This document proposes using a fuzzy approach to evaluate students' oral presentations. It involves several steps:
1. Generalizing students' marks on a scale of 0 to 1.
2. Constructing a fuzzy membership function chart with six gratification levels ranging from Excellent to Fail.
3. Calculating the amount of gratification for each criteria using the fuzzy membership values.
4. Calculating each student's final mark by weighting and summing the criteria gratification amounts.
The results would be placed in a fuzzy grade sheet with the students' final marks and corresponding gratification levels, providing an alternative evaluation method that accounts for ambiguity in a traditional grading system.
This document provides preparation guidelines for interviews for junior quantitative analyst positions. It recommends spending 40-50% of time reviewing basic math skills like calculus, probability, statistics and financial math. Another 30-40% should be spent programming in C++, focusing on object-oriented principles and data structures. The final 10-20% should cover financial products and modeling. Sample questions test knowledge of derivatives pricing, differential equations, linear algebra, and programming concepts. Problem-solving questions evaluate logical thinking and proof abilities. Overall, the document emphasizes mastering fundamentals before complex topics.
This document provides information about an introductory and intermediate algebra course offered at Montana State University Billings in the fall of 2011, including:
- Details about class meetings, instructors, textbooks, and online resources
- A description of the modular structure and content covered in each of the 5 modules
- Policies on attendance, calculators, cell phones, and disabilities accommodations
- The grading scale and how module grades are determined based on assignments, quizzes, exams, and required mastery levels
The document describes a framework for facial expression recognition and removal from 3D face models. The framework involves aligning an expressional 3D face to a generic model, building normal and expression residue spaces through training data, learning the relationship between these spaces using RBF regression to infer expressions, and reconstructing a neutral face by subtracting the inferred expression from the input face. The method is evaluated on the BU-3DFE database and shown to effectively recognize and remove expressions, reconstructing neutral faces.
Building A Powerful Center of Influence (Notes Version)SalezWORKS
The document provides guidance on developing and leveraging a center of influence for business development purposes. It discusses identifying key clients and influencers, conducting research on their connections and challenges, scheduling meetings to understand how they view your relationship and value, asking for introductions to expand your network, following up, adding value, and making lives better to strengthen relationships over time. The goal is to recognize existing clients as potential referral sources to new prospects and continuously deepen your understanding of clients to better serve their needs and retain their business.
This document provides instructions for setting up a private YouTube account and sharing videos. It outlines how to create a YouTube account, upload videos, and set the privacy settings for individual videos to public, unlisted, or private. It also describes how to build contacts and share videos only with selected audiences. Finally, it explains how to integrate YouTube videos onto websites and blogs through embedding code.
This document analyzes Bernstein's proposed circuit-based approach for the matrix step of the number field sieve integer factorization method. It finds that Bernstein overestimated the improvement in factoring larger integers, which would be a factor of 1.17 larger rather than 3.01 as claimed. The document also proposes an improved circuit design based on a new mesh routing algorithm. It estimates that for 1024-bit RSA, the matrix step could be completed in a day using a few thousand dollars of custom hardware, but that the relation collection step still determines the practical security of RSA.
Ydatum delivers the science to achieve human development through innovation, quality, and efficiency. They help companies fuse craftsmanship with mass production using the Toyota Production System approach. Ydatum has deep expertise implementing Lean/TPS and developing leadership through problem solving. They have experience across many industries helping clients achieve tangible results like reduced costs, improved quality and safety, and increased capacity.
This document provides preparation guidelines for interviews for junior quantitative analyst positions. It recommends spending 40-50% of time reviewing basic math skills like calculus, probability, statistics and financial math. Another 30-40% should be spent programming in C++, focusing on object-oriented principles and data structures. The final 10-20% should cover financial products and modeling. Sample questions test knowledge of derivatives pricing, differential equations, linear algebra, and programming concepts. Problem-solving questions evaluate logical thinking and proof abilities. Overall, the document emphasizes mastering fundamentals before complex topics.
This document provides information about an introductory and intermediate algebra course offered at Montana State University Billings in the fall of 2011, including:
- Details about class meetings, instructors, textbooks, and online resources
- A description of the modular structure and content covered in each of the 5 modules
- Policies on attendance, calculators, cell phones, and disabilities accommodations
- The grading scale and how module grades are determined based on assignments, quizzes, exams, and required mastery levels
The document describes a framework for facial expression recognition and removal from 3D face models. The framework involves aligning an expressional 3D face to a generic model, building normal and expression residue spaces through training data, learning the relationship between these spaces using RBF regression to infer expressions, and reconstructing a neutral face by subtracting the inferred expression from the input face. The method is evaluated on the BU-3DFE database and shown to effectively recognize and remove expressions, reconstructing neutral faces.
Building A Powerful Center of Influence (Notes Version)SalezWORKS
The document provides guidance on developing and leveraging a center of influence for business development purposes. It discusses identifying key clients and influencers, conducting research on their connections and challenges, scheduling meetings to understand how they view your relationship and value, asking for introductions to expand your network, following up, adding value, and making lives better to strengthen relationships over time. The goal is to recognize existing clients as potential referral sources to new prospects and continuously deepen your understanding of clients to better serve their needs and retain their business.
