Abigail WoodsAnth&215Zoo ReportWoodland Park Zoo Report V.docx

Abigail Woods
Anth&215
Zoo Report
Woodland Park Zoo Report: Visited 2/15/2020
Common Name
Gorilla
Colobus monkey
Patas Monkey
Ring tailed lemur
Emu
Kingdom
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Aves
Order
Primates
Primates
Primates

Primates
Casuariiformes
Family
Hominidae
Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecidae
Lemuridae
Casuariidae
Genus
Gorilla
Colobus
Erythrocebus
Lemur
Emus
Species
Gorilla Gorilla
C. Guereza
E. Patas
Lemur catta
Dromaius novaehollandiae
Weather/
Environmental
Conditions
Grey skies/ light rain February 15
Primary Locomotor Patterns
Quadrupedal, knuckle-walking, fist-walking
Quadrupedal, leaping, arboreal
Quadrupedal, terrestrial
Quadrupedal, walking or running, arboreal
Bipedal
Anatomical Features that enable movement
Shorter legs and longer arms cause for quadrupedal walking,

large hands enable fist-walking
Longer legs allow for leaping, lack of thumbs make hook shape
which enables them to move through trees
Long limbs, short fingers and toes, and small bodies allow for
quick movement.
Long tail allows for balance, small body and equal length arms
and legs allow for quick movement
Long legs, inverted at knee allow for balance
Primary Behavior Patterns
Slow walking, grooming, eating, younger gorilla was playing on
tree
Fast climbing, smaller groups, lounging.
Grooming each other, lounging, quick movements
Groups huddled together, playful and social, quick movements
Slowly walking, resting, grunting, primarily staying separate
from one another
Anatomical Features that enable behavior
Large size allows for slow movement, younger gorilla was
smaller in size allowing for quick, playful movements and used
longer arms for movement around tree
Small bodies and long legs allow for quick movement
Small hands allow for easy grooming, long limbs and small
bodies allow for quick movement.
Long tail allows for balance, small hands and feet and equal
sized limbs allow for quick movements
Log legs and inverted knees allow for walking, large bodies
make for slow movement
Social Interaction
Some grooming of others, primarily separate but within close
distance
Stayed in small groups, close with one another.
Stayed in groups, grooming each other, playing with one
another
Stayed in groups, huddled together, playful
Primarily stayed separated from one another throughout
observation

Reflection Essay:
For this reflection, I would like to explore the differences
and similarities I observed of the gorillas and the patas
monkeys. There is one obvious difference between these two
species, and that is their size. Gorillas are giants in comparison
to the patas monkeys, which I noticed appeared to make a
difference in their speed. Gorillas are much slower than the
patas monkeys. In addition, the large hands and longer arms
than legs of gorillas allow for knuckle-walking and fist-
walking. While both of these species are quadrupedal, which is
really the only true similarity I saw between these two species,
however, patas monkeys do not use knuckle-walking and move
much differently than gorillas. In addition, patas monkeys seem
to be much more social than gorillas. When I observed the
gorillas, they seemed to each be doing their own thing. The
older gorilla was sitting and eating for the majority of my

observation, while the younger, smaller, gorilla was playful and
seemed to be putting on a show for the crowd. In contrast, patas
monkeys were very social with one another, groomed each
other, and stayed in groups for the majority of my observation.
From completing this assignment, I learned that although
two species may belong to the same kingdom, phylum, class,
and order, they can be very different from one another. Also, I
learned that larger size typically allows for slower movement,
while smaller size usually results in quick movements. The
difference in limb length can also make a difference in
locomotion. For example, gorillas have long arms and shorter
legs, which causes them to move quadrupedally and use their
hands for knuckle-walking. In comparison, primates with long
arms and long legs may still move quadrupedally, however, they
don’t necessarily have to depend on their knuckles or fists for
movement. Most humans have longer legs than arms, so it
makes sense that we rely on our legs for walking, rather than
our hands and fists. Additionally, I noticed that the smaller
primates I observed appeared to be much more social than the
large gorillas. Perhaps because of their size, they had to rely on
each other for warmth, rather than producing their own warmth.
Smaller primates also seemed to have much more playful
personalities. When you compare these patterns to humans, it’s
hard to say if the size of a human has any determination on their
social patterns, except of course when speaking about the
dependence of a child on their parents. Personally, I fluctuate
between being social and isolating, depending on my mood. I’ve
noticed similar patterns in many of my friends and family.
Zoo Report:
Primate Observation
Anthropology 215
See Course Syllabus for Due Date.
Do not be overwhelmed by the length of this assignment. To

see what you need to do, see the sections on preparation and
procedure, below. These two sections explain the assignment
step-by-step. The final section on Primate Locomotor Patterns
is information for your use and reference. I will also go over
primate locomotor patterns in lecture.
OBJECTIVES:
· Know and be able to recognize general characteristics of
primate anatomy and locomotion.
· Recognize correlations between patterns of locomotion,
primate anatomy, and behavior.
· Visit Woodland Park Zoo (or another zoological park) and
observe, compare, and contrast at least four species of primates.
Also include one non-primate mammal in your comparison, for
a total of five animals. Students are permitted to do some of
their observation outside of the zoo, but a trip to a local zoo is
required for this assignment (unless you plan to Safari in
Tanzania this quarter)!
· Practice written communication skills, by producing a
laboratory report that records your observations of four
different locomotor and corresponding behavior patterns of
primates at the zoo, as well as the non-primate mammal that you
have chosen to include in your comparison.
PREPARATIONS:
· Read the material below about primate patterns of locomotion.
· Review the Assigned Reading on Primates and Primate
Behavior.
· Review the Prelab Reading Material from the Osteology and
Locomotion Lab..
· Read the material below about primate locomotor patterns.
· Visit http://zoo.org to familiarize yourself with Woodland
Park Zoo (or locate a web site for the zoo in your area), the
animals that are present, maps and directions, etc. You may

