This document discusses prolonged labor, obstructed labor, and dystocia caused by fetal anomalies. Prolonged labor is defined as the combined first and second stage of labor exceeding 18 hours. It can be caused by issues with cervical dilation, fetal descent, uterine contractions, or pelvic and fetal factors. Obstructed labor occurs when descent is arrested due to a mechanical obstruction in the birth canal or fetus. This can lead to exhaustion, dehydration, acidosis, and infection for the mother. Fetal risks include hypoxia, infection, head molding issues, and increased need for operative delivery. Prevention focuses on identifying risk factors. Treatment involves evaluating the cause and deciding between augmentation, assisted delivery, or C-
Postpartum hemorrhage is defined as bleeding more than 500ml following childbirth. It can be primary within 24 hours or secondary between 24 hours to 6 weeks. The main causes of primary PPH are uterine atony, retained placental tissue, lacerations, and coagulation disorders. Risk factors include overdistention of the uterus, previous PPH, prolonged labor, and preeclampsia. Clinical presentation includes heavy bleeding and signs of shock. Management involves bimanual compression, B-Lynch brace suture, exclusion of retained tissue, and antibiotic treatment for endometritis in secondary PPH cases.
This document discusses first trimester bleeding, which occurs in 20-40% of pregnancies. The main causes are miscarriage (95%), ectopic pregnancy (2%), hydatidiform mole (<1%), and vanishing twin. Diagnosis involves history, examination, ultrasound to determine if the pregnancy is intrauterine, extrauterine, viable, or nonviable. Common ultrasound findings for miscarriage include no fetal heartbeat, subchorionic bleeding, or an empty gestational sac over 20mm. Ectopic pregnancies may appear as an adnexal mass. Rare causes are molar pregnancies, appearing on ultrasound as a "snowstorm" pattern of cysts in the placenta. First trimester bleeding
Mrs. Soz Ali, a 34-year-old woman, presented with vaginal bleeding and nausea. Examination found a bulky uterus consistent with a 10 week gestation. Laboratory tests showed an elevated beta-hCG level of 7981 U/l and ultrasound revealed an increased uterine echogenicity with a "snowstorm" appearance. This is consistent with a diagnosis of complete hydatidiform mole based on the clinical presentation, lab tests, and imaging findings. Complete molar pregnancies carry risks of persistent trophoblastic disease, chemotherapy may be required for treatment.
This document provides guidelines for the management of twin pregnancies and deliveries. It discusses increased prenatal care needs including nutrition, activity restrictions, and screening. Ultrasound scans are recommended at various gestational ages. Prenatal diagnosis of anomalies may require procedures like amniocentesis or selective feticide. Delivery is recommended in a fully equipped hospital between 37-38 weeks. Vaginal delivery of the first twin is possible if it is vertex presenting, while the second twin requires assessment and may need procedures like internal version for breech extraction. Caesarean section is indicated if vaginal delivery is not possible. Close monitoring and precautions against postpartum hemorrhage are essential.
This case highlights the importance of early recognition and prompt management of postpartum haemorrhage. Some key points:
1. Risk factors for uterine atony include prolonged labour, operative delivery like ventouse which can cause trauma and lead to atony.
2. Common causes of uterine atony are failure of the uterus to contract adequately after delivery of the placenta due to factors like overdistension, infections, retained products of conception.
3. Management of uterine atony involves emptying the uterus, bimanual compression, medical treatment with uterotonics like oxytocics and prostaglandins, and if bleeding persists surgical interventions like balloon tamponade, compression sutures or hysterectomy may be
1) Vaginal birth after cesarean section (VBAC) has been a controversial issue in obstetrics, as opinions have changed over time on whether a scarred uterus can support a vaginal birth.
2) While it was once believed that "once a cesarean, always a cesarean" was necessary, research now shows that 70-80% of women with a prior low transverse incision can have a successful VBAC, as endorsed by ACOG.
3) Factors such as the type of prior incision, prior vaginal delivery, interdelivery interval, and indication for prior cesarean impact the likelihood of a successful VBAC trial. Close monitoring is important to
The document discusses intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD), defined as the death of a fetus weighing over 500g or over 24 weeks gestation before the onset of labor. It notes that the cause is unknown in 25-60% of cases. Identifiable causes include maternal conditions like diabetes or hypertension, fetal conditions like birth defects or infections, and placental conditions like abruption or insufficiency. Evaluation of an IUFD involves examining the mother's medical history and current pregnancy, evaluating the stillborn infant, investigating the placenta, and certain laboratory tests. Management depends on factors like gestation, number of fetuses, and the parents' wishes regarding expectant or active management such as labor induction. Complications can
- Induction of labor is recommended for post-term pregnancies (greater than 42 weeks) due to increased risks of complications. Risks increase further as pregnancy progresses beyond 42 weeks.
- For low-risk pregnancies between 41-42 weeks, induction can be considered but is not necessarily recommended since perinatal outcomes do not significantly differ from 40-41 weeks. The risks and benefits should be discussed with the patient.
- Fetal surveillance with non-stress tests and ultrasound amniotic fluid measurements twice weekly is recommended for pregnancies beyond 42 weeks declining induction. Delivery is recommended if any test results cause concern for the fetal environment.
Postpartum hemorrhage is defined as bleeding more than 500ml following childbirth. It can be primary within 24 hours or secondary between 24 hours to 6 weeks. The main causes of primary PPH are uterine atony, retained placental tissue, lacerations, and coagulation disorders. Risk factors include overdistention of the uterus, previous PPH, prolonged labor, and preeclampsia. Clinical presentation includes heavy bleeding and signs of shock. Management involves bimanual compression, B-Lynch brace suture, exclusion of retained tissue, and antibiotic treatment for endometritis in secondary PPH cases.
This document discusses first trimester bleeding, which occurs in 20-40% of pregnancies. The main causes are miscarriage (95%), ectopic pregnancy (2%), hydatidiform mole (<1%), and vanishing twin. Diagnosis involves history, examination, ultrasound to determine if the pregnancy is intrauterine, extrauterine, viable, or nonviable. Common ultrasound findings for miscarriage include no fetal heartbeat, subchorionic bleeding, or an empty gestational sac over 20mm. Ectopic pregnancies may appear as an adnexal mass. Rare causes are molar pregnancies, appearing on ultrasound as a "snowstorm" pattern of cysts in the placenta. First trimester bleeding
Mrs. Soz Ali, a 34-year-old woman, presented with vaginal bleeding and nausea. Examination found a bulky uterus consistent with a 10 week gestation. Laboratory tests showed an elevated beta-hCG level of 7981 U/l and ultrasound revealed an increased uterine echogenicity with a "snowstorm" appearance. This is consistent with a diagnosis of complete hydatidiform mole based on the clinical presentation, lab tests, and imaging findings. Complete molar pregnancies carry risks of persistent trophoblastic disease, chemotherapy may be required for treatment.