This document provides instructions for setting up a private YouTube account and sharing videos. It outlines how to create a YouTube account, upload videos, and set the privacy settings for individual videos to public, unlisted, or private. It also describes how to build contacts and share videos only with selected audiences. Finally, it explains how to integrate YouTube videos onto websites and blogs through embedding code.
This document analyzes Bernstein's proposed circuit-based approach for the matrix step of the number field sieve integer factorization method. It finds that Bernstein overestimated the improvement in factoring larger integers, which would be a factor of 1.17 larger rather than 3.01 as claimed. The document also proposes an improved circuit design based on a new mesh routing algorithm. It estimates that for 1024-bit RSA, the matrix step could be completed in a day using a few thousand dollars of custom hardware, but that the relation collection step still determines the practical security of RSA.
Ydatum delivers the science to achieve human development through innovation, quality, and efficiency. They help companies fuse craftsmanship with mass production using the Toyota Production System approach. Ydatum has deep expertise implementing Lean/TPS and developing leadership through problem solving. They have experience across many industries helping clients achieve tangible results like reduced costs, improved quality and safety, and increased capacity.
This document provides an overview of various statistical measures and methods of analysis. It discusses measures of central tendency including mean, median, and mode. It also covers measures of variability such as range, standard deviation, and correlation. Statistical analysis helps teachers summarize and compare student performance. The steps involved are collecting and organizing data, selecting an appropriate statistical technique, applying the method of analysis, and interpreting the results. Various graphical representations of data are also presented such as histograms, frequency polygons, and ogives.
Different analytical techniques in managementSohel Rana
This document discusses different analytical techniques used in management, including frequency distribution, measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, and correlation and regression analysis. It provides an example using real data from an English course given to employees. The data is analyzed to calculate the mean, median, mode, range, mean deviation, variance, standard deviation, and a correlation coefficient and regression equation are determined from a separate age and salary data set. The analysis demonstrates various statistical techniques for summarizing and analyzing data sets.
PSY 527 Assessment Techniques Text Mastering Modern Psycholog.docxamrit47
PSY 527
Assessment Techniques
Text: Mastering Modern Psychological Testing: Theory and Methods
First Edition, 2012
ISBN 13: 978-0-205-48350-1
Author(s): Cecil R. Reynolds and Ronald B. Livingston
Publisher: Pearson
shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21477);(21500,21477)posrelh0posrelv0pib
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
l. Performance on pure tests are assessed based on time, while pure _
tests are assessed based on d iffic u Ity.
a. speed; power
b. power; speed
c. achievement; maximum performance
d. maximum performance; achievement
2. Which scores would be interpreted appropriately for measuring a student's mastery of a
specific domain of knowledge?
a. Norm-referenced scores
b. Criterion-referenced scores
c. Standardized-referenced scores
d. Projective-referenced scores
3. A classroom teacher gives her students a final exam that is the basis for 50 of their final
grade in the course. This is an example of which type of evaluation?
a. Projective eval uation
b. Summative evaluation
c. Formative evaluation
d. Feedback evaluation
4. The majority of assessment information collected by most teachers comes from:
a. professionally developed tests.
b. state-wide tests.
c. performance tests.
d. teacher made tests.
5. Susan has been evaluated and determined to be learning disabled. This is an example of:
a. assignment.
b. classification.
c. placement
d. selection.
49
shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21494);(21500,21494)posrelh0posrelv0pib
6. The Scholastic Achievement Test (SAT) is atn):
a. pure speed test.
b. maximum performance test.
c. typical response test.
d. projective test.
7. If the range of one or both variables is restricted, the resulting correlation coefficient will
likely:
a. be decreased.
b. be increased.
c. remain the same.
d. either increase or decrease depending on the calculations.
8.
Correlation imply causation.
a. does
b. does not
c. might, depending on the scale of measurement
d. none of the above
50
9. The correlation between two variables is 0.70. Using the concept of the coefficient of
determination, the proportion of variance that is determined or predictable from
the relationship between the two measures is:
a.
14.
b.
30.
c.
49.
d.
70.
10. A special mathematical procedure for predicting scores on one variable (criterion or Y)
given a score on another (predictor or X) is:
a. correlational analysis.
b. linear regression.
c. regression analysis.
d. prediction constant.
11. Why would a psychologist feel that the variance might be difficult to interpret?
a. It is a nonlinear transformation.
b. It is an area transformation.
c. It may be a negative number.
d. It uses squared raw score units.
shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21494);(21500,21494)posrelh0posrelv0pib
12. In a normal distributi ...
The document provides an overview of descriptive statistics. It discusses how data can be qualitative (categorical) or quantitative and organized graphically or numerically. For qualitative data, common graphs are bar graphs and pie charts. These show the relative frequency of outcomes in different categories. For quantitative data, histograms are often used to show the frequency or relative frequency distribution of numeric values. The document gives examples of organizing both types of data into tables and converting them into graphical representations.
