Respiratory problem

1. Abnormal Breathing Pattern

2. PARAMETERS OF ASSESING
• Rate
• Depth
• Rhythm
• Character

3. ABNORMAL BREATHING
PATTERNS
• Apnea
• Tachypnea
• Bradypnea
• Hyperventilation
• Kussmaul breathing
• Cheyne-Stokes breathing
• Obstructed breathing

4. 1. APNEA
• Suspension of breathing.
• No movement of muscles of resp. and volume of lungs remains same
• No airflow into or out from the lungs
• Gaseous exchange & cellular resp. is not affected.
• Apnea can be achieved
1. Voluntarily (breath holding)
2. Mechanically-strangulation/choking
3. From neurological trauma

5. • Increased rate of breathing i.e. >20 breaths/min.
• Characterized by rapid, shallow breathing
• It is seen in following conditions
1. Fever
2. Compensatory resp.alkalosis
3. Respiratory insufficiency
4. Lesions to resp. centers in brain
5. Elevated diaphragm

6. BRADYPNEA
• Decreased rate of breathing ,i.e. <12 breaths/min.
• Characterized by slow, shallow breathing.
• It is see secondary to following conditions
1. Diabetic coma
2. Respiratory depression
3. Increased intra-cranial pressure

7. HYPERVENTILATION
• Characterized by rapid, deep breathing.
• Caused by increased levels of CO2
• When the rate and quantity of alveolar
ventilation of carbondioxide exceeds the
production of carbondioxide.
• Other causes include
1. Anxiety or pain
2. Obstructive disorders- COPD,
asthma, & pulmonary embolism

8. CHEYNE-STOKES BREATHING
• Also called as “periodic breathing”
• Characterized by alternate periods of tachypnea and apnea.
• Occurs as a compensation for changing serum pO2 & pCO2, and classically
seen in damage to pons where resp. centers are located
• Conditions:
1. Stroke
2. Traumatic brain injury
3. Heart failure

10. Causes for Hyperpnea nad Apnea
• Forced breathing oxygen level get increased and carbon dioxide
level decreases.
• Therefore respiratory center become inactive and cause Apnea.
• Accumulation of carbon dioxide lead to hypercapnia and hypoxia
• They activate respiratory center and cause increase in force of
breathing.

13. KUSSMAUL BREATHING
• Rapid, gasping & very deep type of labored breathing.
• Commonly called as “air hunger”
• It is associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly
diabetic ketoacidosis.

17. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

18. Sleep Apnea
• Cessation of airflow at the nose and
mouth lasting at least 10 seconds.
• Classified into two major
categories:
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• Central sleep apnea

20. Expressive daytime sleepiness (EDS)

21. Treatment Options
• Behavior modification
• Surgery
• Medications
• Continuous Positive Air Pressure - CPAP
• Oral devices

22. CPAP