find this information very useful in identifying the taxonomic
classifications of various animals, investigating background
about particular animals, and planning your time effectively.
You may use the web-site to identify the primates at the zoo and
select one representative of each of the assigned six locomotor
patterns. Remember that you are also encouraged to view the
primates outside of the zoo enclosures.
PROCEDURE:
· OBSERVE: Visit Woodland Park Zoo (or another zoo in the
area with a good primate collection) and locate four species of
primate, each exhibiting one of six different primary locomotor
patterns (arboreal quadruped, terrestrial quadruped, brachiator,
knuckle walker, leaper, and biped). You must include at least
four different primate locomotor patterns. Hint: it is okay if you
observe a species of primate found outside the enclosures. For
comparison, choose one non-primate mammal and observe its
locomotion and behavior as well. Spend at least fifteen minutes
observing each species.
· CLASSIFY: Identify the kingdom, phylum, class, order,
family, genus, and species of each animal observed. Include this
information in your lab report table. The following webpages
will be helpful in determining the taxonomic classification of
various primates:
· http://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/table_primates.htm
· http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/table_humans.htm (This is
the taxonomic classification for humans (H. sapiens), so I am
effectively giving you the answers for this section for one
species, if you choose to include H. sapiens in your report. All
of the other primates you observe will share identical
classification up to the Order Primates. The first website will
help you fill in the blanks beyond the level of order.

· LOCOMOTION: Spend at least fifteen minutes per species
observing the locomotion of each species (in some cases you
may need to watch more than fifteen minutes in order to observe
significant movement). Record date, time of day, weather
conditions, and all types of movement observed. Compare the
movements you observed with the anatomy of the species (or a
close relative). Record the key anatomical features that enabled
the movement(s) observed. Present the data you have collected
in a table. The table should include all five species observed,
and should be included in your lab report.
· BEHAVIOR: Spend at least fifteen minutes per species
observing the behavior of each (in some cases you may need to
watch more than fifteen minutes in order to observe significant
behavior). Record date, time of day, weather conditions, and all
types of behavior observed. Compare the behavior you observed
with the anatomy of the species (or a close relative). Record the
key anatomical features that enabled the behavior(s) observed.
Include observation of at least one exhibited behavior that
demonstrates social interaction. Present the data you have
collected in a table. The table should include all five species
observed, and should be included in your lab report.
· REFLECTION ESSAY: Identify one similarity between any
two species you observed, and one difference. The similarity
and difference do not have to be from the same species.
Explore, elaborate, explain, and analyze the similarity and
difference you have identified. Prepare an essay of your
observations (approximately 400 words) explaining what this
exercise has taught you about locomotor patterns of primates,
relationships between locomotion and behavior, and
relationships between humans and other primates. Reflection
essays should discuss social interaction as well as locomotion
and behavior.
· Submit the completed report on the canvas discussion board.
· RESPOND substantively to at least two of your classmates
posted reports. Responses should be at least 100 words.

· EACH COMPLETED LAB REPORT IS TO INCLUDE:
· A HEADING THAT STATES WHICH ZOO YOU VISITED,
AND THE DATE OF THE VISIT.
· ONE TABLE, INCLUDING CLASSIFICATION,
LOCOMOTION, BEHAVIOR, AND ALL OTHER RELEVANT
OBSERVATIONS*.
· ONE SUMMARY OF WHAT YOU LEARNED ABOUT
LOCOMOTOR PATTERNS AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
IN THIS ASSIGNMENT.
· FOLLOW THE REQUIREMENTS OUTLINED IN THE
DISCUSSION RUBRIC.
*I do not care what format you use for the table. You are not
being graded on your level of technological or mathematical
expertise for this assignment. Just present the required material
in an organized fashion. Below is one example of an
appropriate table template for this assignment (clearly, the
columns are not to scale). If you like, you can use this template
for your report, but this is not required.
Common Name
Kingdom
Phylum

Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Weather or other environmental conditions

Social Interaction

The material below is adapted, in part, from:
Department of Department of Anthropology, College of Liberal
Arts , UT Austin
http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci338m/Lectures/Primates
.html
Primate Locomotor Anatomy
Much of primate anatomy reflects habits of movement. Since
the powerful legs of most primates are slightly longer than their
arms, the pelvis is normally higher than the head when standing
quadrupedally. However a few species exhibit extreme
locomotor specialization, emphasizing arms for arm-swinging,
legs for leaping, or arms and legs comparable in length for
quadrupedal climbing or walking on the ground. Thus, limb
length (Intermembral Index or IM = Length of Humerus +
Radius x 100/ Length of Femur + Tibia) can serve as an index
of the relative emphasis upon the arm versus the leg for
propulsion.
1. Short limbs with leg and arm comparable - quadrupedal and
arboreal
These animals walk on larger horizontal tree branches as if they
were pathways. Short, usually robust, arms and legs lower their
center of gravity. IM index is usually about 80 but approaches
100 in howler monkeys. Other characteristics include
moderately sized fingers and toes; very prehensile hands and
feet; and relatively mobile shoulder joints located and directed
sternally on the thorax. Some species, especially those which
perform spectacular leaping feats, have flexible, elongated
backs (with extra vertebra) and powerful musculature associated
with the back and hind limb. A few species of monkey in the
Americas have somewhat prehensile tails that serve to anchor
the animal when it feeds near the ends of branches.

