A comparison between TiO2 nanofibers and carbon nanofibers as fibers reinforced metal matrix composites with respect to mechanical properties improvements have been made in this paper. Al and Mg have been chosen as metal matrices. The used carbon and ceramic nanofibers (Titanium Oxide) were successfully synthesized using electrospinning technique. Various weight percentage of calcined
electrospun TiO2 and carbon nanofibers (1, 3, 5 and 10%) were mixed with metal matrix and fabricated by route of powder metallurgy using High Frequency Induction heat Sintering (HFIHS). Mechanical properties of the sintered composites have been investigated. The manufactured pellets were tested for compression test, hardness and microstructures by the field emission scanning electron microscopes (FESEM), which reveals the homogeneous distribution of nanofibers in the Al/Mg matrices. In addition,
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was employed to obtain the chemical analysis of each composite. The result shows that, the ultimate compressive strength increased to 415 MPa at 5% TiO2, which is 13.5% more than the pure Al. The hardness increased up to 64% in case of using the ceramic nanofibers as reinforcement. While using CNFs as reinforcement to the Al matrix deteriorates the
mechanical properties.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mechanical Properties Of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Subjected To Elevated Temp...IJARIDEA Journal
The impact of high temperature on the break property of solidified cements which are strengthened with steel and polypropylene filaments have been explored inside the extent of this review. Test comes about demonstrates that higher temperature brings about lessening quality in both the filaments however with a variety in the most extreme temperature. Steel fiber strengthened cement and polypropylene fiber fortified cement is a cementitious material fortified with a given substance of discrete strands. The better mechanical property makes these filaments critical in building development and has expanded use fundamentally in view of its vitality assimilation limit. The vitality required to haul out the strands from the broke cement is more than the vitality required to split the solid grid. Hence, the vitality ingestion limit is the primary material property profited by fiber fortifications. Be that as it may, this vitality retention property holds great just up to a specific temperature. This consider was examined the present work keeping in mind the end goal to evaluate the ideal temperature up to which the quality of the solid filaments would be most extreme.
Keywords— Compressive Strength, High Temperature, Steel Fibre, Polypropylene Fibre.
final year ece projects in chennai,final year embedded projects in chennai,final year engineering projects in chennai,final year eee projects in bangalore
Analysis of Al 6061-TiO2 -CNT Metal Matrix Composites Produced by Stir Castin...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium Hybrid Composites are the new groupof
metal matrix composites (MMCs) due to their attractive
properties like high ductility, high conductivity, light weight
and high strength to weight ratio and is a response to the
dynamic ever-increasing demand of these super material in
the field of aircrafts and marines. Carbon Nanotube (CNTs)
are also known for their high strength and stiffness and their
low density which when combined together makes CNTs an
ideal reinforcement. This work briefly reviews the research
revelation of an Aluminium (Al-6061) based hybrid metal
matrix composite reinforced with CNTs and TiO2. The
Hybrid Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (AMMCs) is
prepared with various CNTs weight percentages (0, 0.5, 1 and
1.5 wt. %) and keeping TiO2 weight percentage fixed to
1%.Stir Casting (SC) is focused in general to successfully
fabricate the MMCs. The discussion of this work revolves
around tensile test, hardness test, and Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) of the MMC. The mechanical properties
of the fabricated MMCs materials like tensile strength,
hardness and impact strength is found by using these
experimental methods. It has been observed that the tensile
strength of the MMCs increases in the presence of TiO2 and
CNTs and increases even more with the increase in the weight
fraction of CNTs. Same results have been obtained for
hardness and impact strength where there is an increase in
them in the presence of TiO2 and CNT and their value
increases even further with increase in weight fraction of
CNTs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mechanical Properties Of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Subjected To Elevated Temp...IJARIDEA Journal
The impact of high temperature on the break property of solidified cements which are strengthened with steel and polypropylene filaments have been explored inside the extent of this review. Test comes about demonstrates that higher temperature brings about lessening quality in both the filaments however with a variety in the most extreme temperature. Steel fiber strengthened cement and polypropylene fiber fortified cement is a cementitious material fortified with a given substance of discrete strands. The better mechanical property makes these filaments critical in building development and has expanded use fundamentally in view of its vitality assimilation limit. The vitality required to haul out the strands from the broke cement is more than the vitality required to split the solid grid. Hence, the vitality ingestion limit is the primary material property profited by fiber fortifications. Be that as it may, this vitality retention property holds great just up to a specific temperature. This consider was examined the present work keeping in mind the end goal to evaluate the ideal temperature up to which the quality of the solid filaments would be most extreme.
Keywords— Compressive Strength, High Temperature, Steel Fibre, Polypropylene Fibre.
final year ece projects in chennai,final year embedded projects in chennai,final year engineering projects in chennai,final year eee projects in bangalore
Analysis of Al 6061-TiO2 -CNT Metal Matrix Composites Produced by Stir Castin...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium Hybrid Composites are the new groupof
metal matrix composites (MMCs) due to their attractive
properties like high ductility, high conductivity, light weight
and high strength to weight ratio and is a response to the
dynamic ever-increasing demand of these super material in
the field of aircrafts and marines. Carbon Nanotube (CNTs)
are also known for their high strength and stiffness and their
low density which when combined together makes CNTs an
ideal reinforcement. This work briefly reviews the research
revelation of an Aluminium (Al-6061) based hybrid metal
matrix composite reinforced with CNTs and TiO2. The
Hybrid Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (AMMCs) is
prepared with various CNTs weight percentages (0, 0.5, 1 and
1.5 wt. %) and keeping TiO2 weight percentage fixed to
1%.Stir Casting (SC) is focused in general to successfully
fabricate the MMCs. The discussion of this work revolves
around tensile test, hardness test, and Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) of the MMC. The mechanical properties
of the fabricated MMCs materials like tensile strength,
hardness and impact strength is found by using these
experimental methods. It has been observed that the tensile
strength of the MMCs increases in the presence of TiO2 and
CNTs and increases even more with the increase in the weight
fraction of CNTs. Same results have been obtained for
hardness and impact strength where there is an increase in
them in the presence of TiO2 and CNT and their value
increases even further with increase in weight fraction of
CNTs.