This document provides guidelines for the management of twin pregnancies and deliveries. It discusses increased prenatal care needs including nutrition, activity restrictions, and screening. Ultrasound scans are recommended at various gestational ages. Prenatal diagnosis of anomalies may require procedures like amniocentesis or selective feticide. Delivery is recommended in a fully equipped hospital between 37-38 weeks. Vaginal delivery of the first twin is possible if it is vertex presenting, while the second twin requires assessment and may need procedures like internal version for breech extraction. Caesarean section is indicated if vaginal delivery is not possible. Close monitoring and precautions against postpartum hemorrhage are essential.
This case highlights the importance of early recognition and prompt management of postpartum haemorrhage. Some key points:
1. Risk factors for uterine atony include prolonged labour, operative delivery like ventouse which can cause trauma and lead to atony.
2. Common causes of uterine atony are failure of the uterus to contract adequately after delivery of the placenta due to factors like overdistension, infections, retained products of conception.
3. Management of uterine atony involves emptying the uterus, bimanual compression, medical treatment with uterotonics like oxytocics and prostaglandins, and if bleeding persists surgical interventions like balloon tamponade, compression sutures or hysterectomy may be
1) Vaginal birth after cesarean section (VBAC) has been a controversial issue in obstetrics, as opinions have changed over time on whether a scarred uterus can support a vaginal birth.
2) While it was once believed that "once a cesarean, always a cesarean" was necessary, research now shows that 70-80% of women with a prior low transverse incision can have a successful VBAC, as endorsed by ACOG.
3) Factors such as the type of prior incision, prior vaginal delivery, interdelivery interval, and indication for prior cesarean impact the likelihood of a successful VBAC trial. Close monitoring is important to
The document discusses intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD), defined as the death of a fetus weighing over 500g or over 24 weeks gestation before the onset of labor. It notes that the cause is unknown in 25-60% of cases. Identifiable causes include maternal conditions like diabetes or hypertension, fetal conditions like birth defects or infections, and placental conditions like abruption or insufficiency. Evaluation of an IUFD involves examining the mother's medical history and current pregnancy, evaluating the stillborn infant, investigating the placenta, and certain laboratory tests. Management depends on factors like gestation, number of fetuses, and the parents' wishes regarding expectant or active management such as labor induction. Complications can
- Induction of labor is recommended for post-term pregnancies (greater than 42 weeks) due to increased risks of complications. Risks increase further as pregnancy progresses beyond 42 weeks.
- For low-risk pregnancies between 41-42 weeks, induction can be considered but is not necessarily recommended since perinatal outcomes do not significantly differ from 40-41 weeks. The risks and benefits should be discussed with the patient.
- Fetal surveillance with non-stress tests and ultrasound amniotic fluid measurements twice weekly is recommended for pregnancies beyond 42 weeks declining induction. Delivery is recommended if any test results cause concern for the fetal environment.
The document discusses postpartum care and complications. It covers the anatomical changes that occur after delivery, routine postpartum care including monitoring for bleeding and infection, complications like postpartum hemorrhage, and patient education on caring for themselves and their newborn. Discharge instructions advise women on resuming normal activities and making follow-up appointments.
This ppt may help in understanding Rh negative women during pregnancy, labour and postpartum. Great advancements have been made in the detection and management of this condition, and many of our Rh-negative women can now have a happy obstetric career.
This document provides an overview of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders, including definitions, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, prenatal diagnosis, and management. PAS disorders describe abnormal placentation that can range from superficial to deep invasion of the placenta into the uterine wall. Risk factors include placenta previa, cesarean sections, and uterine surgeries. Prenatal ultrasound and MRI can detect signs such as placental lacunae and vascular abnormalities. Left untreated, PAS disorders can lead to life-threatening hemorrhage.
3 malpresentations.warda (3)- FACE PRESENTATIONOsama Warda
Face presentations occur when the fetal chin is the presenting part instead of the vertex. They are classified into four positions based on the position of the chin. Mentoanterior positions are more common and favorable than mentoposterior positions. Labor is usually prolonged in face presentations due to delayed engagement and lack of molding of the facial bones. Management depends on the position, with mentoanterior positions usually allowing vaginal delivery while mentoposterior positions often requiring assistance. Brow presentations are the rarest type and usually do not have a defined mechanism of labor.
This document discusses evaluating and managing bad obstetric history (BOH). BOH refers to previous disappointments in childbearing like miscarriages, stillbirths, preterm births, or other complications. A detailed history and medical record review aims to identify recurrent or non-recurrent causes. Common causes include pre-eclampsia, inherited or acquired thrombophilia, parental genetic disorders, anatomical factors, endocrine issues, and infections. Investigation may include screening tests for these conditions. Management focuses on modifying identified risks in the current pregnancy through treatments like low-dose aspirin for pre-eclampsia risk and close monitoring throughout pregnancy. The goal is to learn from past pregnancies to optimize outcomes in future pregnancies.
This document discusses multiple pregnancies, specifically twins. It defines the different types of twins as dizygotic (fraternal) or monozygotic (identical). It describes how twins develop and the timing of embryo division that determines chorionicity and amniotic sac structure. Complications of twin pregnancies are increased for both mother and babies, including preterm birth, preeclampsia, and discordant growth. Ultrasound is important for diagnosis and monitoring twin pregnancies. Mothers of twins require increased nutrition, rest, and more frequent prenatal visits.
This document discusses post-term pregnancy, which is defined as a pregnancy extending beyond 42 weeks of gestation. Risks of post-term pregnancy include fetal complications like meconium aspiration and fetal distress as well as maternal risks such as increased need for instrumental or cesarean delivery. Diagnosis involves assessing factors like menstrual history, fundal height, and ultrasound evaluations. Management may involve expectant monitoring for low-risk cases or induction of labor for cases with complications or signs of fetal distress.
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is excessive bleeding after childbirth, defined as blood loss over 500 ml for vaginal births or 1000 ml for C-sections. The main causes of PPH are uterine atony (failure of the uterus to contract), retained placenta, and trauma to the genital tract. Management involves bimanual uterine massage, uterotonic drugs, vaginal packing, balloon tamponade, and in severe cases surgical interventions like B-Lynch sutures or hysterectomy.
Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. It accounts for 1-2% of pregnancies and risk factors include previous pelvic inflammatory disease, IUD use, infertility, and smoking. Clinical features range from asymptomatic to acute abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. Transvaginal ultrasound and quantitative beta-hCG levels are used to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options include surgical removal by laparoscopy or laparotomy, or medical management with methotrexate depending on the stability of the patient. Expectant management may be considered for some stable cases. Ruptured ectopic pregnancies require emergency surgery and blood transfusions to stabilize the patient.
THROMBOPROPHYLAXIS DURING PREGNANCY, LABOUR AND AFTER DELIVERYAboubakr Elnashar
The document provides guidelines for assessing risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pregnancy and recommending thromboprophylaxis. It states that all women should be assessed for VTE risk factors in early pregnancy and if risk factors develop. It recommends screening women with a previous VTE for inherited thrombophilia. Women with a previous VTE or additional risk factors may qualify for low molecular weight heparin prophylaxis during pregnancy and for 6 weeks postpartum depending on their specific risks.