2. Very long limbs with leg and arm of comparable length -
quadrupedal and arborealwith an emphasis on quadrupedal
climbing and suspension
A few primate species in the Family Lorisidae combine
quadrupedal suspensory climbing with quadrupedal arborealism,
requiring great joint mobility and wide range of movement. IM
index is about 90. Their hands and feet are particularly
prehensile.
3. Long limbs with leg and arm of equal length - quadrupedal
and terrestrial
Terrestrial quadrupeds tend to have shortened digits and
elongated, robust tarsal and metatarsal elements. IM index is
above 90. The shoulder joint, lying alongside the narrow and
laterally flattened thorax, is oriented toward the ground (Figure
7-34). The weak clavicular-sternal joint is easily dislocated
from the segmented sternum. Arms and legs, modified for
powerful sagittal motions, have a relatively small range of
movement. The humerus bears a prominent deltoid process (the
attachment surface for the deltoid muscle) and the ulna has a
large olecranon process, the insertion point of the muscle
triceps brachii, a powerful forearm extensor. Hands are
pronated when in contact with the ground. One species, the
patas monkey, is digitigrade (like a cat), with specialized
anatomy for terrestrial running in which only fingers and toes
make contact with the ground.
4. Arm longer than leg - brachiation and arboreal
Brachiation (arm swinging) is a special form of locomotion in
which the body is suspended below branches. It allows
utilization of small branches near the fringe of a tree canopy
since the brachiator is suspended beneath its handholds. In

contrast, a large bodied quadruped that tries to walk on a small
branch has difficulty balancing as the supporting tree limb
bends. A brachiator can easily exploit the very fringe of a tree
canopy by dispersing its weight to the ends of several branches.
New World brachiators use their prehensile tail as a fifth
prehensile limb to further disperse weight. Most rapid
brachiation is attained by using gravity to convert vertical
height to speed. IM index is 100 or above.
Brachiation generally is associated with major alterations in the
arm, hand, and thorax. The shoulder joint is positioned laterally
and cranially on a barrel-shaped thorax. Robust muscles attach
to the sternum, vertebral column, head, and rib cage, stabilizing
the shoulder. The more powerful the arm movements, the more
robust the stabilizing musculature must be. The clavicle acts as
a strut to stabilize the shoulder joint against a sternum whose
segments unite to form a single bone. This clavicular-sternal
joint is very strong and is not easily dislocated. A relatively
round head of the humerus reflects a very wide range of motion.
Additional elbow strength results from a more distinct
separation of the radius and ulna on the articular surfaces of the
distal humerus. The olecranon process of the ulna is small,
allowing full extension of robust forearms. Brachiators tend to
have reduced thumbs (Figure 7-40). If a thumb is present, it is
folded out of the way against the palm where it does not
interfere with elongated fingers that hook or snag handholds.
The lumbar region of the vertebral column is shortened and
stabilized, and a very mobile hip joint allows the foot to grasp
anchorage in a wide range of positions.
There are several types of brachiators. Gibbons and siamangs,
who use arm swinging as a major means of travel, are the best
brachiators. Chimpanzee, gorillas, and humans are capable of
this type of brachiation, but do not practice it as a primary
means of locomotion. The orangutan combines quadrupedal
climbing and brachiation, but like chimpanzees and gorillas, is

typically a terrestrial quadruped.
At least one New World primate, the spider monkey, practices a
variation of brachiation in which the body is kept vertical while
brachiation is performed by hands, feet and sometimes the tail.
This requires unusually long legs and mobile hips. When
moving at slower speeds or while feeding, the spider monkey
behaves as an arboreal quadruped. Its tail is the most prehensile
of any primate.
5. Arm longer than leg - quadrupedal knuckle-walking and fist
walking
Knuckle-walking is quadrupedal locomotion with the hands
pronated and fingers flexed resulting in dorsal surfaces of the
middle phalanges contacting the ground, supporting the weight
on the knuckles. Gorillas and chimpanzees are habitual knuckle-
walkers, whereas orangutans usually move quadrupedally with
the hand made into a fist. IM indexes for the chimpanzee,
gorilla, and orangutan are 102, 116, and 139, respectively.
6. Leg longer than arm - leaping and arboreal
A special class of leaping locomotor behavior, in which the
body is positioned vertically at rest, is called vertical clinging
and leaping. It requires powerful hind limbs to propel the leap
as well as to break the impact of landing. Most (but not all)
vertical clinging and leaping species have a tail that is used to
maintain altitude control during leaps. Rapid movements are so
well-coordinated during flight that the animal transits the crown
of a tree without appearing to make contact with branches. This
visual impression of suspending the laws of gravity fueled many
"ghost" myths associated with vertical clinging and leaping
primates. There is a tendency toward elongation of tarsal
elements, especially calcaneus and navicular. Posterior
elongation of tuberosity of the calcaneus serves as a robust
lever arm for the muscles gastrocnemius and soleus, powerful

