This document discusses abnormal breathing patterns by defining parameters for assessment, describing various patterns, and explaining associated conditions. It analyzes apnea, tachypnea, bradypnea, hyperventilation, Kussmaul breathing, Cheyne-Stokes breathing, and obstructive breathing. Causes and characteristics are provided for each abnormality. Treatment options like CPAP are also mentioned for conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea.

1. Abnormal Breathing Pattern

2. PARAMETERS OF ASSESING
• Rate
• Depth
• Rhythm
• Character

3. ABNORMAL BREATHING
PATTERNS
• Apnea
• Tachypnea
• Bradypnea
• Hyperventilation
• Kussmaul breathing
• Cheyne-Stokes breathing
• Obstructed breathing

4. 1. APNEA
• Suspension of breathing.
• No movement of muscles of resp. and volume of lungs remains same
• No airflow into or out from the lungs
• Gaseous exchange & cellular resp. is not affected.
• Apnea can be achieved
1. Voluntarily (breath holding)
2. Mechanically-strangulation/choking
3. From neurological trauma

5. • Increased rate of breathing i.e. >20 breaths/min.
• Characterized by rapid, shallow breathing
• It is seen in following conditions
1. Fever
2. Compensatory resp.alkalosis
3. Respiratory insufficiency
4. Lesions to resp. centers in brain
5. Elevated diaphragm

6. BRADYPNEA
• Decreased rate of breathing ,i.e. <12 breaths/min.
• Characterized by slow, shallow breathing.
• It is see secondary to following conditions
1. Diabetic coma
2. Respiratory depression
3. Increased intra-cranial pressure

7. HYPERVENTILATION
• Characterized by rapid, deep breathing.
• Caused by increased levels of CO2
• When the rate and quantity of alveolar
ventilation of carbondioxide exceeds the
production of carbondioxide.
• Other causes include
1. Anxiety or pain
2. Obstructive disorders- COPD,
asthma, & pulmonary embolism

8. CHEYNE-STOKES BREATHING
• Also called as “periodic breathing”
• Characterized by alternate periods of tachypnea and apnea.
• Occurs as a compensation for changing serum pO2 & pCO2, and classically
seen in damage to pons where resp. centers are located
• Conditions:
1. Stroke
2. Traumatic brain injury
3. Heart failure

10. Causes for Hyperpnea nad Apnea
• Forced breathing oxygen level get increased and carbon dioxide
level decreases.
• Therefore respiratory center become inactive and cause Apnea.
• Accumulation of carbon dioxide lead to hypercapnia and hypoxia
• They activate respiratory center and cause increase in force of
breathing.

13. KUSSMAUL BREATHING
• Rapid, gasping & very deep type of labored breathing.
• Commonly called as “air hunger”
• It is associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly
diabetic ketoacidosis.

17. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

18. Sleep Apnea
• Cessation of airflow at the nose and
mouth lasting at least 10 seconds.
• Classified into two major
categories:
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• Central sleep apnea

20. Expressive daytime sleepiness (EDS)

21. Treatment Options
• Behavior modification
• Surgery
• Medications
• Continuous Positive Air Pressure - CPAP
• Oral devices

22. CPAP