Although science has become an increasingly collaborative endeavor over the last hundred years, only little attention has been devoted to supporting scientific communities. Our work focuses on scientific collaborations that revolve around complex science questions that require significant coordination to synthesize multi-disciplinary findings, enticing contributors to remain engaged for extended periods of time, and continuous growth to accommodate new contributors as needed as the work evolves over time. This paper presents a virtual crowdsourcing community for open collaboration in science processes to address these challenges. Our solution is based on the Semantic MediaWiki and extends it with new features for scientific collaboration. We present preliminary results from the usage of the interface in a pilot research project
This document discusses personal learning environments (PLEs) and how learning has changed from traditional classroom-based and linear models to being more networked and using online resources. It defines a PLE as a learner-centric approach where individuals control a set of lightweight tools and services to direct their own learning. Another section outlines the history and goals of the Frontier Learning Network collaborative project between several schools and colleges to enhance learning options through networking and mobile technologies. The document contains several references and resources on these topics.
Building and Communicating Evidence of Effectiveness in OER through Collectiv...Robert Farrow
Much of the evidence surrounding the use (and re-use) of OER is fragmentary or anecdotal. The OLnet project has developed a software tool for effectively gathering, sharing and judging the evidence around key issues of OER. The Evidence Hub distills key insights from the cloud of discussion and opinion creating a thematically indexed, structured ecosystem of organisations, project, issues, recommendations and evidence for the use of those who form the Open Education movement. In this presentation we explain the key concepts behind the Evidence Hub and some of its possible uses.
This document discusses the evolution of the World Wide Web and web technologies. It provides an overview of Web 1.0 as a read-only system with one-way content produced by experts, and the emergence of Web 2.0 which enabled users to collaboratively create and share content using social media tools. The document also discusses how these technologies have influenced learning and today's students, noting shifts towards more visual, experiential and social styles of learning. It outlines activities demonstrating social bookmarking using Delicious and social networking using Ning.
The main problem with data collection in this case was lack of co-operation from key project stakeholders. The user SAQ was translated from English to Spanish and placed online via a link with the project website. However, the project...
Predicting and Preparing For Emerging Learning Technologieslisbk
The document summarizes Brian Kelly's presentation on predicting and preparing for emerging learning technologies. It discusses identifying technology trends, drivers, and challenges through the Delphi process used by the NMC Horizon Report. It also provides tools and methods for institutions to plan for future technologies, including scenario planning, acknowledging risks, and engaging with challenges. The presentation aims to help attendees understand limitations of future forecasting and apply similar methodologies to plan locally.
The document discusses how new technologies can both positively and negatively impact human cognition. It notes that while Socrates feared writing would undermine wisdom and memory, technologies also help spread knowledge. Similarly, the internet may challenge concentration but enables new forms of collaboration and learning. The document advocates balancing optimism about technological progress with awareness of potential downsides.
This document discusses scenario planning as a strategic planning method. It describes the scenario planning process, which involves defining assumptions and drivers of change, developing initial scenarios, and identifying issues. The document then provides examples of scenarios for the library sector, including the effects of UK withdrawal from the EU or greater power for the European Court. Small groups are asked to develop scenarios focusing on alternative discovery sources, changed librarian roles, or other topics. Finally, the document summarizes scenarios developed in a previous workshop on commercialization of libraries, devolved ownership of services, universal skills, and niche librarians.
This document discusses personal learning environments (PLEs) and how learning has changed from traditional classroom-based and linear models to being more networked and using online resources. It defines a PLE as a learner-centric approach where individuals control a set of lightweight tools and services to direct their own learning. Another section outlines the history and goals of the Frontier Learning Network collaborative project between several schools and colleges to enhance learning options through networking and mobile technologies. The document contains several references and resources on these topics.
Building and Communicating Evidence of Effectiveness in OER through Collectiv...Robert Farrow
Much of the evidence surrounding the use (and re-use) of OER is fragmentary or anecdotal. The OLnet project has developed a software tool for effectively gathering, sharing and judging the evidence around key issues of OER. The Evidence Hub distills key insights from the cloud of discussion and opinion creating a thematically indexed, structured ecosystem of organisations, project, issues, recommendations and evidence for the use of those who form the Open Education movement. In this presentation we explain the key concepts behind the Evidence Hub and some of its possible uses.
This document discusses the evolution of the World Wide Web and web technologies. It provides an overview of Web 1.0 as a read-only system with one-way content produced by experts, and the emergence of Web 2.0 which enabled users to collaboratively create and share content using social media tools. The document also discusses how these technologies have influenced learning and today's students, noting shifts towards more visual, experiential and social styles of learning. It outlines activities demonstrating social bookmarking using Delicious and social networking using Ning.