flexors of the foot. The tendency for fusion of the tibia and
fibula is fully expressed only in the tarsier. IM index is below
70.
7. Leg longer than arm - bipedalism
Though obligate bipedalism is found only among humans, many
other primate species are capable of facultative bipedalism.
Foot specializations for bipedalism include an enlarged and
robust tarsal region, greatly reduced phalanges, and strong
ligaments that bind tarsals and metatarsals into shock-absorbing
longitudinal and transverse plantar arches. A large calcaneus
tuberosity acts as a lever arm for plantar flexion. The most
unique character of the long, robust legs is the placement of the
knees (when in anatomical position) close to the median sagittal
plane, functionally beneath the body's center of gravity. The
knee itself is adapted to locking in full extension with deep
groves to stabilize the patella, a bone that forms in tendons of
the quadriceps muscle. The broadened hip becomes a primary
weight-bearing joint, characterized by an enlarged femur head
as a weight-bearing surface. Pelvic anatomy is dramatically
rearranged. A relatively broad sacrum positioned above the hip
joint transfers weight to the femur head via a wide and robust
illium. A shortened ischium places the ischial tuberosity
relatively close to the acetabulum. The vertebrae, increasing in
size progressively from skull to sacrum, are arranged in a
ventral-dorsal S-shaped curve above the pelvis. Though free of
locomotor tasks, the arm retains the range of movement seen in
brachiators. IM index is 70.
8. Climbing by nails
Elongated and laterally compressed nails of callithricines have
the functional attributes of claws. Although they climb by
grasping small branches, they are able to use these specialized
nails to cling to relatively flat, vertical surfaces of larger trees.
IM index ranges from 70 to 80.

1
Zoo Assignment
Zoo visited：Woodland Park Zoo
Date：2/19/2020
1. Orangutan
2. Gorilla
3. Colobus Monkey
4. Red Ruffed Lemur
Common Name
Orangutan
Red Ruffed Lemur
Gorilla
Colobus Monkey
Kingdom
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Chorodata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammaila
Order

Primates
Primates
Primates
Primates
Family
Hominidae
Lemuridae
Hominidae
Cercopithecidae
Genus
Pongo
Varecia
Gorilla
Colobus
Species
Pongo borneo
V. rubra
Troglodytes Gorilla
Simia polycomos
Partially Sunny, windy
12°C
Sunny
12°C
Sunny
12°C
Partially Sunny, windy
12°C

Social Interaction
Cathy Mae Dutong
Alicia Valentino
Anthropology 215
02/21/2020
Zoo: Woodland Park Zoo
Date Visited: February 15, 2020
Primates Observed
Non-Primate/ Animal
Saki Monkey
Western Gorillas
Orangutan
Ring Tailed Lemur
Humboldt Penguin
Locomotion
Leapers

Knuckle Walking
Arboreal Quadruped
Terrestrial Quadruped
Biped, Tobogganing
Often leaped from one branch to the other.
Mostly used its knuckles to move one place to the other.
The orangutan used its arms and legs to move from branches.
Some of them were on trees but most of them were on the
ground socializing with one another.
Most waddled bipedally. To move faster, they slide on their
bellies using their flippers to steer.
Classification
Kingdom
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Aves
Order
Primates
Primates
Primates
Primates
Sphenisciformes

Family
Pitheciidae
Hominidae
Hominidae
Lemuridae
Spheniscidae
Genus
Pithecia, Demarest
Gorilla
Pongo
Lemur
Spheniscus
Species
Simia Pithecia
Gorilla gorilla
Pongo Borneo
L. catta
S. humboldti
Locomotion Details/Observations
02/14/2020 12:30 pm
02/14/2020 1:18 pm
02/14/2020 2:00 pm
02/14/2020 2:40 pm
02/14/2020 3:25 pm
Partially sunny
Sunny
Sunny
Partially sunny
Inside or enclosed
The saki monkey moved through branches by leaping. Unless
the branch is really far, they would just stay on the branches or
move quadrupedally if food was near.
One male leaped by pushing its body off the ground with his
hind legs and stretch his arms up a bit before landing on the
branch with its feet.
Saki monkeys run/move really fast because they push

themselves off the ground really well.
The western Gorilla supports its weight by its legs and
knuckles.
You can distinguish males from females easily because females
would sit with their offspring. While males usually knuckle
walk around.
Their arms also look longer than their legs.
Males seem to have longer radius than humerus. It also seems
their lower arm looks bigger/wider than their forearm/humerus.
Their arms look considerably longer than their legs.
They would reach branches from above with their hands and use
their feet to help lifting itself off.
Their hands and fingers look really long which helps them grab
or wrap their hands on branches firmly.
They also sat on their bottoms while they ate.
They can also hang on branches for several minutes.
They walk on all fours when on ground.
Their legs look longer than their arms.
This is observed mostly when they walk on all fours, due to
their upper body being closer to the ground than their lower
body.
When in trees, they leap from one branch to the other.
When they run on all fours, their hind legs seemed to be the
primary source of force.
The humboldt penguin walks or waddles mostly on both feet.
The flippers help them keep balanced because when they walk,
their flippers seem to be outward on its sides.
To move faster in the encloser, they would slide on their bellies
then dive.
They also use their flippers to steer when they slide on their
bellies.

