3rd Step Error: Dr Vehicle Account Cr Cash/ acct payable RM 1,000 Dr Cash/ account payable Cr Vehicle RM 1,000 Correction: Dr Repair expense Cr Vehicle RM 1,000 Dr Vehicle Cr Repair RM 1,000

15. CORRECTION OF ERRORS - Errors of Principle The journal entry is as follows: √ X General Journal Particulars Dr (RM) Cr (RM) Actual: Repair 1,000 Cash/Accounts payable 1,000 Errors: Vehicle 1,000 Cash/Accounts payable 1,000 Correction: Repair 1,000 Vehicle 1,000 Being correction of error – repairs to vehicles posted to Vehicles Account 1 st Step 2 nd Step 3 rd Step

16. CORRECTION OF ERRORS - Errors of Original Entry A wrong amount is recorded in a book of original entry or a document such as an invoice and subsequently posted to the ledger accounts EXAMPLE A purchase of RM665 from Paper Manufacturers Ltd has been entered in the Purchases Journal and posted to the ledger as RM656. Correct entry: Dr Purchases Cr Paper Mfg Ltd RM 665 Dr Paper Manufacturers Ltd Cr Purchases RM 665 1 st Step 2nd Step 3rd Step Error: Dr Purchases Cr Paper Mfg Ltd RM 656 Dr Paper Manufacturers Ltd Cr Purchases RM 656 Correction: Dr Purchases Cr Paper Mfg Ltd RM 9 Dr Paper Manufacturers Ltd Cr Repair RM 9

17. CORRECTION OF ERRORS - Errors of Original Entry The journal entry is as follows: General Journal Particulars Dr (RM) Cr (RM) Actual: Purchases 665 Paper Manufacturers Ltd 665 Errors: Purchases 656 Paper Manufacturers Ltd 656 Correction: Purchases 9 Paper Manufacturers Ltd 9 Being correction of error – purchases understated by RM 9 1 st Step 2 nd Step 3 rd Step

18. CORRECTION OF ERRORS - Compensating Errors EXAMPLE Rent revenue account is overcast by RM10, so as the Wages Account. . An error on the debit side is compensated by an error of equal amount on the credit side. Wages RM10 Rent revenue RM10 1 st Step 2nd Step 3rd Step Correction Dr Rent Revenue Account Cr Cash RM350 Dr Wages Account Cr Cash RM 600

19. CORRECTION OF ERRORS - Errors of Principle The journal entry is as follows: General Journal Particulars Dr (RM) Cr (RM) Actual: Errors: Correction: Rent revenue 10 Wages 10 Being correction of error – rent received and wages paid overstated by $10 each 1 st Step 2 nd Step 3 rd Step

20. X √ CORRECTION OF ERRORS - Complete Reversal of Entries When recording a transaction, the debit entry and the credit entry are reversed. EXAMPLE A payment of RM 700 to a creditor, Martin, was debited to the Cash account and credited to Martin’s Account. Correct entry: Dr Martin Cr Cash RM 700 Dr Cash Cr Martin RM 700 1 st Step 2nd Step 3rd Step Error: Dr Cash Cr Martin RM 700 Dr Martin Cr Cash RM 700 Correction: Dr Martin Cr Cash RM1,400 Dr Cash Cr Martin RM 1,400

21. CORRECTION OF ERRORS - Errors of Principle The journal entry is as follows: X X General Journal Particulars Dr (RM) Cr (RM) Actual: Martin 700 Cash 700 Errors: Cash 700 Martin 700 Correction: Martin 1400 Cash 1400 Being correction of error – payment to Martin debited to Cash Account and credited to Martin’s account 1 st Step 2 nd Step 3 rd Step

22. Lecture Exercise 1 Record the entries needed in the journal to correct the following errors. Narratives are not required: (a) Motor expenses of RM56 entered incorrectly in the Motor Vehicles account. (b) Insurance RM98 paid by cash should have been entered as RM89 . (c) Sale of goods for RM375 to S Lin entered into the account of S Lim . (d) Private withdrawal of RM150 cash had been debited to Sundry expenses account (e) Returns outwards of RM75 had been credited to Returns inwards by mistake . (f) Purchase of stock on credit from D Wing for RM115 had been completely omitted .