Photo-induced reduction of CO2 using a magnetically separable Ru-CoPc@TiO2@Si...Pawan Kumar
An efficient photo-induced reduction of CO2 using magnetically separable Ru-CoPc@TiO2@SiO2@Fe3O4
as a heterogeneous catalyst in which CoPc and Ru(bpy)2phene complexes were attached to a solid
support via covalent attachment under visible light is described. The as-synthesized catalyst was characterized
by a series of techniques including FTIR, UV-Vis, XRD, SEM, TEM, etc. and subsequently tested for
the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide using triethylamine as a sacrificial donor and water as a
reaction medium. The developed photocatalyst exhibited a significantly higher catalytic activity to give a
methanol yield of 2570.78 μmol per g cat after 48 h.
Microstructure and Wear Behavior of B4C Particulates Reinforced Al-4.5%Cu All...IOSRJMCE
The work is carried out to investigate the microstructure and wear behavior of B4C reinforced Al- 4.5% Cu alloy metal matrix composites. In the present work Al-4.5% Cu alloy was taken as the base matrix and B4C particulates as reinforcement material to prepare metal matrix composites by stir casting method. For metal matrix composites the reinforcement material was varied from 0 to 4 wt. % in steps of 2 wt. %. The wear resistance of metal matrix composites was studied by performing dry sliding wear test using a pin on disc apparatus. The experiments were conducted at a constant sliding speed of 300rpm and sliding distance of 4000m over a varying load of 0.5, 1 and 1.5Kg. Similarly experiments were conducted at a constant load of 1.5Kg and sliding distance of 4000m over a varying sliding speed of 200, 300 and 400rpm. The results showed that the wear resistance of Al-Cu-2%B4C and 4% B4C composites were better than the unreinforced alloy. The wear in terms of height loss found to increase with the load and sliding speed. To study the dominant sliding wear mechanism for various test conditions, the worn surfaces were analyzed using optical microscopy
Investigation of the distribution of lead in three different combinations of ...Rautomead Limited
The main objective of this paper was to assess three leaded
brass samples (pending application with Copper Development
Association) using optical microscopy and mass
spectrometry to compare the distribution of lead. Based on
the mass spectrometry data, a great deal of variation was
not found within each of the samples based on five different
sample locations. Optical microscopy, scanning electron
microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
confirmed that the lead was homogenously distributed in
brass.
Nanocomposites are materials fabricated from two or more materials with
different mechanical and electrical properties. Combining these materials produce a
new designed material with new and better properties differ from the individual
components .In recent years nanocomposites have been developed and employed
almost in all industries . The current study deals with fabricating a hybrid composite (
when there are a minimum of three materials , the composite is called as hybrid
composite ) . Pure aluminum 99.6 % as the base matrix and Iron oxide Fe2O3 (alpha)
and aluminum oxide Al2O3 (alpha alumina) . Fe2O3 weight percentage (wt%) is
varied ( 1.5 , 2.5 and 5 % by weight ) and the wt% of Al2O3 is held constant (2 wt%) .
The new designed nanocomposite was produced using Powder Metallurgy (P/M)
method . This method has been widely used for fabricating aluminum matrix
composites (AMCs) due to it is low costs and gives high accuracy as well as the ease
of using . The matrix used was aluminum powder with an average particle size of
(60μm) with 99.6% purity and Fe2O3 ( 99% purity and 30 nm particle size ) and
Al2O3 with (99.5% purity and 14-20 nm particle size ) . The experimental results
revealed that the microstructure images of composites showed uniformly distributed of
Fe2O3 and Al2O3 in aluminum matrix . The maximum compressive strength (CS) and
hardness (HV) are 152 MPa and 47.2 respectively in composite containing (1.5
Fe2O3 + 2 Al2O3 ) wt% . The improvement percentage was recorded to be 30% and
18.5% for CS and HV respectively . The electrical properties of the composites were
enhanced due to addition the nanohybrid Fe2O3 + Al2O3 nanomaterials. The
maximum conductivity was observed in composite including (1.5% Fe2O3 + 2%
Al2O3 ) which is equal to 69521 ( 〖Ω.m )〗^(-1) while the zero nano exhibited 1170 (
〖Ω.m )〗^(-1) . Also the conductivity for all composites are higher than that of matrix.
The conductivity increased with increasing the frequency
Synthesis of Cobalt ferrite by Solid Reaction Methodsank_sanjay
Cobalt ferrite nano-crystalline powder was synthesized from the powder mixture of cobalt carbonate and iron oxide by mixed oxide ceramic method. The effects of temperature of calcination as well as molar ratio of CoCO3/Fe2O3 on the phase structure, morphology and magnetic properties of the products were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques, respectively. The samples calcined at 800 and 900˚C consisted of cobalt ferrite, iron oxide and cobalt oxide. In the sample calcined at 1000˚C, the reaction was completed and single phase CoFe2O4 with a mean crystallite and particle sizes of 49 and 300 nm, respectively was obtained.