Behavior
-At 12:30 pm (Partially sunny)
2 saki monkeys were ‘communicating’ with each other by
making sounds at each other.
-At 12:36 pm
(Partially sunny)
2 saki monkeys were grooming one another.
-At 12:42 pm
(partially sunny)
1 saki monkey was able to sit on the branch firmly because of
its long toes. (It tried to reach for more seeds from the keeper)
-At 12:56 pm
(partially sunny)
1 saki monkey was ‘leaping away’ from another saki monkey.
Their long legs gave them the ability to leap really high from
one branch to the other at a fast rate as well. It looked like they
were flying.
Key Anatomical Features:
1. Long legs
2. Small stature (12-16 in.)
-At 1:18 pm
(Sunny)
1 gorilla is grooming another gorilla that was laying on its lap.
-At 1:40 pm
(partially sunny)
Some gorillas moved out from the shade and into the open
space.
-At 1:55 pm
(sunny)
Gorillas that were out in the open were close to each other
eating, sleeping or grooming.
1. Arms are longer than legs
2. They have large or thick knuckles.
3. Big/large in stature.

-At 2:00 pm
(sunny)
1 baby orangutan was hanging on a branch with both its hands
while using its legs and toes to grab another branch that had
leaves it munched on.
-At 2:15 pm
(Sunny)
1 orangutan sat down on a table and started to crack a coconut it
had on its hands several times until it could drink the juice from
it.
-At 2:30 pm
(sunny)
1 orangutan (female) had an offspring wrapped around its body,
breastfeeding. She was sitting down during this.
1. Long arms.
2. Relatively shorter legs compared to arms.
3. Long fingers and toes.
-At 2:40 pm
(partially sunny)
Most lemurs were on branches using their hands to munch on
leaves. Some went down by using their hands and feet to slowly
move down logs or branches.
-At 2:55 pm
(partially sunny)
Most lemurs on the ground walked on all fours. They usually
walked in groups of 3 or 4.
-At 3:00 pm
(sunny)
They can also move along branches on all fours unless the
branch that they’re trying to go to is far then they hop lightly.
Key anatomical features:
1. Shorter arms.
2. Longer hind legs.
3. Small in stature.
4. lightweight.

-At 3:25 pm
(at an enclosed area)
Most penguins were just standing and giving out calls.
-At 3:40 pm
A handful of penguins kayed on their bellies and started sliding
away and diving into the water.
-At 3:40 pm
They’re able to penetrate the water and swim really fast. Their
webbed feet serve as an engine for them.
1. Beak
2. Flippers
3. Webbed Feet
4. Thick or dense, small feathers
Reflection
My visit to the Zoo was very enlightening for me. I learned that
primates are exceptionally smarter than what they are portrayed
to be in scenes from movies or films. I learned that they are
smarter than what they’re portrayed to be, after observing an
orangutan cracking a coconut and saki monkeys picking seeds
from the keeper before running away from another saki monkey
chasing it. I also realized that from three primates I observed
(saki monkey, orangutan, and ring tailed lemurs) that they all
seem to have long fingers and toes to be able to grip and grab
branches. In Orangutans, their long fingers are able to test the
grip or friction of an object. Next, with the help of their long
arms they can reach out to grab food that are far while hanging
from another branch. Orangutans that found a comfortable spot
to lounge on, use their ability to reach for food instead of
walking closer and acquiring it. I found myself relating to this
behavior because when I’m on the bed and I’m thirsty, I grab
the water bottle that’s on my desk instead of standing up to grab
it. I’m not necessarily calling me and the Orangutans lazy,
we’re just comfortable. Another similarity I found from all the

primates is that they have individual and distinct fingers like
humans and unlike the humboldt penguin that has webbed feet.
Having separate fingers allows primates to pick on small foods
like seeds or leaves. The saki monkeys were next to the keeper
and I found that the saki monkeys accept every food that is
given to them by the keeper. In my opinion, the moment looked
very gentle and calming as the monkeys looked up to the
keeper, whose hands are filled with seeds, before taking a seed
to munch on. Comparing the orangutan from the saki monkeys.
One difference I can find is their stature. Saki monkeys are
relatively small compared to the orangutan which provides them
to leap effortlessly from one branch to another. I observe that
all primates have portrayed similar social behavior of grooming
each other. According to Susan Linville, “grooming not only
removes external parasites, it leads to tolerance, social support,
mating advantage and bonding between individuals within a
social group.” Compared to humans, we acquire social support
and bonding through conversations and intimacy. A simple hug
can reassure or provide an emotional connection between two
individuals in the act. Overall, all primates have different
anatomies that allow them to move and act according to their
habitat. These anatomies allow them behave certain ways that
are distinct from each other. However, I do not deny the fact
that there are similarities between humans and other primates
after observing them.
Citations:
Linville, Susan. “Monkey Bonding Through Grooming.” News -
Indiana Public Media, 2 Aug. 2019,
indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/monkey-bonding-
grooming.php.
BirdLife International 2018. Spheniscus humboldti . The IUCN
Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22697817A132605004.
https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-
2.RLTS.T22697817A132605004.en. Downloaded on 18