The document discusses various statistical measures used to describe data, including measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and measures of variability (range, variance, standard deviation, percentiles, quartiles). It provides examples of calculating each measure for sample data sets. It also discusses how data can be organized and displayed graphically using histograms, bar graphs, and other visualizations. The goal of descriptive statistics is to summarize key aspects of a data set, such as its central tendency and variability, which provides critical information for understanding the data.
This document introduces functions and related concepts such as domain, range, input, output and relation. It provides examples of functions modeling real-world situations such as cellphone costs and cable bills. Key points covered include:
- A function assigns a unique output for each input
- The domain is the set of possible inputs and the range is the set of possible outputs
- Functions can be represented by an equation relating the input (x) and output (y)
- Examples show defining functions, determining their domains and ranges, and evaluating them for given inputs
- The last part discusses group activities to model additional word problems using functions.
This document provides a summary of key statistical concepts and practice test questions. It covers topics such as types of variables, populations and samples, measures of central tendency and variation, frequency distributions, and levels of measurement. Several questions from a practice test on introductory statistics are presented and answered, involving calculations of mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation, and interpreting frequency tables and distributions. Examples of different sampling methods and types of studies are also defined.
1. The document discusses a data mining competition hosted by DonorsChoose.org to identify school donation projects that are exceptionally exciting. It describes the provided data files and classification algorithms used, including logistic regression, which performed best.
2. Extensive data preprocessing techniques were applied, including feature selection, handling null values, categorizing numeric features, and text feature extraction from project essays. Cross validation was used to evaluate models during development.
3. Logistic regression with data divided into two parts for training performed best, achieving a ROC value of 0.69853 using optimized hyperparameters.
First presented at the MSUG Conference on June 4, 2015, this presentation discusses concepts and tools to add to your logistic regression modeling practice and also how to use these concepts and tools.
SemanticSVD++: Incorporating Semantic Taste Evolution for Predicting RatingsMatthew Rowe
This document describes SemanticSVD++, a recommendation model that incorporates semantic taste evolution for predicting ratings. It does this by:
1) Modeling users' taste profiles over time based on their ratings of items in different semantic categories.
2) Measuring how users' tastes have changed between time periods by calculating the conditional entropy and transfer entropy between taste profiles.
3) The SemanticSVD++ model predicts ratings using static biases, category biases learned from taste profiles, and a personalization component that models preferences over semantic categories.
Methodological Study Of Opinion Mining And Sentiment Analysis Techniques ijsc
Decision making both on individual and organizational level is always accompanied by the search of other’s opinion on the same. With tremendous establishment of opinion rich resources like, reviews, forum discussions, blogs, micro-blogs, Twitter etc provide a rich anthology of sentiments. This user generated content can serve as a benefaction to market if the semantic orientations are deliberated. Opinion mining and sentiment analysis are the formalization for studying and construing opinions and sentiments. The digital ecosystem has itself paved way for use of huge volume of opinionated data recorded. This paper is an attempt to review and evaluate the various techniques used for opinion and sentiment analysis.
This document discusses aggregation techniques for software metrics. It describes traditional aggregation methods like mean, median, and standard deviation. It also discusses inequality indices like Gini, Theil, and Atkinson. The document outlines available datasets, tools used for analysis including R and Python, and sample results showing correlations between aggregation techniques for different software projects over multiple versions.
The document summarizes key concepts in Python programming including decision statements, loops, and functions. It discusses boolean expressions and relational operators used in conditional statements. It also covers different loop constructs like while, for, and nested loops. Finally, it provides examples of defining and using functions, and concepts like local and global scope, default arguments, recursion, and returning values.
This document discusses correlation analysis and how to perform it using SPSS software. Correlation analysis determines the relationship between two or more variables and the strength and direction of that relationship. It calculates a correlation coefficient between -1 and 1 to indicate the degree of association. The document explains how to calculate correlation by hand and how to use SPSS to select variables, choose a correlation coefficient type, run the analysis, and interpret the results, including identifying outliers. Correlation only indicates relationship, not causation.
Analytical study of feature extraction techniques in opinion miningcsandit
Although opinion mining is in a nascent stage of development but still the ground is set for
dense growth of researches in the field. One of the important activities of opinion mining is to
extract opinions of people based on characteristics of the object under study. Feature extraction
in opinion mining can be done by various ways like that of clustering, support vector machines
etc. This paper is an attempt to appraise the various techniques of feature extraction. The first
part discusses various techniques and second part makes a detailed appraisal of the major
techniques used for feature extraction
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF FEATURE EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES IN OPINION MININGcsandit
Although opinion mining is in a nascent stage of development but still the ground is set for dense growth of researches in the field. One of the important activities of opinion mining is to extract opinions of people based on characteristics of the object under study. Feature extraction in opinion mining can be done by various ways like that of clustering, support vector machines
etc. This paper is an attempt to appraise the various techniques of feature extraction. The first part discusses various techniques and second part makes a detailed appraisal of the major techniques used for feature extraction
Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN), Induction Motor, Vector control...cscpconf
Although opinion mining is in a nascent stage of development but still the ground is set for dense growth of researches in the field. One of the important activities of opinion mining is to
extract opinions of people based on characteristics of the object under study. Feature extraction in opinion mining can be done by various ways like that of clustering, support vector machines
etc. This paper is an attempt to appraise the various techniques of feature extraction. The first part discusses various techniques and second part makes a detailed appraisal of the major techniques used for feature extraction.