This document discusses post-partum hemorrhage (PPH), including its definition, causes, risk factors, prevention, and management. It describes:
1) PPH is defined as blood loss over 500ml within 24 hours of delivery. The main cause is uterine atony but can also be due to retained placenta or trauma.
2) Risk factors include previous c-section, large babies, and medical conditions like placenta previa. Prevention focuses on identifying risks antenatally and using oxytocics to manage the third stage of labor.
3) Initial management of PPH involves resuscitation, oxytocics, and identifying the cause. Further steps may include balloon
Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) refers to rupture of the amniotic sac before the onset of labor. It occurs in 8% of pregnancies and is diagnosed through examination finding fluid in the vaginal vault or pooling in the fornix. Risk factors include infection, cervical issues, and smoking. Management depends on gestational age and includes induction of labor, expectant management up to 24 hours, and antibiotics to prevent complications like chorioamnionitis which occurs when bacteria infect the amniotic sac and can cause maternal fever and sepsis.
Cervical insufficiency, also known as cervical incompetence, is a condition where the cervix is unable to retain a pregnancy at term due to a functional or structural defect. It is characterized by painless dilatation of the cervix resulting in premature rupture of membranes and delivery, usually occurring in the second or third trimester. Cervical cerclage procedures aim to surgically suture the cervix closed to prevent premature opening. There are several techniques for cervical cerclage placement depending on the location and indication, including McDonald, Shirodkar, emergency/rescue cerclages, and pessary or balloon alternatives. Cerclage procedures can be done through the vagina or abdomen depending
This document discusses various methods for assessing fetal well-being, including fetal movement counting, fetal heart rate monitoring, biophysical profiling, and Doppler ultrasound. It provides details on techniques such as the non-stress test (NST), contraction stress test (CST), and biophysical profile (BPP). Each method is described, including how it is performed, interpreted, advantages, and disadvantages. The document emphasizes that no single test exists that can perfectly identify a compromised fetus at a stage when intervention improves outcomes, without also identifying healthy fetuses as abnormal.
Prolonged pregnancy and induction of labour were discussed. Prolonged pregnancy is defined as 42 weeks or more of gestation and can increase risks to the fetus including post-maturity syndrome. Management options for prolonged pregnancy include induction of labour or continued monitoring depending on cervical status and dates certainty. Induction of labour is the artificial initiation of uterine contractions prior to spontaneous onset to achieve delivery.
Based on the information provided, this woman's presentation is concerning for a possible molar pregnancy. Key findings include:
- Worsening nausea and vomiting over the past 2 weeks (hyperemesis)
- 8 weeks gestation by dates
This constellation of symptoms could indicate a molar pregnancy, especially a complete mole which commonly presents with hyperemesis. An ultrasound would be indicated to evaluate the size and appearance of the uterus and products of conception. Beta-hCG levels should also be checked and serially monitored. Given her symptoms and gestational age, a molar pregnancy should be considered in the differential diagnosis until imaging and lab results provide more information. Close follow up would be advised.
Classification & conservative surgeries for prolapseIndraneel Jadhav
This document discusses various classifications and conservative surgical treatments for pelvic organ prolapse. It begins by describing the normal anatomical supports that prevent prolapse, including the bony scaffolding, endopelvic fascia, and pelvic musculature. It then covers several classification systems for prolapse, including the Baden-Walker and POP-Q systems. Conservative surgeries discussed include abdominal sling operations, various sling procedures, anterior and posterior colporrhaphies, paravaginal defect repairs, and perineorrhaphies. Newer procedures like vaginal sacrospinous cervico-colpopexy and posterior intravaginal slingplasty are also mentioned. The document emphasizes that hyster
Sickle cell anemia is an autosome linked recessive trait that can be transmitted from parents to the offspring when
both the partners are carrier for the gene (or heterozygous). The disease is controlled by a single pair of allele, HbA
and HbS. Out of the three possible genotypes only homozygous individuals for HbS (HbS, HbS) show the diseased phenotype. The ability to predict the clinical course of SCD during pregnancy is difficult. It is mandatory to follow up the patient closely from the very beginning i.e. from preconception to antenatal till labor. SCD is associated with both maternal and fetal complications and is associated with an increased incidence of perinatal mortality, premature
labor, fetal growth restriction and acute painful crises during pregnancy.
1) Prolonged labor is defined as labor lasting over 20 hours for first time mothers and over 14 hours for mothers who have previously given birth. It can be caused by issues like malpresentation, cephalopelvic disproportion, or problems with uterine contractions.
2) Signs of prolonged labor include exhaustion, dehydration, high pulse rate, and potential fetal distress. It increases risks for both mother and baby.
3) Management of prolonged labor involves identifying the cause, giving the mother fluids and pain relief, monitoring progress and fetal wellbeing, and potentially assisting delivery or performing a C-section if vaginal delivery is not possible or safe.
UNCOORDINATED UTERINE ACTION in obstetrics and gynecologicalThangamjayarani
I. Prolonged labor is defined as labor lasting longer than 18-24 hours. It can occur when there are issues with uterine contractions (fault in power), the size and shape of the pelvis (fault in passage), or position of the baby (fault in passenger).
II. Precipitate labor is when the first and second stages are less than two hours. It is more common in multiparous women and can be caused by factors like a small baby in a favorable position or strong uterine contractions.
III. Management of prolonged labor involves careful evaluation, correcting dehydration, and definitive treatments like amniotomy, oxytocin infusion, or cesarean section if vaginal delivery is
The document discusses postpartum care and complications. It covers the anatomical changes that occur after delivery, routine postpartum care including monitoring for bleeding and infection, complications like postpartum hemorrhage, and patient education on caring for themselves and their newborn. Discharge instructions advise women on resuming normal activities and making follow-up appointments.
This ppt may help in understanding Rh negative women during pregnancy, labour and postpartum. Great advancements have been made in the detection and management of this condition, and many of our Rh-negative women can now have a happy obstetric career.
This document provides an overview of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders, including definitions, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, prenatal diagnosis, and management. PAS disorders describe abnormal placentation that can range from superficial to deep invasion of the placenta into the uterine wall. Risk factors include placenta previa, cesarean sections, and uterine surgeries. Prenatal ultrasound and MRI can detect signs such as placental lacunae and vascular abnormalities. Left untreated, PAS disorders can lead to life-threatening hemorrhage.
3 malpresentations.warda (3)- FACE PRESENTATIONOsama Warda
Face presentations occur when the fetal chin is the presenting part instead of the vertex. They are classified into four positions based on the position of the chin. Mentoanterior positions are more common and favorable than mentoposterior positions. Labor is usually prolonged in face presentations due to delayed engagement and lack of molding of the facial bones. Management depends on the position, with mentoanterior positions usually allowing vaginal delivery while mentoposterior positions often requiring assistance. Brow presentations are the rarest type and usually do not have a defined mechanism of labor.