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24. CORRECTION OF ERRORS - Suspense Account A Suspense Account is opened to take care of errors which have caused an imbalance in the Trial Balance. When they are discovered, they have to be corrected by a double-entry, one in the Suspense Account and the other in the account concerned.

25. CORRECTION OF ERRORS - Suspense Account EXAMPLE The credit side of a Trial Balance is short of RM100. A Suspense Account is temporarily opened. The difference between the two sides in the Trial Balance is entered in this account. Trial Balance as at 31 December 2002 Dr (RM) Cr (RM) Totals 95,600 95,500 Suspense Account 100 95,600 95,600

26. CORRECTION OF ERRORS - Suspense Account The Suspense Account will have a credit balance when the credit total in the Trial Balance is short and a debit balance when the debit total is short. Dr Suspense Account Cr Dec 31 Difference in books RM100

27. Errors Affecting TB Agreement and their Correction Errors which cause an imbalance in the Trial Balance affect only one side of an account. This class of errors requires only one entry, either on the DR or CR side, to correct them. The other entry has to be made in the Suspense Account, thus adhering to the double-entry principle.

28. Errors Affecting TB Agreement and their Correction EXAMPLE A sale of RM80 to Linda has been credited to Sales Account but omitted from Linda’s account. The debit side of the Trial Balance was later found to have a deficiency of RM80. Dr Sales Account Cr Linda RM80 Dr Suspense Account Cr Difference in books RM80

29. Errors Affecting TB Agreement and their Correction To correct the error... Suspense Account RM80 Linda RM80 Dr Linda Cr Dr Suspense Account Cr Difference in books RM80

30. The journal entry is as follows: Errors Affecting TB Agreement and their Correction General Journal Date Particulars Dr ($) Cr ($) Linda 80 Suspense Account 80 Being correction of error – amount not posted to Linda’s account

31. Correction of an Error Requiring More Than Two Entries EXAMPLE Returns outwards RM100 to Samy has been correctly entered in Samy’s account but wrongly debited to Purchases Account. . Suspense Account RM100 Suspense Account RM100 Purchases RM100 Return outwards RM100 Dr Purchases Account Cr Samy RM100 Dr Returns Outwards Account Cr Dr Suspense Account Cr Difference in books RM200

32. The journal entry is as follows: Correction of an Error Requiring More Than Two Entries General Journal Date Particulars Dr ($) Cr ($) Suspense Account 200 Purchases 100 Returns Outwards 100 Being correction of error – returns outwards wrongly posted to Purchases Account

33. Lecture Exercise 2 The following errors were made: $78 cash paid for stationery was entered in the Stationery Account and the Cash Account as $87. $400 paid for repairs for machinery was debited to Machinery Account. Sales Account and Purchases Account were overcast by $300 each . Commission received $1,500 was wrongly debited to the Commission Revenue Account and credited to the Cash Account . What entries should be made to correct these errors?

34. Lecture Exercise 3 The debit total in the Trial Balance exceeded the credit total by RM32. On checking the books, the following errors were found: i. Rent received, RM400 had been recorded on the payment side of the Cash Book and debited to the Rent Expenses Account. ii. Goods amounting to RM70, returned to Alex, had been treated as sales. The amount was debited to the account of a debtor, B. Fowler and credited to the Sales Account. iii. A cheque of RM51 received from K. Jack had been debited in error to R. Jackson’s account. The entry in the Bank Account was correct. iv. A purchase of equipment, paid by a cheque of RM1,100, was entered as RM1,000 in the books. v. The remainder of the difference in the books was due to an error in over casting the Sales Journal. Show how these errors could be corrected.

35. Lecture Exercise 4 You have extracted a trial balance on 31 December 2006 which failed to agree by RM350, a shortage on the debit side of the trial balance. A suspense account was opened for the difference. The following errors were later found: The purchases daybook had been undercast by RM200. The insurance account had been undercast by RM50. Sale of equipment of RM400 had been credited in error to the Sales account. Sales account had been overcast by RM175 Discounts received had been undercast by RM75 You are required to: (a) Show the journal entries necessary to correct the errors. (b) Draw up the suspense account after the errors have been corrected