A Validation of Object-Oriented Design Metrics as Quality Indicatorsvie_dels
The document summarizes a research paper that empirically validated several object-oriented design metrics proposed by Chidamber and Kemerer as indicators of fault-prone classes. The study analyzed 6 metrics on 180 classes from a system. Univariate analysis found 5 metrics to be significantly correlated with fault probability. Multivariate analysis using these 5 metrics achieved better prediction of faulty classes than models using traditional code metrics. The research validated that these OO design metrics can help identify fault-prone classes early in the development lifecycle.
This lesson plan teaches students how to graph linear functions using x-intercepts and y-intercepts. It includes the following:
1) An activity where students name local products on a graph and connect points to form lines representing stores.
2) An explanation of how two points determine a line and how linear equations can be graphed using intercepts. Students practice finding the intercepts of an example equation.
3) An application where students graph equations using given intercepts and an assessment where they graph additional equations and find intercepts of other equations.
The document discusses various measures of variability and statistical analysis that can be used to analyze data, including range, standard deviation, z-scores, quartile deviation, and correlation. It also provides examples of how to calculate these measures, such as calculating the range by subtracting the lowest score from the highest, and how to interpret the results, like higher standard deviation indicating more variation in the data. The document also covers topics like grades, grading systems, and guidelines for effective grading.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
More Related Content
Similar to IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
This document provides an overview of various statistical measures and methods of analysis. It discusses measures of central tendency including mean, median, and mode. It also covers measures of variability such as range, standard deviation, and correlation. Statistical analysis helps teachers summarize and compare student performance. The steps involved are collecting and organizing data, selecting an appropriate statistical technique, applying the method of analysis, and interpreting the results. Various graphical representations of data are also presented such as histograms, frequency polygons, and ogives.
Different analytical techniques in managementSohel Rana
This document discusses different analytical techniques used in management, including frequency distribution, measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, and correlation and regression analysis. It provides an example using real data from an English course given to employees. The data is analyzed to calculate the mean, median, mode, range, mean deviation, variance, standard deviation, and a correlation coefficient and regression equation are determined from a separate age and salary data set. The analysis demonstrates various statistical techniques for summarizing and analyzing data sets.
PSY 527 Assessment Techniques Text Mastering Modern Psycholog.docxamrit47
PSY 527
Assessment Techniques
Text: Mastering Modern Psychological Testing: Theory and Methods
First Edition, 2012
ISBN 13: 978-0-205-48350-1
Author(s): Cecil R. Reynolds and Ronald B. Livingston
Publisher: Pearson
shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21477);(21500,21477)posrelh0posrelv0pib
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
l. Performance on pure tests are assessed based on time, while pure _
tests are assessed based on d iffic u Ity.
a. speed; power
b. power; speed
c. achievement; maximum performance
d. maximum performance; achievement
2. Which scores would be interpreted appropriately for measuring a student's mastery of a
specific domain of knowledge?
a. Norm-referenced scores
b. Criterion-referenced scores
c. Standardized-referenced scores
d. Projective-referenced scores
3. A classroom teacher gives her students a final exam that is the basis for 50 of their final
grade in the course. This is an example of which type of evaluation?
a. Projective eval uation
b. Summative evaluation
c. Formative evaluation
d. Feedback evaluation
4. The majority of assessment information collected by most teachers comes from:
a. professionally developed tests.
b. state-wide tests.
c. performance tests.
d. teacher made tests.
5. Susan has been evaluated and determined to be learning disabled. This is an example of:
a. assignment.
b. classification.
c. placement
d. selection.
49
shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21494);(21500,21494)posrelh0posrelv0pib
6. The Scholastic Achievement Test (SAT) is atn):
a. pure speed test.
b. maximum performance test.
c. typical response test.
d. projective test.
7. If the range of one or both variables is restricted, the resulting correlation coefficient will
likely:
a. be decreased.
b. be increased.
c. remain the same.
d. either increase or decrease depending on the calculations.
8.
Correlation imply causation.
a. does
b. does not
c. might, depending on the scale of measurement
d. none of the above
50
9. The correlation between two variables is 0.70. Using the concept of the coefficient of
determination, the proportion of variance that is determined or predictable from
the relationship between the two measures is:
a.
14.
b.
30.
c.
49.
d.
70.
10. A special mathematical procedure for predicting scores on one variable (criterion or Y)
given a score on another (predictor or X) is:
a. correlational analysis.
b. linear regression.
c. regression analysis.
d. prediction constant.