High performance polymer fibre reinforced metal matrix composites- Metal Orga...Padmanabhan Krishnan
Zylon reinforced aluminium, zinc and lead low melting metal matrix composites that broadly belong to the MOF ( Metal Organic Framework ) materials were processed, characterised and measured for their properties and foreseen applications.
EFFECT OF ANTIMONY ADDITION RELATIVE TO MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERT...Rautomead Limited
It is well documented that the addition of antimony in pure lead increases tensile strength and reduced elongation. The goal of the present work is to identify the cause of these phenomena by investigation of the effects of the addition of Sb (1.25%) on the structure of pure continuously cast lead and lead alloy rods. The microstructure and morphology of both pure lead and lead 1.25% antimony were examined by digital optical microscope and scanning electron microscope respectively. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) was used to identify alloying elements. The results showed that the effect of additions of antimony on mechanical properties of lead-antimony alloys is mainly due to the solid solubility of the antimony element. Homogenized distribution of the antimony results in a decrease in the grain size of the pure lead. These smaller grains mean higher strength so long as there is a homogeneous grain structure
Characteristics of Hypoeutectic Cu-Zr Alloy Rods Manufactured by Vertical Upw...Rautomead Limited
The focus in this study is therefore on applying a vertical upwards continuous casting (VUCC) mass-production
method to the pilot-scale manufacturing of Cu-Zr alloy rods. The microstructure and physical characteristics of these
VUCC rods were subsequently investigated and compared with rods produced by CMC. In addition, the wire-drawing
capability of the VUCC rods was examined, and the adaptability of the VUCC method to the mass production of
hypoeutectic Cu-Zr alloys was fully investigated.
2.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
A study of micro structural, magnetic and electrical properties of La-Co-Sm n...IJECEIAES
A Lanthanum (La 3+ ) doped Samarium-Cobalt nanoferrites (La_x,Co_0.2,Sm_0.2,Fe_(2-x) O_4, where x=0.0,0.5,1.0) have been synthesized by sol-gel method in citrate media. Obtained spinal ferrites micro structure properties have been investigated by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and TEM-SAED techniques. All the samples are nano in size with significant hysteresis. Micro structural analysis by XRD confirms the obtained samples showing the single phase cubic spinal structures with an average crystal size found from 12 nm to 25 nm, while the average particles sizes identified from TEM analysis are ranging from 21.5nm-26.8 nm (~23.4nm) and from 20.5 nm to 28(~26.4nm) nm for x=0.5,1.0. The lattice parameter found to be a= 8.402, 8.423, 8.467Å for the respective values of x= 0.0, 0.05, and 1.0. Electrical properties show increase in dc resistivity with increase in La ion concentration. Finally, it was concluded that the doping of Lanthanum ion (La 3+ ) in the ferrites structure is found to influencing the structural and electrical properties without scarifying the ferromagnetic character.
Carbon Nanotubes Effect for Polymer Materials on Break Down Voltage IJECEIAES
Epoxy resin composites reinforced to different types of carbon nano-particles have been fabricated. Carbon black (20, 30 and 40 wt. %), graphene (0.5 to 4 wt. %) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) (0.5 to 2 wt. %) were added with different weight percentages to epoxy. The dielectric strength of composites was tested in several conditions such as (dry, wet, low salinity and high salinity). The mechanical characterization showed that the nano-composite Polymer enhanced by using these particles in the tensile strength. Thermal gravimetric analysis shows effect of these nano-particles on the thermal structure of epoxy resin. Scanning Electron Microscopic test is used to characterize the dispersion of carbon nano-particles and to analysis the fractured parts in the nano scale.
Fabrication and Study of the Mechanical Properties of AA2024 Alloy Reinforced...IOSR Journals
Metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) with the addition of nano-sized ceramic particles can be of
significance for automobile, aerospace and numerous other applications. The physical and mechanical
characteristics of the light refractory carbides such as SiC, TiC and B4C make them suitable for being used as
reinforcement in aluminium base metal matrix composites This paper presents a technique for an inexpensive
fabrication of bulk lightweight MMNCs with reproducible microstructures and superior properties by use of
ultrasonic nonlinear effects, namely transient cavitation and acoustic streaming; to achieve uniform dispersion
of nano-sized B4C particles in molten aluminum alloy. Nano-sized B4Cp enhanced properties of aluminium
matrix composites, with 1.5%wt of B4C. As compared to the base metal alloy, the mechanical properties
including tensile strength and yield strength of the nanocomposites were improved significantly, while the
ductility of base metal alloy matrix castings was retained. Micro structural study was carried out with an
optical microscope and SEM which validates a good dispersion of nano-sized B4Cp in metal matrix. Mechanical
properties of the as-cast MMNCs have been improved significantly even with a low weight fraction of nanosized
B4C.
Photo-induced reduction of CO2 using a magnetically separable Ru-CoPc@TiO2@Si...Pawan Kumar
An efficient photo-induced reduction of CO2 using magnetically separable Ru-CoPc@TiO2@SiO2@Fe3O4
as a heterogeneous catalyst in which CoPc and Ru(bpy)2phene complexes were attached to a solid
support via covalent attachment under visible light is described. The as-synthesized catalyst was characterized
by a series of techniques including FTIR, UV-Vis, XRD, SEM, TEM, etc. and subsequently tested for
the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide using triethylamine as a sacrificial donor and water as a
reaction medium. The developed photocatalyst exhibited a significantly higher catalytic activity to give a
methanol yield of 2570.78 μmol per g cat after 48 h.