This document discusses evaluating and managing bad obstetric history (BOH). BOH refers to previous disappointments in childbearing like miscarriages, stillbirths, preterm births, or other complications. A detailed history and medical record review aims to identify recurrent or non-recurrent causes. Common causes include pre-eclampsia, inherited or acquired thrombophilia, parental genetic disorders, anatomical factors, endocrine issues, and infections. Investigation may include screening tests for these conditions. Management focuses on modifying identified risks in the current pregnancy through treatments like low-dose aspirin for pre-eclampsia risk and close monitoring throughout pregnancy. The goal is to learn from past pregnancies to optimize outcomes in future pregnancies.
This document discusses multiple pregnancies, specifically twins. It defines the different types of twins as dizygotic (fraternal) or monozygotic (identical). It describes how twins develop and the timing of embryo division that determines chorionicity and amniotic sac structure. Complications of twin pregnancies are increased for both mother and babies, including preterm birth, preeclampsia, and discordant growth. Ultrasound is important for diagnosis and monitoring twin pregnancies. Mothers of twins require increased nutrition, rest, and more frequent prenatal visits.
This document discusses post-term pregnancy, which is defined as a pregnancy extending beyond 42 weeks of gestation. Risks of post-term pregnancy include fetal complications like meconium aspiration and fetal distress as well as maternal risks such as increased need for instrumental or cesarean delivery. Diagnosis involves assessing factors like menstrual history, fundal height, and ultrasound evaluations. Management may involve expectant monitoring for low-risk cases or induction of labor for cases with complications or signs of fetal distress.
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is excessive bleeding after childbirth, defined as blood loss over 500 ml for vaginal births or 1000 ml for C-sections. The main causes of PPH are uterine atony (failure of the uterus to contract), retained placenta, and trauma to the genital tract. Management involves bimanual uterine massage, uterotonic drugs, vaginal packing, balloon tamponade, and in severe cases surgical interventions like B-Lynch sutures or hysterectomy.
Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. It accounts for 1-2% of pregnancies and risk factors include previous pelvic inflammatory disease, IUD use, infertility, and smoking. Clinical features range from asymptomatic to acute abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. Transvaginal ultrasound and quantitative beta-hCG levels are used to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options include surgical removal by laparoscopy or laparotomy, or medical management with methotrexate depending on the stability of the patient. Expectant management may be considered for some stable cases. Ruptured ectopic pregnancies require emergency surgery and blood transfusions to stabilize the patient.
THROMBOPROPHYLAXIS DURING PREGNANCY, LABOUR AND AFTER DELIVERYAboubakr Elnashar
The document provides guidelines for assessing risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pregnancy and recommending thromboprophylaxis. It states that all women should be assessed for VTE risk factors in early pregnancy and if risk factors develop. It recommends screening women with a previous VTE for inherited thrombophilia. Women with a previous VTE or additional risk factors may qualify for low molecular weight heparin prophylaxis during pregnancy and for 6 weeks postpartum depending on their specific risks.
This document discusses post-partum hemorrhage (PPH), including its definition, causes, risk factors, prevention, and management. It describes:
1) PPH is defined as blood loss over 500ml within 24 hours of delivery. The main cause is uterine atony but can also be due to retained placenta or trauma.
2) Risk factors include previous c-section, large babies, and medical conditions like placenta previa. Prevention focuses on identifying risks antenatally and using oxytocics to manage the third stage of labor.
3) Initial management of PPH involves resuscitation, oxytocics, and identifying the cause. Further steps may include balloon
Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) refers to rupture of the amniotic sac before the onset of labor. It occurs in 8% of pregnancies and is diagnosed through examination finding fluid in the vaginal vault or pooling in the fornix. Risk factors include infection, cervical issues, and smoking. Management depends on gestational age and includes induction of labor, expectant management up to 24 hours, and antibiotics to prevent complications like chorioamnionitis which occurs when bacteria infect the amniotic sac and can cause maternal fever and sepsis.
Cervical insufficiency, also known as cervical incompetence, is a condition where the cervix is unable to retain a pregnancy at term due to a functional or structural defect. It is characterized by painless dilatation of the cervix resulting in premature rupture of membranes and delivery, usually occurring in the second or third trimester. Cervical cerclage procedures aim to surgically suture the cervix closed to prevent premature opening. There are several techniques for cervical cerclage placement depending on the location and indication, including McDonald, Shirodkar, emergency/rescue cerclages, and pessary or balloon alternatives. Cerclage procedures can be done through the vagina or abdomen depending
This document discusses various methods for assessing fetal well-being, including fetal movement counting, fetal heart rate monitoring, biophysical profiling, and Doppler ultrasound. It provides details on techniques such as the non-stress test (NST), contraction stress test (CST), and biophysical profile (BPP). Each method is described, including how it is performed, interpreted, advantages, and disadvantages. The document emphasizes that no single test exists that can perfectly identify a compromised fetus at a stage when intervention improves outcomes, without also identifying healthy fetuses as abnormal.
Prolonged pregnancy and induction of labour were discussed. Prolonged pregnancy is defined as 42 weeks or more of gestation and can increase risks to the fetus including post-maturity syndrome. Management options for prolonged pregnancy include induction of labour or continued monitoring depending on cervical status and dates certainty. Induction of labour is the artificial initiation of uterine contractions prior to spontaneous onset to achieve delivery.
Based on the information provided, this woman's presentation is concerning for a possible molar pregnancy. Key findings include:
- Worsening nausea and vomiting over the past 2 weeks (hyperemesis)
- 8 weeks gestation by dates
This constellation of symptoms could indicate a molar pregnancy, especially a complete mole which commonly presents with hyperemesis. An ultrasound would be indicated to evaluate the size and appearance of the uterus and products of conception. Beta-hCG levels should also be checked and serially monitored. Given her symptoms and gestational age, a molar pregnancy should be considered in the differential diagnosis until imaging and lab results provide more information. Close follow up would be advised.
Classification & conservative surgeries for prolapseIndraneel Jadhav
This document discusses various classifications and conservative surgical treatments for pelvic organ prolapse. It begins by describing the normal anatomical supports that prevent prolapse, including the bony scaffolding, endopelvic fascia, and pelvic musculature. It then covers several classification systems for prolapse, including the Baden-Walker and POP-Q systems. Conservative surgeries discussed include abdominal sling operations, various sling procedures, anterior and posterior colporrhaphies, paravaginal defect repairs, and perineorrhaphies. Newer procedures like vaginal sacrospinous cervico-colpopexy and posterior intravaginal slingplasty are also mentioned. The document emphasizes that hyster
Sickle cell anemia is an autosome linked recessive trait that can be transmitted from parents to the offspring when
both the partners are carrier for the gene (or heterozygous). The disease is controlled by a single pair of allele, HbA
and HbS. Out of the three possible genotypes only homozygous individuals for HbS (HbS, HbS) show the diseased phenotype. The ability to predict the clinical course of SCD during pregnancy is difficult. It is mandatory to follow up the patient closely from the very beginning i.e. from preconception to antenatal till labor. SCD is associated with both maternal and fetal complications and is associated with an increased incidence of perinatal mortality, premature
labor, fetal growth restriction and acute painful crises during pregnancy.