11. Why would a psychologist feel that the variance might be difficult to interpret?
a. It is a nonlinear transformation.
b. It is an area transformation.
c. It may be a negative number.
d. It uses squared raw score units.
shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21494);(21500,21494)posrelh0posrelv0pib
12. In a normal distributi ...
The document provides an overview of descriptive statistics. It discusses how data can be qualitative (categorical) or quantitative and organized graphically or numerically. For qualitative data, common graphs are bar graphs and pie charts. These show the relative frequency of outcomes in different categories. For quantitative data, histograms are often used to show the frequency or relative frequency distribution of numeric values. The document gives examples of organizing both types of data into tables and converting them into graphical representations.
The document discusses various statistical measures used to describe data, including measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and measures of variability (range, variance, standard deviation, percentiles, quartiles). It provides examples of calculating each measure for sample data sets. It also discusses how data can be organized and displayed graphically using histograms, bar graphs, and other visualizations. The goal of descriptive statistics is to summarize key aspects of a data set, such as its central tendency and variability, which provides critical information for understanding the data.
This document introduces functions and related concepts such as domain, range, input, output and relation. It provides examples of functions modeling real-world situations such as cellphone costs and cable bills. Key points covered include:
- A function assigns a unique output for each input
- The domain is the set of possible inputs and the range is the set of possible outputs
- Functions can be represented by an equation relating the input (x) and output (y)
- Examples show defining functions, determining their domains and ranges, and evaluating them for given inputs
- The last part discusses group activities to model additional word problems using functions.
This document provides a summary of key statistical concepts and practice test questions. It covers topics such as types of variables, populations and samples, measures of central tendency and variation, frequency distributions, and levels of measurement. Several questions from a practice test on introductory statistics are presented and answered, involving calculations of mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation, and interpreting frequency tables and distributions. Examples of different sampling methods and types of studies are also defined.
1. The document discusses a data mining competition hosted by DonorsChoose.org to identify school donation projects that are exceptionally exciting. It describes the provided data files and classification algorithms used, including logistic regression, which performed best.
2. Extensive data preprocessing techniques were applied, including feature selection, handling null values, categorizing numeric features, and text feature extraction from project essays. Cross validation was used to evaluate models during development.
3. Logistic regression with data divided into two parts for training performed best, achieving a ROC value of 0.69853 using optimized hyperparameters.
First presented at the MSUG Conference on June 4, 2015, this presentation discusses concepts and tools to add to your logistic regression modeling practice and also how to use these concepts and tools.
SemanticSVD++: Incorporating Semantic Taste Evolution for Predicting RatingsMatthew Rowe
This document describes SemanticSVD++, a recommendation model that incorporates semantic taste evolution for predicting ratings. It does this by:
1) Modeling users' taste profiles over time based on their ratings of items in different semantic categories.
2) Measuring how users' tastes have changed between time periods by calculating the conditional entropy and transfer entropy between taste profiles.
3) The SemanticSVD++ model predicts ratings using static biases, category biases learned from taste profiles, and a personalization component that models preferences over semantic categories.
Methodological Study Of Opinion Mining And Sentiment Analysis Techniques ijsc
Decision making both on individual and organizational level is always accompanied by the search of other’s opinion on the same. With tremendous establishment of opinion rich resources like, reviews, forum discussions, blogs, micro-blogs, Twitter etc provide a rich anthology of sentiments. This user generated content can serve as a benefaction to market if the semantic orientations are deliberated. Opinion mining and sentiment analysis are the formalization for studying and construing opinions and sentiments. The digital ecosystem has itself paved way for use of huge volume of opinionated data recorded. This paper is an attempt to review and evaluate the various techniques used for opinion and sentiment analysis.
This document discusses aggregation techniques for software metrics. It describes traditional aggregation methods like mean, median, and standard deviation. It also discusses inequality indices like Gini, Theil, and Atkinson. The document outlines available datasets, tools used for analysis including R and Python, and sample results showing correlations between aggregation techniques for different software projects over multiple versions.
The document summarizes key concepts in Python programming including decision statements, loops, and functions. It discusses boolean expressions and relational operators used in conditional statements. It also covers different loop constructs like while, for, and nested loops. Finally, it provides examples of defining and using functions, and concepts like local and global scope, default arguments, recursion, and returning values.
This document discusses correlation analysis and how to perform it using SPSS software. Correlation analysis determines the relationship between two or more variables and the strength and direction of that relationship. It calculates a correlation coefficient between -1 and 1 to indicate the degree of association. The document explains how to calculate correlation by hand and how to use SPSS to select variables, choose a correlation coefficient type, run the analysis, and interpret the results, including identifying outliers. Correlation only indicates relationship, not causation.
Analytical study of feature extraction techniques in opinion miningcsandit
Although opinion mining is in a nascent stage of development but still the ground is set for
dense growth of researches in the field. One of the important activities of opinion mining is to
extract opinions of people based on characteristics of the object under study. Feature extraction
in opinion mining can be done by various ways like that of clustering, support vector machines
etc. This paper is an attempt to appraise the various techniques of feature extraction. The first
part discusses various techniques and second part makes a detailed appraisal of the major
techniques used for feature extraction
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF FEATURE EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES IN OPINION MININGcsandit
Although opinion mining is in a nascent stage of development but still the ground is set for dense growth of researches in the field. One of the important activities of opinion mining is to extract opinions of people based on characteristics of the object under study. Feature extraction in opinion mining can be done by various ways like that of clustering, support vector machines
etc. This paper is an attempt to appraise the various techniques of feature extraction. The first part discusses various techniques and second part makes a detailed appraisal of the major techniques used for feature extraction
Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN), Induction Motor, Vector control...cscpconf
Although opinion mining is in a nascent stage of development but still the ground is set for dense growth of researches in the field. One of the important activities of opinion mining is to
extract opinions of people based on characteristics of the object under study. Feature extraction in opinion mining can be done by various ways like that of clustering, support vector machines
etc. This paper is an attempt to appraise the various techniques of feature extraction. The first part discusses various techniques and second part makes a detailed appraisal of the major techniques used for feature extraction.