Microstructure and Wear Behavior of B4C Particulates Reinforced Al-4.5%Cu All...IOSRJMCE
The work is carried out to investigate the microstructure and wear behavior of B4C reinforced Al- 4.5% Cu alloy metal matrix composites. In the present work Al-4.5% Cu alloy was taken as the base matrix and B4C particulates as reinforcement material to prepare metal matrix composites by stir casting method. For metal matrix composites the reinforcement material was varied from 0 to 4 wt. % in steps of 2 wt. %. The wear resistance of metal matrix composites was studied by performing dry sliding wear test using a pin on disc apparatus. The experiments were conducted at a constant sliding speed of 300rpm and sliding distance of 4000m over a varying load of 0.5, 1 and 1.5Kg. Similarly experiments were conducted at a constant load of 1.5Kg and sliding distance of 4000m over a varying sliding speed of 200, 300 and 400rpm. The results showed that the wear resistance of Al-Cu-2%B4C and 4% B4C composites were better than the unreinforced alloy. The wear in terms of height loss found to increase with the load and sliding speed. To study the dominant sliding wear mechanism for various test conditions, the worn surfaces were analyzed using optical microscopy
Investigation of the distribution of lead in three different combinations of ...Rautomead Limited
The main objective of this paper was to assess three leaded
brass samples (pending application with Copper Development
Association) using optical microscopy and mass
spectrometry to compare the distribution of lead. Based on
the mass spectrometry data, a great deal of variation was
not found within each of the samples based on five different
sample locations. Optical microscopy, scanning electron
microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
confirmed that the lead was homogenously distributed in
brass.
Nanocomposites are materials fabricated from two or more materials with
different mechanical and electrical properties. Combining these materials produce a
new designed material with new and better properties differ from the individual
components .In recent years nanocomposites have been developed and employed
almost in all industries . The current study deals with fabricating a hybrid composite (
when there are a minimum of three materials , the composite is called as hybrid
composite ) . Pure aluminum 99.6 % as the base matrix and Iron oxide Fe2O3 (alpha)
and aluminum oxide Al2O3 (alpha alumina) . Fe2O3 weight percentage (wt%) is
varied ( 1.5 , 2.5 and 5 % by weight ) and the wt% of Al2O3 is held constant (2 wt%) .
The new designed nanocomposite was produced using Powder Metallurgy (P/M)
method . This method has been widely used for fabricating aluminum matrix
composites (AMCs) due to it is low costs and gives high accuracy as well as the ease
of using . The matrix used was aluminum powder with an average particle size of
(60μm) with 99.6% purity and Fe2O3 ( 99% purity and 30 nm particle size ) and
Al2O3 with (99.5% purity and 14-20 nm particle size ) . The experimental results
revealed that the microstructure images of composites showed uniformly distributed of
Fe2O3 and Al2O3 in aluminum matrix . The maximum compressive strength (CS) and
hardness (HV) are 152 MPa and 47.2 respectively in composite containing (1.5
Fe2O3 + 2 Al2O3 ) wt% . The improvement percentage was recorded to be 30% and
18.5% for CS and HV respectively . The electrical properties of the composites were
enhanced due to addition the nanohybrid Fe2O3 + Al2O3 nanomaterials. The
maximum conductivity was observed in composite including (1.5% Fe2O3 + 2%
Al2O3 ) which is equal to 69521 ( 〖Ω.m )〗^(-1) while the zero nano exhibited 1170 (
〖Ω.m )〗^(-1) . Also the conductivity for all composites are higher than that of matrix.
The conductivity increased with increasing the frequency
Synthesis of Cobalt ferrite by Solid Reaction Methodsank_sanjay
Cobalt ferrite nano-crystalline powder was synthesized from the powder mixture of cobalt carbonate and iron oxide by mixed oxide ceramic method. The effects of temperature of calcination as well as molar ratio of CoCO3/Fe2O3 on the phase structure, morphology and magnetic properties of the products were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques, respectively. The samples calcined at 800 and 900˚C consisted of cobalt ferrite, iron oxide and cobalt oxide. In the sample calcined at 1000˚C, the reaction was completed and single phase CoFe2O4 with a mean crystallite and particle sizes of 49 and 300 nm, respectively was obtained.
High performance polymer fibre reinforced metal matrix composites- Metal Orga...Padmanabhan Krishnan
Zylon reinforced aluminium, zinc and lead low melting metal matrix composites that broadly belong to the MOF ( Metal Organic Framework ) materials were processed, characterised and measured for their properties and foreseen applications.
EFFECT OF ANTIMONY ADDITION RELATIVE TO MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERT...Rautomead Limited
It is well documented that the addition of antimony in pure lead increases tensile strength and reduced elongation. The goal of the present work is to identify the cause of these phenomena by investigation of the effects of the addition of Sb (1.25%) on the structure of pure continuously cast lead and lead alloy rods. The microstructure and morphology of both pure lead and lead 1.25% antimony were examined by digital optical microscope and scanning electron microscope respectively. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) was used to identify alloying elements. The results showed that the effect of additions of antimony on mechanical properties of lead-antimony alloys is mainly due to the solid solubility of the antimony element. Homogenized distribution of the antimony results in a decrease in the grain size of the pure lead. These smaller grains mean higher strength so long as there is a homogeneous grain structure
Characteristics of Hypoeutectic Cu-Zr Alloy Rods Manufactured by Vertical Upw...Rautomead Limited
The focus in this study is therefore on applying a vertical upwards continuous casting (VUCC) mass-production
method to the pilot-scale manufacturing of Cu-Zr alloy rods. The microstructure and physical characteristics of these
VUCC rods were subsequently investigated and compared with rods produced by CMC. In addition, the wire-drawing
capability of the VUCC rods was examined, and the adaptability of the VUCC method to the mass production of
hypoeutectic Cu-Zr alloys was fully investigated.