1) Prolonged labor is defined as labor lasting over 20 hours for first time mothers and over 14 hours for mothers who have previously given birth. It can be caused by issues like malpresentation, cephalopelvic disproportion, or problems with uterine contractions.
2) Signs of prolonged labor include exhaustion, dehydration, high pulse rate, and potential fetal distress. It increases risks for both mother and baby.
3) Management of prolonged labor involves identifying the cause, giving the mother fluids and pain relief, monitoring progress and fetal wellbeing, and potentially assisting delivery or performing a C-section if vaginal delivery is not possible or safe.
UNCOORDINATED UTERINE ACTION in obstetrics and gynecologicalThangamjayarani
I. Prolonged labor is defined as labor lasting longer than 18-24 hours. It can occur when there are issues with uterine contractions (fault in power), the size and shape of the pelvis (fault in passage), or position of the baby (fault in passenger).
II. Precipitate labor is when the first and second stages are less than two hours. It is more common in multiparous women and can be caused by factors like a small baby in a favorable position or strong uterine contractions.
III. Management of prolonged labor involves careful evaluation, correcting dehydration, and definitive treatments like amniotomy, oxytocin infusion, or cesarean section if vaginal delivery is
This document describes prolonged and obstructed labor. It defines prolonged labor as when the first and second stages of labor last more than 18 hours total. Obstructed labor occurs when there is poor or no progress despite strong contractions, usually due to issues with the fetus (fault in passenger) or birth canal (fault in passage). Causes include cephalopelvic disproportion, malpositions, big baby, or contracted pelvis. Diagnosis involves assessing cervical dilation rate and fetal descent rate with a partograph. Treatment depends on the stage of labor affected and may include oxytocics, analgesics, assisted delivery, or C-section. Complications can be serious for both mother and baby if not resolved.
This document discusses abnormal labor and its management. It defines normal labor and describes abnormalities such as dystocia. Abnormal labor can be caused by issues with the cervix, uterus, maternal pelvis, or fetus. Types of abnormal labor include protraction disorders, arrest disorders, and dysfunctional labor. Management depends on the type and stage of abnormality and may include amniotomy, oxytocin administration, operative vaginal delivery, or cesarean section. Close monitoring of labor progress is important to diagnose abnormalities early to guide management.
This document discusses abnormal labor and its management. It defines normal labor and describes abnormal labor as a difficult labor pattern that deviates from typical progression. Abnormal labor can be caused by issues with the cervix, uterus, maternal pelvis, or fetus. It further outlines the stages of labor and describes factors that can contribute to prolonged latent phase, dysfunctional labor, and dystocia. The management of abnormal labor may include amniotomy, oxytocin administration, operative vaginal delivery, or cesarean section depending on the specific issues present and labor progression. Close monitoring of labor and timely interventions are important to properly manage abnormal labor.
This document provides an overview of abnormal labour, including definitions, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management, and specific types such as prolonged labour and maternal injuries. Abnormal labour is defined as labour that does not meet normal time limits and milestones. It can be caused by issues with uterine contractions, pelvic abnormalities, large babies, or psychological factors. Prolonged labour increases risks for both mother and baby. Management may include accelerating labour through drugs or proceeding with c-section if needed. Maternal injuries from labour include perineal tears, vaginal tears, cervical tears, and vulval hematoma, which require repair or drainage. The document also describes different types of abnormal uterine action.
Prolonged labor is the inability of a woman to proceed with childbirth upon going into labor. Prolonged labor typically lasts over 20 hours for first time mothers, and over 14 hours for women that have already had children.
Labour is considered prolonged if it lasts more than 12 hours. It can be caused by issues with the passageway (pelvis), passenger (baby), powers (contractions), or psyche (mental state). Prolonged labour risks maternal and fetal complications if neglected. Close monitoring is needed to detect obstruction early. Treatment depends on fetal viability but may include resuscitating the mother, controlling infection, relieving obstruction via c-section, and post-delivery care like antibiotics and bladder drainage. Abnormal uterine contractions can also prolong labour and are treated with oxytocin.
This document discusses abnormal labour, defined as failure to meet defined milestones and time limits for normal labour. It can be caused by issues with uterine contractions (power), the birth canal (passages), or the fetus (passenger). Types of abnormal labour include slow progress/protraction disorders, arrest of progress/arrest disorders, and precipitate labour. Management involves assessing for causes, supporting labour through hydration and pain relief, and potentially augmenting contractions, assisting delivery, or performing a caesarean section if needed for fetal wellbeing. Complications of abnormal labour include increased risk of cesarean, fetal distress, and postpartum hemorrhage.
The document discusses poor progress of labor, which is a leading cause of cesarean sections, especially in first-time mothers. It defines the different stages of labor and describes disorders that can cause delayed progress, such as a prolonged latent phase, dysfunctional labor, or secondary arrest. The document provides guidance on assessing labor progress and outlines management strategies, including one-on-one care, hydration, pain relief, mobilization, amniotomy, and oxytocin augmentation when indicated to help improve labor outcomes.
The document describes different types of abnormal uterine contractions that can occur during labor, including:
- Precipitate labor and tonic uterine contraction caused by overly strong and frequent contractions.
- Spastic lower segment, colicky uterus, asymmetric contractions and constriction ring which are localized abnormalities.
- Uterine inertia where contractions are weak, infrequent and ineffective.
It also discusses causes, diagnostic features and management approaches for each abnormality.
Disorders of uterine contraction, precipitate labor, premature labor and prol...VANITASharma19
1. Abnormal uterine contractions can cause prolonged and difficult labor and include conditions like uterine inertia with weak contractions, tetanic contractions with strong and frequent contractions, and uterine constriction rings.
2. Precipitate labor is characterized by very rapid labor progressing in less than 3 hours from the start of contractions and can risk maternal and neonatal complications without proper medical care and monitoring.
3. Preterm labor is defined as contractions strong enough to dilate the cervix occurring between 20-37 weeks gestation and can be predicted by fetal fibronectin levels in cervical secretions and ultrasound measurement of cervical length.
Abnormal labor can be caused by issues with the cervix, uterus, maternal pelvis, or fetus. It is diagnosed when labor deviates from normal progression and is a common reason for cesarean delivery. Management depends on the stage and cause of abnormal labor, and may include oxytocin, amniotomy, operative vaginal delivery, or cesarean section. Specific issues like prolonged stages of labor, malpositions like occiput posterior, or cephalopelvic disproportion are evaluated and treated according to guidelines.
ABNORMAL.....Obstetrics and gynaecology.Lydiahkawira1
This document discusses abnormal labor or dystocia, which occurs in approximately 20% of labors and is a common reason for cesarean sections. Abnormal labor can be caused by issues with uterine contractions, fetal positioning, pelvis size, or epidural use. It is classified as protraction disorders, with slow progress, or arrest disorders, with complete cessation of progress. Management involves monitoring labor, administering oxytocin for weak contractions, performing amniotomy if needed, and considering operative vaginal delivery or c-section if progress stalls. Preventing measures include active labor management and exercises to encourage optimal fetal positioning.