A Validation of Object-Oriented Design Metrics as Quality Indicatorsvie_dels
The document summarizes a research paper that empirically validated several object-oriented design metrics proposed by Chidamber and Kemerer as indicators of fault-prone classes. The study analyzed 6 metrics on 180 classes from a system. Univariate analysis found 5 metrics to be significantly correlated with fault probability. Multivariate analysis using these 5 metrics achieved better prediction of faulty classes than models using traditional code metrics. The research validated that these OO design metrics can help identify fault-prone classes early in the development lifecycle.
This lesson plan teaches students how to graph linear functions using x-intercepts and y-intercepts. It includes the following:
1) An activity where students name local products on a graph and connect points to form lines representing stores.
2) An explanation of how two points determine a line and how linear equations can be graphed using intercepts. Students practice finding the intercepts of an example equation.
3) An application where students graph equations using given intercepts and an assessment where they graph additional equations and find intercepts of other equations.
The document discusses various measures of variability and statistical analysis that can be used to analyze data, including range, standard deviation, z-scores, quartile deviation, and correlation. It also provides examples of how to calculate these measures, such as calculating the range by subtracting the lowest score from the highest, and how to interpret the results, like higher standard deviation indicating more variation in the data. The document also covers topics like grades, grading systems, and guidelines for effective grading.
Similar to IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
The document summarizes a study on the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and limestone powder to replace cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Tests were conducted on SCC mixes with 0-50% replacement of cement with GGBS and 0-20% replacement with limestone powder. The results showed that replacing 30% of cement with GGBS and 15% with limestone powder produced SCC with the highest compressive strength of 46MPa, meeting fresh property requirements. The study concluded that this ternary blend of cement, GGBS and limestone powder can improve SCC properties while reducing costs.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
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Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
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HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
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IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN : 2278-067X, p-ISSN : 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 2, Issue 8 (August 2012), PP. 01-04
Grading & Analysis of Oral Presentation – A Fuzzy Approach
Hardik Gangadwala1, Dr. Ravi M Gulati2
1
Shri. S. V. Patel College of Comp. Sc. & Business Management, Surat.
2
Dept. of Comp. Sc., Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat.
Abstract––Continuous and comprehensive evaluation is essential for judging the progress of a learner and various
methods like examinations, tests, assignments, quizzes, research projects etc., are used for assessing their performance.
As far as oral tests/presentations are concerned, grades like A, A-, B, B- are awarded which represent ‘Excellent’,
‘Distinction’, ‘First Class’ to ‘Pass Class’. But the scores are just an approximation as there is a great amount of
ambiguity. In this paper, the fuzzy method is applied in evaluating the students’ performance in the oral presentation in
which the membership value of each gratification level is identified with membership function Chart. The fuzzy marks
are generated more consistently by utilizing the fuzzy numbers. Then, the level of gratification of each student’s mark will
be calculated. Finally the fuzzy marks with the corresponding linguistic value will be gained. The result that based on the
fuzzy sets approach could provide better information which portrays the student performance and at the same time an
alternative way of evaluating performance is introduced.
Keywords— Fuzzy Set, Membership Chart, Gratification Level, Linguistic Term, Generalization
I. INTRODUCTION
In Higher Education Institutions traditional methods are in use since time immemorial to evaluate the performance
of students. Very often the system reduces to the level of a mere memory test. It is evident that exact evaluation is impossible
using such methods. This paper considers oral presentation in particular where the assessment of a student‟s potential needs
special attention. The common form of evaluation includes a formal oral presentation after the submission of assignment/
dissertation/ thesis. This evaluation is carried out by a panel of experts who use the nominal score (0 to 10) which in
linguistic terms swings between „Pass Class‟ to „Excellent‟. At the end of the evaluation process, the students‟ results are
converted into the form of grading scheme like in the form single letter grade (e.g. A, B,.. , F), nominal score (e.g. 1, 2,...10),
linguistic terms like “Pass” and “Fail” and so on.
Though this kind of evaluation system prevails commonly in all educational institutions, studies have proved that
this evaluation method does not provide the best way to evaluate students, as it involves an elements of fuzziness. This is
mainly because the panels comprise of people with different views, attitudes, experience and sensibility and naturally their
evaluation of a student will vary and therefore the average score will be taken which may contain a decimal value. Since the
grading scales are commonly used in terms of nominal value that represents the value of linguistics, then it will be difficult
to define the linguistic values for each of the marks. It is here that the use of fuzzy becomes relevant. Previously there have
been a few attempts to experiment the fuzzy method for evaluating the performance of students in laboratory applications
(2010) [3] and evaluating student‟s performance during post-internship (2009) [3]. The latest application of fuzzy method
has been done by Sevindik (2011)[5] and Shen et al (2011)[5] in predicting the student academic performance and in
evaluating the quality of project performance respectively.