2.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
A study of micro structural, magnetic and electrical properties of La-Co-Sm n...IJECEIAES
A Lanthanum (La 3+ ) doped Samarium-Cobalt nanoferrites (La_x,Co_0.2,Sm_0.2,Fe_(2-x) O_4, where x=0.0,0.5,1.0) have been synthesized by sol-gel method in citrate media. Obtained spinal ferrites micro structure properties have been investigated by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and TEM-SAED techniques. All the samples are nano in size with significant hysteresis. Micro structural analysis by XRD confirms the obtained samples showing the single phase cubic spinal structures with an average crystal size found from 12 nm to 25 nm, while the average particles sizes identified from TEM analysis are ranging from 21.5nm-26.8 nm (~23.4nm) and from 20.5 nm to 28(~26.4nm) nm for x=0.5,1.0. The lattice parameter found to be a= 8.402, 8.423, 8.467Å for the respective values of x= 0.0, 0.05, and 1.0. Electrical properties show increase in dc resistivity with increase in La ion concentration. Finally, it was concluded that the doping of Lanthanum ion (La 3+ ) in the ferrites structure is found to influencing the structural and electrical properties without scarifying the ferromagnetic character.
Carbon Nanotubes Effect for Polymer Materials on Break Down Voltage IJECEIAES
Epoxy resin composites reinforced to different types of carbon nano-particles have been fabricated. Carbon black (20, 30 and 40 wt. %), graphene (0.5 to 4 wt. %) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) (0.5 to 2 wt. %) were added with different weight percentages to epoxy. The dielectric strength of composites was tested in several conditions such as (dry, wet, low salinity and high salinity). The mechanical characterization showed that the nano-composite Polymer enhanced by using these particles in the tensile strength. Thermal gravimetric analysis shows effect of these nano-particles on the thermal structure of epoxy resin. Scanning Electron Microscopic test is used to characterize the dispersion of carbon nano-particles and to analysis the fractured parts in the nano scale.
Fabrication and Study of the Mechanical Properties of AA2024 Alloy Reinforced...IOSR Journals
Metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) with the addition of nano-sized ceramic particles can be of
significance for automobile, aerospace and numerous other applications. The physical and mechanical
characteristics of the light refractory carbides such as SiC, TiC and B4C make them suitable for being used as
reinforcement in aluminium base metal matrix composites This paper presents a technique for an inexpensive
fabrication of bulk lightweight MMNCs with reproducible microstructures and superior properties by use of
ultrasonic nonlinear effects, namely transient cavitation and acoustic streaming; to achieve uniform dispersion
of nano-sized B4C particles in molten aluminum alloy. Nano-sized B4Cp enhanced properties of aluminium
matrix composites, with 1.5%wt of B4C. As compared to the base metal alloy, the mechanical properties
including tensile strength and yield strength of the nanocomposites were improved significantly, while the
ductility of base metal alloy matrix castings was retained. Micro structural study was carried out with an
optical microscope and SEM which validates a good dispersion of nano-sized B4Cp in metal matrix. Mechanical
properties of the as-cast MMNCs have been improved significantly even with a low weight fraction of nanosized
B4C.
Improving Mechanical Properties of AL 7075 alloy by Equal Channel Angular Ext...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Fabrication and Micro structural Analysis of Carbon Nano Tube Materials by Ad...IJERA Editor
The application spectrum of low cost material reinforced metal matrix composites is growing rapidly in various
engineering fields due to their superior mechanical and thermal properties. In the present study it is proposed to
explore the possibilities of reinforcing aluminum alloys (AlSiC and Al6061) with locally available inexpensive
rice husk and fly ash for developing a new composite material. A sample of TiB2 also added to one sample to
get better phenomena’s in matrix composites. A rice husk and fly ash particles of 5, 10 and15% each by weight
are proposed to develop metal matrix composites using liquid metal processing route. Stir cast and in-situ
methods are used to prepare composites. Fabrication did by considering constant stirrer RPM. The fabricated
samples analyzed to study internal bonding applications and properties by using SEM and OM. Thermal
conductivity voltage constants also observed in microstructure analysis and flow of material also analyzed.
Study on Processing and Mechanical Properties of nano SiCp reinforced AA7075theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
SiC and ZrO2 Weigh Percentage Effects on Microstructure of Al Based Matrix Co...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
SiC and ZrO2 particle are succesfully reaction synthesized from powder of Al, ZrO2 and SiC using spark plasma sintering method. The XRD of sintered composite and microstructure of the aas-sintered products. With the ZrO2 content increasing, the grains are remarkably refined and the and the ZrO2 and nano SiC particles are dispersing more uniformly in Al matrix, forming a homogeneous structure with the least porosity.
Influence of Ion Beam and Carbon Black Filler Type on the Mechanical and Phys...Editor IJCATR
Five types of carbon black nanofillers, namely Intermediate Super-Abrasion Furnace ISAF (N220), High-Abrasion Furnace
HAF-LS (N326), Fast Extruding Furnace FEF (N550), General Purpose Furnace GPF (N660) and Semi-Reinforcing Furnace SRF-HS
(N774) were incorporated with butadiene acrylonitrile rubber (NBR) in order to improve its physical properties. Young's modulus was
found to increase with nanofiller content. Percolation concentration was detected in mechanical as well as in Physico-chemical behavior.