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1. Prolonged labor , Obstructed
labor, Dystocia caused by Fetal
Anomalies
Dr abdirizak kalbunyani
2. PROLONGED LABOR
DEFINITION:
The labor is said to be prolonged when the combined duration of the
first and second stage is more than the arbitrary time limit of 18 hours.
The prolongation may be due to protracted cervical dilatation in the
first stage and/or inadequate descent of the presenting part during the
first or second stage of labor.
3. • Labor is considered prolonged when the cervical dilatation rate is less
than 1 cm/h and descent of the presenting part is less than 1 cm/h
for a period of minimum 4 hours observation (WHO1994).
• Prolonged labor is not synonymous with inefficient uterine
contraction. Inefficient uterine contraction can be a cause of
prolonged labor, but labor may also be prolonged due to pelvic or
fetal factor.
4. PROLONGED LATENT PHASE
• Latent phase is the preparatory phase of the uterus and the cervix
before the actual onset of labor.
• Mean duration of latent phase is about 8 hours in a primi and 4
hours in a multi. Whether prolonged latent phase has got any adverse
effect on the mother or on the fetus, it is not clearly known.
• A latent phase that exceeds 20 hours in primigravidae or 14 hours in
multiparae is abnormal.
5. • The causes include:
• (1) unripe cervix,
• (2) malposition and malpresentation,
• (3) cephalopelvic disproportion,
• (4) premature rupture of the membranes,
• (5) induction of labor and
• (6) early onset of regional anesthetic
6. • Prolonged latent phase may be worrisome to the patient but does not
endanger the mother or fetus.
• Management:
• Expectant management is usually done unless there is any indication
(for the fetus or the mother) for expediting the delivery.
• Rest and analgesic are usually given.
• When augmentation is decided, medical methods (oxytocin or
prostaglandins p. 573) are preferred. Amniotomy is usually avoided.
Prolonged latent phase is not an indication for cesarean delivery
7. • CAUSES OF PROLONGED LABOR:
• Any one or combination of the factors in labor could be responsible.
First stage: Failure to dilate the cervix is due to:
• Fault in power: Abnormal uterine contraction such as uterine inertia
(common) or incoordinate uterine contraction
• Fault in the passage: Contracted pelvis, cervical dystocia, pelvic
tumor or even full bladder
• Fault in the passenger: Malposition (OP) and malpresentation (face,
brow), congenital anomalies of the fetus (hydrocephalus).
8. • Too often deflexed head, minor degrees of pelvic contraction and
disordered uterine action have got sinister effects in causing non-
dilatation of the cervix.
• Others: Injudicious (early) administration of sedatives and analgesics
before the active labor begins.
9. • Second stage: Sluggish or non-descent of the presenting part in the
second stage is due to:
• Fault in the power: (1) Uterine inertia, (2) Inability to bear down, (3)
Regional (epidural) analgesia, (4) Constriction ring.
• Fault in the passage: (1) Cephalopelvic disproportion, android pelvis,
contracted pelvis, (2) Undue resistance of the pelvic ! oor or
perineum due to spasm or old scarring, (3) Soft tissue pelvic tumor.
• Fault in the passenger" (1) Malposition (occipitoposterior), (2)
Malpresentation, (3) Big baby (4) Congenital malformation of the
baby
10. DIAGNOSIS
• Prolonged labor is not a diagnosis but it is the manifestation of an
abnormality, the cause of which should be detected by a thorough
abdominal and vaginal examination.
• During vaginal examination, if a finger is accommodated in between
the cervix and the head during uterine contraction pelvic adequacy
can be reasonably established.
• Intranatal imaging (radiography, CT or MRI) is of help in determining
the fetal station and position as well as pelvic shape and size.
11. First stage: First stage of labor is considered prolonged when the
duration is more than 12 hours. The rate of cervical dilatation is <1cmin
aprimo and <1.5cm in multi. The rate of decent of the presenting part
<1cm/h in prima and <2cm /h in multi.
In a partograph (WHO-1994), the labor process is divided into:
(i) Latent phase that ends when the cervix is 4 cm dilated.
(ii) Active phase— starts with cervical dilatation of 4 cm or more
12. • Cervix should dilate at least 1 cm/h in this active phase. Cervical dilatation
rate (cervicograph) is plotted in relation to alert line and action line (Fig.
27.2).
• Alert line starts at the end of latent phase (4 cm cervical dilatation) and
ends with full dilatation of the cervix (10 cm) in 6 hours (1 cm/h dilatation
rate).
• The action line is drawn 4 hours to the right of the alert line. An interval of
4 hours is allowed to diagnose delay in active phase and then appropriate
intervention is done. Labor is considered abnormal when cervicograph
crosses the alert line and falls on zone 2 and intervention is required when
it crosses the action line and falls on zone 3
13. Disorders of the active phase
Active phase disorders may be divided into:
(A) protraction and
(B) arrest disorders.
(A) Protracted active phase: When the rate of cervical dilatation is a
1.2cm/h in primapara and <1.5cm/h in multipara.
A protracted active phase may be due to:
(i) inadequate uterine contractions,
(ii) cephalopelvic disproportion,
(iii) malposition (OP) or malpresentation (brow) or
(iv) regional (epidural) anesthesia.
14. • (B) Arrest disorder:
• Arrest of dilatation is defined when no cervical dilatation occurs after
2 hours in the active phase of labor. It is commonly due to inefficient
uterine contractions. No descent for a period of more than 2 hour is
called arrest of descent. It is commonly due to CPD.
15. • Disorders of the second stage:
• (i) Protraction of descent is defined when the descent of the
presenting part (station) is at less than 1 cm/h in a nullipara or less
than 2 cm/h in a multipara.
• (ii) Arrest of descent is diagnosed when no progress in descent (no
change in station) is observed over a period of at least 2 hours. It may
be due to one or a combination of several underlying abnormalities
like CPD, malposition (OP), malpresentation, inadequate uterine
contradictions or asynclitism.
16.
17. DANGERS: Fetal:
• The fetal risk is increased due to the combined effects of:
• (1) Hypoxia due to diminished uteroplacental circulation, especially after
rupture of the membranes,
• (2) Intrauterine infection,
• (3) Intracranial stress or hemorrhage following prolonged stay in the
perineum and/or supermoulding of the head,
• (4) Increased operative delivery. Prolonged second stage of labor is often
associated with variable and delayed decelerations (see p. 695). Scalp
blood pH estimations show fetal acidosis. All these result in increased
perinatal morbidity and mortality.
18. TREATMENT
• PREVENTION
• Antenatal or early intranatal detection of the factors likely to produce
prolonged labor (big baby, small women, malpresentation or
position).
• Use of partograph (Figs 27.2 and 34.4) helps early detection.
19.
20. • Selective and judicious augmentation of labor by low rupture of the
membranes followed by oxytocin drip (see p. 575).
• Change of posture in labor other than supine to increase uterine
contractions, emotional support, avoidance of dehydration in labor
and use of adequate analgesia for pain relief.