February 2020.
“Saki Monkey Pithecia.” Primate Info Net Banner,
pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/pithecia.
“GorillaGorilla.” Primate Info Net Banner,
pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/gorilla.
“Ring-Tailed LemurLemur Catta.” Primate Info Net Banner,
pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/ring-tailed_lemur.
“OrangutanPongo.” Primate Info Net Banner,
pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/orangutan.
Zoo Report: Videos
- Date, Time of day, Weather conditions: N/A
Primates
Animal
Vervet Monkey
Dwarf Lemur
Western Lowland Gorilla
Tarsier
Red Kangaroo
Locomotion
Arboreal Quadruped
Knuckle Walker
Leaper
Biped
A form of terrestrial locomotion of animals using four limbs or
legs.
Primates that use all four limbs to move through trees.
A form of quadrupedal walking in which the body weight
presses down on the ground through the knuckles.
When primates use their long legs and arms to leap from tree to
tree.

A form of locomotion that allows you to move by its two rear
limbs or legs.
Classification
Kingdom
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Order
Primates
Primates
Primates
Primates
Diprotodontia
Family
Cercopithecidae
Cheirogaleidae

Great Apes
Tarsiidae
Macropodidae
Genus
Chlorocebus
Cheirogaleus
Gorilla
Carlito
Macropus
Species
Chlorocebus pygerythrus
Cheirogaleus major
Gorilla gorilla
Carlito syrichta
Macropodidae
Locomotor Patterns & Features
- Moves quadrupedally both on the ground and in the trees.
- Only occasionally leaps from tree to tree.
- This species descends trees in a head first manner.
- The fastest mode of locomotion is a gallop on all of its limbs.
- Often found in open areas of grasslands near lakes and rivers.
- Allows them to move around and interact with one another.
- It moves along the horizontal branches with a regular gait
pattern involving all four limbs.
- They are not agile leapers.
- They utilize a diagonal gait and they tend to bend their elbows
and knees as they move along branches.
- All of these characteristics help maintain balance along a
curved surface.
- They are specialized for life in the trees.
- Postures such as vertical clinging, tail suspension, or foot
hanging are associated with often linked to obtaining food.
- Often found in dry forests.

- The gorilla is active during the day and usually walks on all
four limbs with part of its weight supported on the knuckles of
its hands.
- Knuckle walking is shared with chimpanzees. Occasionally
gorillas stand up directly, mainly when displaying.
- The main reason is because the vegetation cannot support the
weight of males versus females.
- They spend the majority of their lives on the ground.
- Adult gorillas must climb near the main trunk of a tree or on
large branches while juveniles and adolescents are more agile.
- Usually are around lowland areas of tropical forests.
- The tarsier body is well adapted for leaping.
- They have a unique heel, the legs and their muscles comprise
around a quarter of the weight of the entire body.
- Due to their morphology, tarsiers are capable of leaping quite
far.
- They have elongated ankle bones, which helps them leap.
-The legs are much longer than their arms.
- Displayed a preference for landing on medium-sized supports
when leaping long distances, suggesting a preference for
balancing the need for stability.
- Found in low mountain forests.
- The tail is responsible for as much force as the front and hind
legs combined.
- During bipedal locomotion the tail is placed on the ground in
sequence with the kangaroo's arms and hind legs.
- While the forelimbs and the hindlimbs of the kangaroo
generated some forward thrust, the tail generated more thrust
than both pairs of limbs combined.
- While the huge hindlimbs and small forelimbs of the kangaroo
are an asset for bipedal hopping, they give the kangaroo a very
uneven distribution of weight.
- If not for the propulsive tail, this weight distribution might
make the kangaroo fall backwards during slow locomotion.
- Can be found in wooded forests/grassy plains, etc.

Primary Behavior Patterns & Features/Social Interaction
- The vervet monkey has a multimale-multifemale social
system.
- Males move freely in and out of these groups while adult
females are the center of a small family network.
- Grooming is important, they spend several hours a day
removing parasites, dirt or other material from one another’s
fur.
- In the primates’ hierarchy, dominant individuals get the most
grooming. The hierarchical system also controls feeding,
mating, fighting, friendships and even survival.
- Facial expressions and body postures are used to communicate
threats or aggressive behaviour.
- Dwarf lemurs look for food in solitude at night.
- During the day they congregate, in packs of up to five to a tree
hole, while they sleep.
- The composition of these sleeping groups changes seasonally,
and often animals do choose to sleep alone.
- During the winter dry months they become dormant for up to 6
months, nesting in holes in trees. During this time they use
stored fat in their tails to survive until the next wet season.
- During sleep and times of dormancy they are rolled up in a
tight ball.
- Gorillas are generally peaceful, shy, and amiable unless
threatened.
- Males will stand erect and beat their chests with their fists in
attempts to intimidate or show off their strength.
- They rarely hit intruders, though. Instead, they rush past and
may charge.
- Fighting plays an important role in group hierarchy.
- It is common that a newly-dominant male, after displacing the