The experimental values of the normalized Young's modulus fit well with Pukanszky et al. model; taking into consideration the difference
in carbon black-filler type. It is noticed that the characteristic time of swelling in toluene, τ is higher for NBR loaded with 30 phr ISAF
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Electrospun Nanofibers Reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composites, A Trial to Improve the Mechanical Properties
1. International Journal of Advances in Materials Science and Engineering (IJAMSE) Vol.7, No.2, April 2018
DOI:10.14810/ijamse.2018.7201 1
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS REINFORCED
ALUMINIUM MATRIX COMPOSITES, A TRIAL TO
IMPROVE THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Hany S. Abdo 1,2,3,*
, Khalil Abdelrazek Khalil 2,4,*
, Magdy M. El-Rayes 5
,
Wagih W. Marzouk 3
, A.M. Hashem 6
and G.T. Abdel-Jaber 6
1
Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM),
Deanship of scientific research, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800,
Al-Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
2
Mechanical Design and Materials Department, Faculty of Energy
Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81521, Egypt.
3
Production Engineering and Design Department, Faculty of Engineering,
Minia Universities, Minia 61111, Egypt.
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering,
University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
5
Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud
University, P O Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
6
Department of Engineering Materials and Mechanical Design, Faculty of
Engineering, South Valley of University, Qena 83523, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
A comparison between TiO2 nanofibers and carbon nanofibers as fibers reinforced metal matrix
composites with respect to mechanical properties improvements have been made in this paper. Al and Mg
have been chosen as metal matrices. The used carbon and ceramic nanofibers (Titanium Oxide) were
successfully synthesized using electrospinning technique. Various weight percentage of calcined
electrospun TiO2 and carbon nanofibers (1, 3, 5 and 10%) were mixed with metal matrix and fabricated by
route of powder metallurgy using High Frequency Induction heat Sintering (HFIHS). Mechanical
properties of the sintered composites have been investigated. The manufactured pellets were tested for
compression test, hardness and microstructures by the field emission scanning electron microscopes
(FESEM), which reveals the homogeneous distribution of nanofibers in the Al/Mg matrices. In addition,
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was employed to obtain the chemical analysis of each
composite. The result shows that, the ultimate compressive strength increased to 415 MPa at 5% TiO2,
which is 13.5% more than the pure Al. The hardness increased up to 64% in case of using the ceramic
nanofibers as reinforcement. While using CNFs as reinforcement to the Al matrix deteriorates the
mechanical properties.
KEYWORDS:
Aluminium Matrix; TiO2 Nanofibers; Carbon Nanofibers; Mechanical Properties
2. International Journal of Advances in Materials Science and Engineering (IJAMSE) Vol.7, No.2, April 2018
2
1.INTRODUCTION
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have been used in engineering applications in different ways
because of their mechanical and physical properties [1-5]. In the previous ten years, aluminum
matrix composites (AMCs) are used in hi-tech purposeful and structural applications such as
automotive, aerospace and defence also as in sports and light industries [6, 7]. AMCs indicate to
the category of light weight excessive efficiency Al centrical systems. Reinforcement in AMCs
would be in the type of platelets, tubes, particulates, or fibres, in volume fractions starting from a
few percentage up to 65% [7]. The mechanical properties of AMCs can be custom fitted to the
requests of various modern applications by playing with the reinforcement combinations and the
preparing technique.
In traditional MMCs, ceramics, like SiC or Al2O3, in the type of fibers, flakes or particulates are
the most commonly used as reinforcements [6–9]. Nonetheless, the interference between the
metallic matrix and the ceramic reinforcements are generally not perfect, which produce
incredibly porous composites with less mechanical properties and higher corrosion sensibility
[10]. As a way to resolve this drawback, metal-glasses had been proposed as a novel form of
reinforcement in metal matrices composites [11–17]. The mechanical properties of aluminium
composites are efficiently improved in case of using nano-fibers as a reinforcement. Accordingly,
the high surface to volume ratio of nanofibers effectively enhance the strength and stiffness of Al
composites compared to micro-fibers due to the good interface between the ceramic
reinforcement (nano-fibers) and the metal matrix.
This work is mainly concerned with the evaluation of light-metal nanocomposites strength. The
main objective of the current work is to studying the effect of adding two kind of nanofibers,
TiO2 and CNF [in various contents ranging from 1:10 wt.%] on the mechanical properties of light
metal matrix, namely; Aluminium. In order to understand the trends observed in the properties of
nanofiber reinforced, a comparison between both kinds of nanofibers as a reinforcement for metal
matrix composites with respect to mechanical properties improvements have been performed.
Another objective from this study is to introduce a new nanocomposite material by using
nanofiber as reinforcement and to improving the mechanical properties of the light metal matrix.
The study also focuses on the relationships between effective properties and properties of
constituents (metal matrix and reinforcement), weight fraction of components, shape and
arrangement of reinforcement, and the interaction between matrix and reinforcement.
2. METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
2.1. METHODOLOGY
To achieve our objective, the methodologies are as follows:
•Electrospinning of ceramic nanofibers,
•Calcinations of obtained nanofibers, to convert it into ceramic/carbon nanofibers,
•Use the ceramic/carbon nanofibers as reinforcement for Aluminium matrix,
•Sintering that nanocomposites by high-frequency induction heat sintering furnace HFIHS
with different compositions and temperatures
3. International Journal of Advances in Materials Science and Engineering (IJAMSE) Vol.7, No.2, April 2018
3
•Characterizing the sintered pallets (SEM, XRD, …etc),
•Studying the mechanical properties for the reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites.