A. The paper is divided into five parts:
Introduction
Methodology
Statistical Case
Analysis
Conclusion
II. METHODOLOGY
In this paper, Fuzzy Evaluation Method (FEM) is used to evaluate students‟ performance in oral presentation. The
following methodology has been followed in this evaluating procedure.
Step 1: Generalize the marks
The marks gained by every student are converted into generalized values. The generalized value is a value that
comes in the range of 0 and 1. The mark for each criterion is divided by the total mark to obtain the generalized value. The
generalized value will be the input value of this evaluation. Sample of such conversion is given in Table I.
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2. Grading & Analysis of Oral Presentation – A Fuzzy Approach
Table I: An example of mark and generalized value
Criteria Total Mark Generalized
Marks Gained Value
PHP 100 69 0.69
UNIX 100 81 0.81
INFO. SYSTEM 100 77 0.77
OPERA. SYS.-2 100 82 0.82
ASP.NET 100 79 0.79
PRACTICAL 100 64 0.64
Step 2: Construct the chart of the Fuzzy Membership Function
The Chart of membership function is developed in order to execute the fuzzification process. Here the input value
is mapped into the Chart of membership function to obtain the fuzzy membership value of that particular input value, using
pseudo exponential membership function. Each membership value will represent the level of gratification.
The study proposes 6 gratification levels which are shown in Table II. The amount of gratification shows the range
of marks for each gratification level which is also based on some modification of grading system incorporated by the higher
institutions The maximum amount of gratification denoted by T(Xi) describes a mapping function for corresponding
gratification level, where T(Xi) →[1,0].
Table II: Standard gratification level and the corresponding Amount of gratification.
Gratification Grade Gratification Maximum
Levels(Xi) Level Level of
Gratification
T(Xi)
Excellent(EXC) A 80% - 100% 1.0
(0.8-1.0)
Distinction(DI) A- 70% - 79% 0.79
(0.7-0.79)
First Class(FC) B+ 60% - 69% 0.69
(0.6-0.69)
Second Class(SC) B 50% - 59% 0.59
(0.5-0.59)
Pass Class(PC) B- 40% - 49% 0.49
(0.4-0.49)
Fail(F) C 0% - 39% 0.39
(0-0.39)
Step 3: Calculate the Amount of Gratification.
The Amount of Gratification of jth criteria which is denoted by D(Cj) is evaluated by:
D(Cj) = y1 * T(X1) + y2 * T(X2) + …+ y(X6) [1]
y1 + y2 + … + y6
where yi = amount of membership value for each gratification level, yi ∈ [0, 1] for i=1,2,…,6.
Step 4: The Final mark Calculation
The final mark for kth student denoted by F(Sk) is calculated using the formula given below:
F(Sk) = w1 * D(C1) + w2 * D(C2) + … +w6 * D(C6) [2]
w1+ w2+…+w6
where wi = the total marks of ith criteria for i = 1,2,..,6.
Table III: The result gained is put into the fuzzy grade sheet in the suitable fields.
S Criteria Fuzzy Membership Value G. Fin
n. F P S F D E Leve al
C C C I X l Ma
C rks
1 PHP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
UNIX 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
INFO. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SYSTEM
OPERA. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SYS.-2
ASP.NET 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PRAC. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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3. Grading & Analysis of Oral Presentation – A Fuzzy Approach
III. STATISTICAL CASE
Marks of a student are taken (as in Table I). The student is analysed based on procedure explained above. The
chart of fuzzy membership function is generated to implement the fuzzification process as shown in Figure I.
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1
Figure I: Oral presentation satisfaction level‟s Membership functions
Based on Figure I, we can see the gratification level of Distinction and Excellent represents the Amount of
membership 0.4 and 0.6 respectively. The amount of gratification regarding criterion 1 is calculated as follows:
D(C1)= 0.23 * 0.6 + 0.77 * 0.69 = 0.67
0.23 + 0.77
The same procedure is applied for calculating the D(C1), D(C2), …and D(C6).
Finally, the final mark earned by the student for all criteria is compute using equation [2]:
F(S1) = (100 * 0.67 + 100 * 0.99 + 100 * 0.75 + 100 * 0.98 + 100 * 0.77 + 100 * 0.60)/ 600
= 0.7933
≈ 0.79
Based on the final marks gained, the student is awarded by the fuzzy linguistic terms of Distinction at 0.16 (µEX =
0.16) and Excellent at 0.84(µDI =0.84). These values are gained from the Chart of membership function (as in Figure 1).
Besides that, the final mark also can be valued as 79.33 (by multiplying with 100%) which are represent the linguistic term
of Excellent. The details of the fuzzy marks gained from this evaluation procedure are shown in Table IV.