former dominant male, is likely to kill the infants in the group,
thus returning all lactating females prematurely to reproductive
cycling.
- Mutual grooming is not as common in gorillas as it is in other
primate species.
- Tarsiers are both crepuscular and nocturnal and are very active
throughout the night.
- At dusk, they travel for about 30 minutes until they find a
forage site. During this time, they frequently stop to groom
themselves by licking and scratching their fur with their claws.
- Also engage in play behavior, snuggling, allogrooming, and
food sharing.
- Competition for food results in increased time foraging.
- Extremely territorial and engage in disputes with neighboring
groups that venture into their boundaries.
- Red kangaroos are mostly nocturnal, resting in the shade
during the day, but have been known to move about during the
day.
-Most of their active period is spent grazing.
- During hot weather, kangaroos lick their forearms, which
promotes heat loss by evaporation.
- They travel and feed in groups whose composition shifts, but
they are not truly social, since the individual members move at
liberty.
- Males fight for access to females by biting, kicking, and
boxing.
- These methods are also used by kangaroos to defend
themselves against predators. With their agile arms, they can
spar vigorously.
Common Name
Orang Utan

Siamang
Gorilla
Ring tailed lemur
Humans
Kingdom
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Order
Primates
Primates
Primates
Primates
Primates
Family
Hominidae
Hylobatidae
Hominidae
Lemuridae
Hominidae
Genus
Pongo

Symphalangus
Gorilla
Lemur
Homo
Species
Pongo Pygmaeus
Symphalangus Syndactilus
Gorilla Gorilla
Lemur Catta
Homo Sapiens
Sunny
Sunny
Cloudy
Partially Sunny
-
Arboreal quadruped
brachiator
Knuckle walker
leaper
bipedal
Strong and long radius and humerus
Long radius and flexible shoulder joints
Radius and wrist locked together
Powerful hind limbs and elongated metatarsals
Longer legs than arms for walking
Sitting and relaxing
Moved swiftly and making loud noises
Being cautious and walking around slowly
Energetic and being playful with each other
Walking in a moderate speed
Big body size and long arms making it easy to relax

Strong and long arms to move from branches to branches easily
Large body size and strong knuckle
Light body weight and small body size
Strong legs to walk far
Social Interaction
Little social interaction but stayed together
Interact with each other by howling
Stay in groups with little interaction
High Social interaction, playing with each other
Varies each other
WOODLAND PARK ZOO, 19 FEB 2020
In this reflection essay, I would like to discuss 2 specific
species that I saw on the zoo, Ring tailed lemur and Gorilla.
The discussion is not only mainly related about their differences
and similarities, but also their behavior and Social interaction.
First of all, the most visible difference among them would be
their body size. Gorillas have large and strong body structure,
whereas the lemurs have light and weak body type. Secondly,
the locomotion is different between the two. While gorilla is
considered a Knuckle Walker, the ring-tailed lemur is a leaper,
meaning they jump and leap from trees to tress. Furthermore,
their primary behavior is also differed. Gorilla tends to move
slowly but also cautious due to their large body. On the other
hand, with its lightweight body size, Lemurs are usually
energetic and move very quick. Moreover, it is not rare to see
lemurs to play with each other by leaping around. In addition,
while the gorilla depends primarily on their strong wrist and
knuckle, ring tailed lemur depends more on their hind limbs to
reduce impact. Lastly, the only similarities that I realized was

they tend to stay with their groups, even though the gorillas
have little to no interaction with each other.
I personally have learned so many things from this
assignment. I have now realized that even though two species
could be in the same Kingdom, Phylum, Class, and order, they
still have a lot of differences. Furthermore, I also believe that
every part of the anatomical features of a species has it own
reason and purpose. Anatomical features also effect
significantly on locomotion pattern. For instance, Gorillas have
strong knuckle to walk while the lemurs have powerful hind
limb to leap from trees to trees. Locomotion itself has also
affected the behavior from the species. For instance, the leaping
lemur tends to be energetic and playful, whereas the slow and
knuckle walking gorilla usually has low interaction due to their
speed and body size. Same thing with humans, our strong legs
help us to walk bipedally and interact with each other.
However, even though humans have a similar DNA to primates,
humans are of course different from other primates. Our body
size and anatomical doesn’t really impact our behavior and
social interaction. A person with huge body can interact as good
as a person with small body structure.

Zoo Report
Common
Name:
Orangutan
Patas Monkeys
Colobus Monkeys
Humans
Brown Bears
Kingdom:
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata

Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Order:
Primate
Primate
Primate
Primate
Carnivora
Family:
Hominidae
Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecidae
Hominidae
Ursidae
Genus:
Pongo
Erythrocebus
Colobus
Homo
Ursus
Species:
Pongo Borneo
E. Patas
Colobus angolensis
Homo Sapien
U.arctos
Weather:
Partly sunny and cloudy, 48F