2.2. MATERIALS
In this study, Titanium isopropoxide (C12 H28 O4 Ti), PVP (Mw = 1,300,000),
Dimethylformamide (DMF) and Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) were obtained from Sigma– Aldrich,
USA, and Ethanol, Acetic Acid, Aluminium Fine Powder was obtained from different sources as
presented in table 1. All these chemicals and solvents were used as received without further
purification.
Table 1: Compounds, Formula, purity and sources used for all experimental work
Materials or
Chemicals
Linear Mw
Purit
y
Source
Formula (g/mol) (%)
Titanium isopropoxide C12 H28 O4 Ti 284.22 99.999 Sigma-Aldrich
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) C3 H3 N 150,000 --- Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanol Absolute H3CCH2OH 46.07 96 AVONCHEM
Dimethylformamide
(DMF) C3 H7 NO 73.09 99.8 Sigma-Aldrich
Acetic Acid Glacial CH3COOH 1.05 99.7 Qualikems, UK
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
(PVP) (C6 H9 NO)n
1,300,00
0 95 Sigma-Aldrich
Aluminum Fine Powder Al 26.98 99 Merck, Germany
2.3. PREPARATION OF THE ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBER
2.3.1.TiO2 / PVP Solution
In this step, titanium dioxide was prepared via sol–gel by adding 4.5 gm of Ti(IV)-isopropoxide
(C12 H28 O4 Ti), and 9 ml of acetic acid as a solution to gelation containing 30 gm of ethanol
and 1.5 gm of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, Aldrich, Mw 1,300,000). The mixture was vigorously
stirred at room temperature for two hours to obtain 45 grams of a homogeneous viscous solution.
2.3.2. Pan / Dmf Solution
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) (Mw 150,000) 7 wt% solution was prepared in N,N-dimethyformamide
(DMF) with vigorous stirring for at least 2 hours to obtain a transparent polymer solution.
2.3.3.Electrospinning Device
A schematic diagram of the used electrospinning device used for producing polymer nanofibers
is shown in Fig. (1). In a typical electrospinning setup, a high-voltage source is connected to a
4. International Journal of Advances in Materials Science and Engineering (IJAMSE) Vol.7, No.2, April 2018
4
metallic needle, which is attached to a solution reservoir (syringe). The needle has a relatively
small orifice that concentrates the electric charge density on a small pendant drop of solution.
There are basically three components to fulfil the process: a high voltage supplier, a syringe with
needle of small diameter, and a collecting drum. In the electrospinning process a high voltage
(20 kV) is used to create an electrically charged jet of polymer solution. Before reaching the
collecting drum, the solution jet evaporates or solidifies, and is collected as an interconnected
mat of small fibers.
One electrode is placed into the spinning solution/needle and the other attached to the drum
collector. In most cases, the collector is simply grounded, as indicated in Fig. (1). The electric
field is affects the end of the needle that contains the solution fluid held by its
surface tension
Figure1:Schematic Layout For The Electrospinning Process
2.3.4. Calcination process
Calcination is the process in which the nanofiber burned in air or inert atmosphere to
produce CNF or metal-oxide nanofiber respectively. Usually it performed at temperatures
above the thermaldecompositiontemperatureand below the melting point. In this study, tube
furnace was used to perform calcination (CARBOLITE Type 3216CC up to 1600 o
C).
TiO2 nanofiber was calcined at 600 o
C on air for 3 hrs. with heating rate of 10 o
C/min, while
PAN nanofibers mat were stabilized on air atmosphere at 270 ◦C for 2 hrs (with heating rate
of 2 ◦C/min) followed by carbonization at 1000 ◦C for 1 hr (with heating rate of 4 ◦C/min)
on nitrogen atmosphere to produce carbon nanofiber (CNF).
2.4.PREPARATION OF THE COMPOSITE POWDER
In order to mix the produced ceramic and carbon nanofibers with Aluminium matrix we used
high-energy ball milling technique (HEBM). Desktop 220V High Energy Vibratory Ball Mill
with 80ml Jar from Across International Company, USA, was used in this study.
Aluminium Fine Powder (Al) was first de-agglomerated in the HEBM for 1 hour then TiO2
Ceramic Nanofibers and Carbon Nanofibers were added separately to the slurry for a certain time
as mentioned in table 2 just for mixing. The following table summarize the different
samplesandconcentrationused:
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Table2:Samples Composition and milling time
2.5. HIGH FREQUENCY INDUCTION HEAT SINTERING PROCEDURE
The composite powders were densified by using HFIHS process (HF, ELTek CO., Korea). 5 g of
powder was putted into a graphite mold of 10 mm diameter. The sintering process was done
under 40 MPa pressure at temperature of 580°C, for 5 min. The compaction and sintering
processes were done simultaneously at vacuum level of 2 × 10−3 Torr to prevent the oxida on of
the surface of the composites. The sintered specimens were finally kept to cool down to reach
room temperature. The heating rate from room temperature to 580°C was 250°C/min with a
holding time of 5 min in order to prevent the grain growth of the composite particles.
2.6. CHARACTERIZATION
The density of the samples was measured using Archimedes' principle using (DAHOMETER,
DH 300L). Phase composition of the composites was analyzed by X-ray diffraction system (D-8
Discover, Bruker, Germany) and using CuKαmonochromatic radiation. The microstructures and
chemical composition of polished and thermal etched surfaces were characterized by field-
emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) (JEOL; JSM7600F) equipped with energy
dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The hardness test was carried out using a Vickers micro-
hardness tester (Buehler-micro-met 5114, Akashi Corporation, Japan) under an applied load of
500g with an indentation time for 10 s. The density and hardness reported in this work are the
average values of six testing result
2.7.COMPRESSION TEST
In accordance with ASTM:E9-89a, the samples were determined at ambient temperature, using
INSTRON testing machine with a strain rate of 8*10-
5 s-
1. The test specimens of 10 mm diameter
and length to diameter ratio L/d ~1 were used. For each composition, 3 samples were tested to
ensure repeatable values.