Table IV: Fuzzy grade sheet with contain the overall fuzzy marks of student 1
S Criteria Fuzzy Membership Value Level Final
n. F P S FC DI EX of Mark
C C C. G. s
1 PHP 0 0 0 0.23 0.77 0 0.67
UNIX 0 0 0 0 0.07 0.93 0.9
INFO. 0 0 0 0 0.49 0.51 0.74
SYS. 0.79
OPERA. 0 0 0 0 0.08 0.92 0.98
SYS.-2
ASP. 0 0 0 0 0.23 0.77 0.78
NET
PRAC. 0 0 0 0.96 0.04 0 0.59
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4. Grading & Analysis of Oral Presentation – A Fuzzy Approach
IV. ANALYSIS
In this section we have attempted to make a comparative performance analysis of the result gained from fuzzy
evaluation method and the non-fuzzy method. Table V shows the results gained from both methods for 10 students.
Table V: Results for 10 students gained from fuzzy and non-fuzzy method.
Sn. Non-Fuzzy Process Fuzzy Evaluation Process
Final Mark Grade Linguistic term Final Mark Grade Linguistic Term
1 0.75 A Excellent 0.79 A Distinction at 0.16,Excellent at 0.84
2 0.44 B- Pass Class 0.46 B- Pass Class at 0.38,Second Class at 0.01
3 0.55 B Second Class 0.57 B Second Class at 0.48, First Class at 0.02
4 0.66 B+ First Class 0.66 B+ First Class at 0.43, Distinction at 0.19
5 0.60 B+ First Class 0.60 B+ First Class at 1.0
6 0.49 B- Pass Class 0.49 B- Pass Class at 0.62, First Class at 0.38
7 0.56 B Second Class 0.58 B Second Class at 0.85,First Class at 0.15
8 0.62 B+ First Class 0.62 B+ First Class at 0.65, Distinction at 0.35
9 0.59 B Second Class 0.59 B Second Class at 0.55, First Class at 0.45
10 0.60 B+ First Class 0.60 B+ First Class at 1.0
Fuzzy membership values in the range of [0, 1] are used in the fuzzy evaluation method for computation and
therefore the results gained from this method are in the range of [0, 1] only but the marks have to be converted into
percentage for adaptation. Thus the first student‟s final mark of 0.79 becomes 79% after the conversion.
It is evident from the table that the fuzzy marks gained are higher than the non-fuzzy marks. Moreover, the
linguistic terms denoted by the fuzzy method are also more in detail since it provides the Amount s of gratification for each
corresponding linguistic term. Now it is easy to describe the student‟s performance. For example, student 1 has the
performance of Distinction at 0.16 and also Excellent at 0.84. It is more meaningful than the letter grade used by the non
fuzzy method. In short, this method is very useful in comparing the students‟ performances which have the same final
linguistic terms by looking into the Amount s of gratification.
V. CONCLUSION
On one hand, performance evaluation is very important but on the other it is true that the traditional scores in
linguistic terms involve uncertainty. This study has attempted to bring in a new method – the Fuzzy Evaluation Method – by
Pseudo Exponential Function for a more comprehensive and satisfactory evaluation of oral presentation. It is very systematic
with the help of the membership function Chart and the fuzzy grade sheet which was introduced by Chen and Lee (1999) [1].
In addition, this method can provide additional information of the student‟s performance in any criteria. At the same time the
use of linguistic terms is also useful as the students can understand their position and work hard for better performance.
Thus, this method is simpler, easily manageable and more comprehensive.
REFERENCES
[1]. Chen, S.M., & Lee, C.H. (1999). New Methods for Students‟ Evaluation. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 104, 209-218.
[2]. Gokmen, G., Akinci, T., Tektas, M., Onat, N., Kocyigit, G., & Tektas, N. (2010). Evaluation of student performance in
laboratory applications using fuzzy logic. Innovation and Creativity In Education, 2(2), 902-909.
[3]. Li, Q., Zhou, Y., Gu, Z., & Wen, S. (2009). Evaluating Student‟s Performance during Post-internship Using Fuzzy Synthetic
Approach. ICAIE 2009: Proceedings Of The 2009 International Conference On, 691-695.
[4]. Neogi, A., Mondal, A.C. & Mandal, S.K. (2008). A Fuzzy Modelling Approach to Evaluate Faculty Performance. ACM
Ubiquity, Vol.9, Issue 15.
[5]. Sevindik, T. (2011). Prediction of student academic performance by using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Energy
Education Science And Technology Part B-Social And Educational, 3(4), 635-646.
[6]. Shen, C., & Hsieh, K. (2011). Enhance the evaluation quality of project performance based on fuzzy aggregation weight effect.
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[7]. Fuzzy Systems in Education: A More Reliable System for Student Evaluation, Ibrahim A. Hameed and Claus G. Sorensen
Aarhus University, Research Centre Foulum Blichers Allé 20,DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark.
[8]. An Evaluation of Students‟ Performance in Oral Presentation Using Fuzzy Approach Wan Suhana Wan Daud1, Khairu Azlan
Abd Aziz2, Elyana Sakib3
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