Primary
Locomotor
Patterns:
Brachiation
Arboreal Quadruped
Bipedalism
Plantigrade
Anatomical
Feature:
-Long arms, short lower body such as legs, and waist.
-With the support of their hips, and long arms. It was able to
help support the Orangutan to move swiftly from the branches
and the ropes that were provided in their area.
-Hands, feet, and waist are about the same length.
-Small facial structure such as cheeks, eyes, and mouth.
-Arms, legs, waist, feet, and hands are about the same length.
-Longer tail compared to the body.
-Legs longer than arms which helped support humans to walk
and support movement.
-All parts of the body are about the same length.
-Hands and feet helped support the bear to move to each area of
the zoo they were in.
Primary
Behavior:
-Orangutan was active by moving between each branch and
sitting in their hammock.
-Another Orangutan was relaxing with a blanket over their
body.
-Patas Monkey was curious. Looking at other animals as well as
humans. Just sat and barely moved from the area they were
sitting.
-Later on went to lay down and sleep.
-Two Colobus Monkeys were sleeping on the ground.
-Two Colobus Monkey was in the tree branches observing its

surroundings.
-Two Colobus Monkey was being playful on the ground rolling
around and touching plants.
-Curious by watching all the animals that were presented.
-Little children were jumping of excitement and observing the
animals.
-One Brown Bear was sleeping and then later got up to eat the
food they were provided.
-One Brown Bear was laying down resting, and started moving
to eat the food that was provided.
Anatomical
Feature:
-Round, flat face with a pronounced snout.
-Longer fingers and toes with five fingers and toes each.
-Longer legs and slender body length helped support them get to
place to place.
-Smaller facial structure such as ears, nose, eyes.
-Smaller head compared to the body and tail.
-Their ears are visible.
-Long finger and toes with five on each.
-Hands and fingers helped humans be able to hold on objects for
a long time such as the Woodland park zoo map, beverages, and
children.
-Large teeth allowed them to eat their meat that they were given
in the visit.
-Paws were very large and strong to support their weight.
Social
Interaction:
-Orangutans were using their non-verbal communication by
looking around at the individuals that were watching them.
-Another Orangutan put its blanket over its face because it
seemed like they wanted to be left alone.
-Non-verbal communication by looking at the individuals that
were watching them.
-Later on moved away to find an area to sleep.
-Very little social interaction for most of the Colobus Monkeys.

One monkey looked like it wanted to play because it was rolling
on its back and moving. Other Colobus Monkeys slept and one
stayed on a branch the whole time.
-Verbal towards another human.
-Body posture facing towards the animals that were presented.
-Non-verbal communication such as pointing, eye contact.
-Very little social interaction. Slept and ate the whole time.
Looked at the individuals that were watching them one time.
-Eye contact between two brown bears as a sign of
communication.
For my zoo report, I decided to go to the Woodland Park Zoo to
observe many primates and
non-primates that were available. I went to the Woodland Park
Zoo on February 14th at 10:45am.
One similarity between a colobus monkey and a patas monkey
was their anatomical
feature. Their body’s were similar except their tail. They both
had smaller facial structures,
and were very curious primates as I was observing their
behavior. Even though some
were sleeping, they were very aware of their surroundings and
needed a lot of sleep
to function throughout their daily lives. One difference between
a patas monkey and a
colobus monkey, is the patas monkey who didn't stay close to
us. They were individually
by themselves observing around them while the colobus
monkeys stayed together even
if some were sleeping and if some were awake. I thought that
was interesting to see because
they both are old world monkeys and have a lot of similarities.
As I was observing four primates and one non-primate, I was
able to connect what I have learned so far from the labs and text

reading to what I saw while doing the zoo report. Something
that was mentioned in the, “Primate Behavior:Communication,”
reading was, “most primates spend their lives in complex,
tightly woven societies and need to frequently communicate
with each other.” As I was watching the primates behavior, I did
notice most of the primates would stay together or stay close by
while being in their designated areas. Being able to observe that
visual to what I have been learning about primates behavior
helped me analyze why they do this behavior and what it means
for each individual primate. Something that I also learned about
non-primates social interaction was that their communication
isn’t the same as the primates social interaction. The online
textbook, “Primate Behavior;Non-human primate
communication,” mentions, “gestures, and facial expressions
are used by non-human primates to inform others of their
psychological state and present concerns, which is an important
clue to what they are likely to do next.” The brown bears were
occupied with their food, and sleeping, but once they had a
moment to take a break or woke up, they automatically made
non-verbal cues towards their other mate. It was interesting to
see how their social interaction is similar, but different from a
humans social interaction. Humans can interact with both non-
verbal and verbal communication that can resonate with
primates and non-primates. This zoo report taught me that
locomotion is an important part to understand primates way of
survival and how they function daily. In the slide, “Primate
Locomotion,” it mentions, “We can determine much about
locomotion by looking at anatomy.” Being able to recognize
why each primate has these specific locomotion patterns relates
to how their bones are designed for their skeleton. For example,
humans have bipedalism locomotion and orangutans have
Brachiation locomotion. Humans are bone structures that are
made for them to have longer and stronger legs because in their
nature, their legs help stabilize them to move from place to
place. Orangutans bone structures are made for them to carry
their weight with their arms since they are longer and stronger

compared to their legs due to heavier weight. Being able to go
to Woodland Park Zoo and see the four primates and 1 non-
primate locomotion, behavior, and social interaction helped me
understand why their bodies move differently and why their
species have to communicate depending on how they survive in
the areas they live in.
Work Cited:
-Online Textbook; Primate Behavior
-Primate Locomotion slide; Primate locomotion patterns

Abigail WoodsAnth&215Zoo ReportWoodland Park Zoo Report V.docx

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