3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1.SYNTHESIS AND MICROSTRUCTURE
Fig. 2 (b) shows the SEM images of the TiO2 nanofibers (5wt% Titanium Ispropoxide) after
calcination process at 600 ºC for three hours in air with different magnifications. It can be
seen from this figure that nanofibers was partly twisted and arcuate. The diameters of
nanofibers after calcination almost the same as before, no significant difference as shown in
Fig.2(a)
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Figure 2: SEM images for TiO2 nanofiber mat (a) before and (b) after calcination
As shown in Fig. 3 (a), the approximate diameters of PAN nanofibers were 400 nm. It looks
homogeneous and uniform without beads or beaded nanofibers. The only difference in
morphologies between the fiber bundles before and after calcination is the fiber diameter, which is
reduced by a few nanometers as shown in Fig. 3 (b).
Figure 3:SEM Micrographs for PAN nano fiber (a)before and (b)CNF calcination
Fabrication of Al/TiO2 and Al/CNF nanocomposites were successfully completed by using powder
metallurgy technique followed by high frequency induction heat sintering process.
Fig. 4 showed TiO2 nanofibers and CNFs (seen as light gray phase) were longitudinal in shape
and homogeneously distributed in Al powder. It also shows how the mixing and embedding of
nanofibers into powder to form composite.
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Figure 4: SEM images for (a) Al/TiO2 (b)Al / CNF
Figure5:XRD Scanning for Al/CNF powder after mixing
Fig. 5 shows the XRD patterns of Al/CNF powder after mixing. It can be observed that the main
peaks is corresponds to Aluminium crystals which present at 2θ equal to 38, 46 and 63, in
additional to the carbon fiber main peak at 2 = 16.88º corresponds to a spacing of d = 5.25 Ao
.
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Figure6:XRD Scanning for Al/TiO2 powder after mixing
Fig. 6 shows the XRD patterns of Al/TiO2 powder after mixing. The results indicated that, the
XRD configurations are similar to those found in Al/CNF except the replacement of CNF by
TiO2. The peaks of Aluminium which present at 2θ equal to 38, 46 and 63, in additional to the
TiO2 fiber main peaks at 2 = 32.3º and 57.16º
3.2.DENSITY AND HARDNESS MEASUREMENTS
Density and hardness results of the synthesized nanocomposites measured for different three
samples from each composition are shown in Table 3. From the density measurements, marginal
increase in the density values by increasing the reinforcements percentage was observed and
thereby ensuring the suitability of the fabricated Al composites for weight critical applications. A
maximum hardness of ~100.72 was observed in the case of Al and 10% TiO2 nanocomposites.
From the results of the density and hardness measurements, it is observed that by utilizing the
fabrication methodology, near dense Al based materials can be fabricated.
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Table 3:Density and hardness measurements of Al nano composites.
3.3.COMPRESSION PROPERTIES
It can be seen that from Figs. 7 and 8, increasing the percent of ceramic nanofiber content,
the ultimate compressive strength increased to 415 MPa at 5% TiO2. The increase of
fracture strength might be related to the good interfacial bonding between the ceramic NFs
clusters and Al matrix. While the opposite happened by increasing CNFs content to the Al
matrix. The decrease of strength maybe related to the poor interfacial bonding between the
CNFs clusters and Al matrix, which weakened the crack bridging effect of the CNFs
consider
Figure 7: Ultimate compressive stress for Al / TiO2 and Al / CNF compared by pure Aluminium
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Figure 8: Yield compressive strength for Al / TiO2 and Al / CNF compared by pure Aluminium
Fracture surfaces of Al composites with TiO2 and CNF contents are shown in Fig.
9 (a) and (b). The addition of nanofibers help in improving the solidification
10 process. As shown, the distribution and orientation of nanofiber in the aluminium composites
is homogeneous. There is no change observed during the synthesized nanocomposites process
according to the XRD results Figs. 10 and 11
Figure 9: SEM images for the fracture surface after compression test (a) Al / TiO2 (b) Al / CNF
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Figure10:XRD Scanning for Al/CNF synthesized nano composites
Figure 11: XRD Scanning for Al / TiO2 synthesized nanocomposites.
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4.CONCLUSION
Carbon nanofibers and ceramic nanofibers (Titanium Oxide) were successfully synthesized and
utilized as reinforcement for light metal matrices. Composites were successfully prepared using
High Frequency Induction Heat Sintering furnace (HFIHS). The results can be concluded as
follows:
1.The addition of ceramic nanofibers into light metal matrices clearly showed improvement in
the reinforcement is mainly due to the good interfacial adhesion between fibers and metals
matrix, which leads to improvement of the mechanical properties of the composite, high
hardness.
2.Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the reinforced composites can be modulated by
adjusting the volume fraction of nanofibers.
3.Adding CNFs to the light metal matrices leads to a decrease in strength especially at high
percentage (more than 1%).
4.Compressive properties results show that there are simultaneous improvements in hardness,
yield and ultimate compressive strengths (UCS) up to 10 wt.% TiO2 NF. But while using CNFs
as a reinforcement, an increase in the yield strength and hardness were observed till 1.0 wt.% of
CNFs in Al/Mg, then, more addition of CNFs to the metal matrix will lead to poor yield, UCS
and hardness.
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