• ACTUAL TREATMENT: Careful evaluation is to be done to find out: (1)
cause of prolonged labor (2) effect on the mother, (3) effect on the
fetus. In a nulliparous patient, inadequate uterine activity is the most
common cause of primary dysfunctional labor.
• Whereas in a multiparous patient, cephalopelvic disproportion (due
to malposition) is the most common cause.
21. • Definitive treatment:
• First stage delay: Vaginal examination is done to verify the fetal
presentation, position and station. Clinical pelvimetry is done. If only
uterine activity is suboptimal,
• (1) amniotomy and/or oxytocin infusion is adequate,
• (2) effective pain relief is given by intramuscular pethidine or by regional
(epidural) analgesia. For the management of secondary arrest, especially in
multipara one should be very careful to use oxytocin,
• (3) cesarean section is done when vaginal delivery is unsafe
(malpresentation, malposition, big baby or CPD.
22. • Second stage delay—Short period of expectant management is
reasonable provided the FHR (electronic monitoring) is reassuring and
vaginal delivery is imminent. Otherwise appropriate assisted delivery,
vaginal (forceps, ventouse) or abdominal (cesarean) should be done.
Difficult instrumental delivery should be avoided.
23. OBSTRUCTED LABOR
• DEFINITION:
• Obstructed labor is one where in spite of good uterine contractions,
the progressive descent of the presenting part is arrested due to
mechanical obstruction. This may result either due to factors in the
fetus or in the birth canal or both, so that further progress is almost
impossible without assistance. INCIDENCE: In the developing
countries, the prevalence is about 1–2% in the referral hospitals.
• CAUSES: Fault in the passage:
• (1) Bony: Cephalopelvic disproportion and contracted pelvis are the
common causes. Secondary contracted pelvis may be encountered in
multiparous women.
24. • (2) Soft tissue obstructions: $ is includes cervical dystocia due to
prolapse or previous operative scarring, cervical or broad ligament "
broid, impacted ovarian tumor or the nongravid horn of a bicornuate
uterus below the presenting part.
• Fault in the passenger: (1) Transverse lie, (2) Brow presentation, (3)
Congenital malformations of the fetus—hydrocephalus (commonest),
fetal ascites, double monsters, (4) Big baby, occipitoposterior
position, (5) Compound presentation, (6) Locked twins.
25. • EFFECTS ON THE MOTHER
• Immediate:
• (1) Exhaustion is due to a constant agonizing pain and anxiety.
• (2) Dehydration is due to increased muscular activity without adequate fluid
intake.
• (3) Metabolic acidosis is due to accumulation of lactic acid and ketones.
• (4) Genital sepsis is an invariable accompaniment, especially after rupture of the
membranes with repeated vaginal examination or attempted manipulation
outside.
• (5) Injury to the genital tract includes rupture of the uterus which may be
spontaneous in multiparae or may be traumatic following instrumental delivery.
(6) Postpartum hemorrhage and shock may be due to isolated or combined
effects of atonic uterus or genital tract trauma
26. • EFFECTS ON THE FETUS
• (1) Asphyxia results from tonic uterine contraction that interferes
with the uteroplacental circulation or due to cord prolapse, especially
in shoulder presentation.
• (2) Acidosis due to fetal hypoxia and maternal acidosis.
• (3) Intracranial hemorrhage is due to supermoulding of the head
leading to tentorial tear or due to traumatic delivery.
• (4) Infection. All these lead to increased perinatal loss.
27. • PREVENTION
• Antenatal detection of the factors (see p. 465) likely to produce
prolonged labor (big baby, small women, malpresentation and
position).
• Intranatal: Continuous vigilance, use of partograph and timely
intervention of a prolonged labor due to mechanical factors can
prevent obstructed labor. Failure in progress of labor in spite of good
uterine contractions for a reasonable period (2–4 hours) is an
impending sign of obstructed labor.
28. • ACTUAL TREATMENT:
• The underlying principles are: (1) to relieve the obstruction at the earliest
by a safe delivery procedure, (2) to combat dehydration and ketoacidosis,
(3) to control sepsis.
• Preliminaries: (1) Fluid electrolyte balance and correction of dehydration
and ketoacidosis are done by rapid infusion of Ringer’s solution; at least 1
liter is to be given in running drip. At least 3 liters of fluid is required to
correct clinical dehydration. (2) A vaginal swab is taken and sent for culture
and sensitivity test. (3) Blood sample is sent for group and cross matching
and a bottle of blood should be at hand prior to any operative intervention.
(4) Antibiotic: ceftriaxone 1 g IV is administered. (5) IV infusion,
metronidazole is given for anaerobic infection.
29. • Obstetric management: Before proceeding for definitive operative
treatment, rupture of the uterus must be excluded. A balanced decision
should be taken about the best method of relieving the obstruction with
least hazards to the mother. Frantic attempt to deliver a moribund baby by
a method ignoring the risk involved to the mother is indeed bad obstetrics.
There is no place of “wait and watch”, neither is any scope of using
oxytocin to stimulate uterine contraction.
• Vaginal delivery:The baby is invariably dead in most of the neglected cases
and destructive operation is the best choice to relieve the obstruction. If,
however, the head is low down and vaginal delivery is not risky, forceps
extraction may be done in a living baby. There is no place of internal
version in obstructed labor. After completion of the delivery and expulsion
of the placenta, exploration of the uterus and the lower genital tract
should be done to exclude uterine rupture or tear.
30. • Cesarean section: If the case is detected early with good fetal
condition, cesarean section gives the best result. But in late and
neglected cases, even if the fetal heart sound is audible, desperate
attempt to do a cesarean section to save the moribund baby more
often leads to disastrous consequences. Not infrequently, the baby is
either delivered stillborn or dies due to neonatal sepsis. The
postoperative period of the mother also becomes stormy and at
times, ends fatally.
31. DYSTOCIA CAUSED BY FETAL ANOMALIES
• MACROSOMIA (generalized fetal enlargement): Abnormally large size
baby weighing more than 4 kg is considered macrosomic.
• The causes are: hereditary, race, size of the parents—particularly the
mother (obesity), poorly controlled maternal diabetes and gestational
diabetes, postmaturity, multiparity and male fetus.
• Diagnosis is suspected because of:
• (1) disproportionate increase in uterine size,
• (2) clinically, the fetus is felt big,
• (3) ultrasonographic measurements of fetal BPD, HC, FL and AC are
done to predict the estimated fetal weight.
32. • Dangers involve both the fetus and the mother.
• Fetal hazards are: surprise dystocia due to cephalopelvic
disproportion, shoulder dystocia, brachial plexus injury, asphyxia,
birth trauma and meconium aspiration. Overall perinatal mortality
and morbidity are high.
• Maternal hazards include: injury to the maternal soft tissues (vagina,
perineum), PPH and puerperal sepsis. Maternal morbidity is high.
33. • Management:
• (i) Prophylactic induction of labor (early) to reduce the risk of
shoulder dystocia or
• (ii) Elective cesarean delivery, especially in diabetic women with big
baby to reduce perinatal hazards (shoulder dystocia)
34. SHOULDER DYSTOCIA
• Definition:
• The term shoulder dystocia is defined to describe a wide range of
additional obstetric maneuvers to deliver the fetus after the head has
been born and gentle traction has failed to deliver the shoulder.
Shoulder dystocia occurs when either the anterior or the posterior
(rare) fetal shoulder impacts on the maternal symphysis or on the
sacral promontory respectively.
• Overall incidence varies between 0.2% and 1%.
35. • Risk factors:
• (1) Previous shoulder dystocia,
• (2) Macrosomia (>4.5 kg),
• (3) Diabetes,
• (4) Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2 ),
• (5) Induced labor,
• (6) Prolonged first stage or second stage of labor,
• (7) Secondary arrest of labor,
• (8) Postmaturity,
• (9) Multiparity,
• (10) Anencephaly,
• (11) Mid-pelvic instrumental delivery (more following ventouse than forceps),
• (12) Fetal ascites
36. • Complications:
• (A) Fetal: asphyxia, brachial plexus injury (plexopathy) due to stretch,
Erb, Klumpke palsy (see p. 537), humerus fracture, clavicle or
sternomastoid hematoma during delivery. Perinatal morbidity and
mortality are high.
• (B) Maternal: PPH (11%), cervical laceration, vaginal tear, perineal
tear (3rd and 4th degree), rupture of uterus, bladder, sacroiliac joint
dislocation and morbidity.
• Prevention of shoulder dystocia is not possible accurately even with
antenatal ultrasonographic assessment. P
37. • Diagnosis:
• (1) Definite recoil of the head back against the perineum (turtle neck sign),
• (2) Inadequate spontaneous restitution,
• (3) Fetal face becomes plethoric,
• (4) Failure of shoulder to descend.
• Management principles: Extra help is to be called (a) To clear infant’s
mouth and nose (b) Not to give traction over baby’s head (c) Never to
apply fundal pressure as it causes further impaction of the shoulder (Fig.
27.3) (d) To perform wide mediolateral episiotomy as it provides space
posteriorly (e) To involve the anesthetist (as analgesia is ideal) and the
pediatrician (for infant’s resuscitation).
38. • McRoberts maneuver: Abduct the maternal thighs and sharply
hyperflex them onto her abdomen. There is rotation of symphysis
pubis upward and decrease in angle of pelvic inclination. This
straightens the lumbosacral angle, rotates the maternal pelvis upward
and increases the anterior-posterior diameter of the pelvis. This
maneuver is effective and is successful in about 90% of cases.
Suprapubic pressure may be used together
39.
40.
41. • Wood’s maneuver: General anesthesia is administered. The posterior
shoulder is rotated to anterior position (180°) by a corkscrew movement.
This is done by inserting two fingers in the posterior vagina. Simultaneous
suprapubic pressure is applied. This pushes the bisacromial diameter from
the anteroposterior diameter to an oblique diameter. This helps easy entry
of the bisacromial diameter into the pelvic inlet.
• Extraction of the posterior arm: The operator’s hand is introduced into
the vagina along the fetal posterior humerus in the sacral hollow. The arm
is then swept across the chest and thereafter delivered by gentle traction.
This procedure may cause either fracture clavicle or humerus or both.
• “All Fours” Position: Changing the mother on to all fours may increase the
pelvic dimensions and allow the fetal position to shift. Downward traction
on the posterior shoulder helps to free the impacted shoulder. This may be
done for a mobile and slim woman in a community setting
42.
43.
44. HYDROCEPHALUS
• HYDROCEPHALUS: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (0.5–
1.5 L) in the ventricles with consequent thinning of the brain tissue
and enlargement of the cranium occurs in 1 in 2,000 deliveries It is
associated with other congenital malformations (aneuploidy) in one-
third of cases and neural tube defects. Recurrence rate is about 5%.
Breech presentation occurs in about 30% cases.
45. • Diagnosis:Antenatally, minor degree may escape attention but the
severe degree presents with the following features: (1) The head is
felt larger (head circumference > 50 cm), globular and softer than the
normal head. (2) The head is high-up and impossible to push down
into the pelvis. (3) FHS is situated high-up above the umbilicus. (4)
Sonography: (a) Cranial shadow is globular rather than normal ovoid,
(b) Fontanels and sutures are wide, (c) Vault bones thinner, (d) The
lateral and third ventricles are dilated with marked thinning of the
cerebral cortex. (5) Often the dilatation is due to stenosis of the
aqueduct of Sylvius, agenesis of corpus callosum or fetal TORCH
infections. Isolated mild ventriculomegaly 10–12 mm) has a good
prognosis (Fig. 27.4A). (6) Internal examination during labor reveals:
46.
47. • Prognosis: Fetal outlook is extremely poor except in mild variety. The place
of ventriculoamniotic shunts is limited at present. The fetus is either
delivered stillborn or dies in neonatal period. Babies, those survive often
suffer developmental delay. Maternal prognosis is not unfavorable in
diagnosed cases but in undiagnosed cases and cases left uncared for,
obstructed labor with its consequences may occur (see p. 438). Rupture
may occur even before the cervix is fully dilated because of too much
stretching of the lower segment by the head.
• Management: Principle is to decompress the hydrocephalic head in labor
either in vertex or in breech presentation. This is also done during cesarean
delivery before incising the uterus. Bladder is evacuated before hand. Once
the labor is established and the cervix is 3–4 cm dilated, decompression of
the head is done by a sharp pointed scissors or with a wide bore (17 gauge)
long needle.
48. • NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS (NTD): Anencephaly and spina bifida
comprise 95% of NTD and the remaining 5% is encephalocele. It is
more common in lower socioeconomic group. Recurrence risk after
one affected child is 4%.
• ANENCEPHALY: The incidence of anencephaly is about 1 in 1,000
births. The anomaly results from deficient development of the vault
of the skull and brain tissue, but the facial portion is normal (Fig.
27.5). The pituitary gland is often absent or hypoplastic. Typically,
there is marked diminution of the size of the adrenal glands probably
secondary to the absence of the pituitary gland
49.
50. • About 70% of anencephalic fetuses are females. It is more prevalent
in first birth and in young and elderly mothers. Genetic and
environmental factors are probably involved (multifactorial).
Diagnosis: In the first half of pregnancy, the diagnosis is made by
elevated alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid.
• Diagnosis is confirmed by sonography
• The findings around 10 weeks are: (a) absence of cranial vault, (b)
angiomatous, brain tissue
51. • tissue. In the latter half of pregnancy, the diagnosis is difficult
especially when associated with hydramnios. Inability to locate the
fetal head on abdominal palpation arouses the suspicion. Even on
internal examination, the diagnosis of face presentation is made.
Confirmation is done by sonography.
• Complications include: (1) Hydramnios (70%), (2) Malpresentation—
face or breech, (3) Premature labor, especially when associated with
hydramnios, (4) Tendency of postmaturity, (5) Shoulder dystocia, (6)
Obstructed labor if the head and shoulders try to engage together
because of short neck.