The main problem with data collection in this case was lack of co-operation from key project stakeholders. The user SAQ was translated from English to Spanish and placed online via a link with the project website. However, the project...
Predicting and Preparing For Emerging Learning Technologieslisbk
The document summarizes Brian Kelly's presentation on predicting and preparing for emerging learning technologies. It discusses identifying technology trends, drivers, and challenges through the Delphi process used by the NMC Horizon Report. It also provides tools and methods for institutions to plan for future technologies, including scenario planning, acknowledging risks, and engaging with challenges. The presentation aims to help attendees understand limitations of future forecasting and apply similar methodologies to plan locally.
The document discusses how new technologies can both positively and negatively impact human cognition. It notes that while Socrates feared writing would undermine wisdom and memory, technologies also help spread knowledge. Similarly, the internet may challenge concentration but enables new forms of collaboration and learning. The document advocates balancing optimism about technological progress with awareness of potential downsides.
This document discusses scenario planning as a strategic planning method. It describes the scenario planning process, which involves defining assumptions and drivers of change, developing initial scenarios, and identifying issues. The document then provides examples of scenarios for the library sector, including the effects of UK withdrawal from the EU or greater power for the European Court. Small groups are asked to develop scenarios focusing on alternative discovery sources, changed librarian roles, or other topics. Finally, the document summarizes scenarios developed in a previous workshop on commercialization of libraries, devolved ownership of services, universal skills, and niche librarians.
Conférence de presse Al Qotb-projet de loi usage stupéfiantsAL QOTB Tunisie
Conférence de presse du parti Al Qotb, Comparatif projet de loi gouvernemental relatif aux stupéfiants du 30/12/15 Vs projet de loi Qotb du 17/12/15 ( 06/01/2016)
Nrapendra Singh Rathore is seeking a position in the IT industry that offers growth. He has an M.C.A from Jiwaji University and a B.C.A from VISM College. His technical skills include C, C#.net, SQL Server 2008, Visual Studio 2010/2012, .Net Framework and design methodologies like UML and OOAD. He has experience with two projects - a food court management application built with C#.net and SQL Server and a bus ticketing application built with ASP.net and SQL Server.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
HeadTracker is an intranet application for managing candidates along the recruitment life cycle. It stores the recruitment information on a central server -- to be accessed by the recruiters using only a web browser. Alerts, flagging, trash can are some useful features of HeadTracker.
Este documento es una guía de usuario para CorelDRAW Graphics Suite X3. Contiene información sobre las aplicaciones incluidas en la suite, novedades, instalación, cambio de idioma, registro de productos, actualización, asistencia al cliente y convenciones de documentación. Además, proporciona instrucciones detalladas sobre el uso de CorelDRAW y Corel PHOTO-PAINT, incluidas operaciones básicas, dibujo de formas, líneas y objetos, asignación de forma, rellenos, colores y efectos 3D.
A Task-Centered Framework för Computationally Grounded Science CollaborationsDr. Matheus Hauder
Collaboration is ubiquitous in today’s science, yet there is limited support for coordinating scientific work. The general-purpose tools that are typically used (e.g., email, shared document editing, social coding sites), have still not replaced inperson meetings, phone calls, and extensive emails needed to coordinate and track collaborative activities. Scientists with diverse knowledge and skills around the globe could collaborate by opening scientific processes that expose all tasks and activities publicly to achieve a shared scientific question. This paper describes the Organic Data Science framework to support scientific collaborations that revolve around complex science questions that require significant coordination, entice contributors to remain engaged for extended periods of time, and enable continuous growth to accommodate new contributors as the work evolves over time. We discuss how the design of this framework incorporates principles followed by successful on-line communities. We present initial results to date of several communities that are collaborating using this framework.
Patrick McAndrew, Elpida Makriyannis, Cathy Casserly & Tim Vollmer (2012), Mapping the OER Landscape. Presentation at OCWC Global 5th May 2012, Cambridge MA, USA.
CC-BY
The European Observatory for Crowd-Sourcing aims to promote deeper citizen engagement on social issues through scientific citizenship. It provides a portable virtual platform and observatory support for crowd-sourcing. The project seeks to facilitate participative management to enable inclusive, e-democratic and co-creative consensus seeking. It conducts experiments to evaluate various approaches for engaging citizens in democratic processes and establishes best practices for social engagement. The project is coordinated by the University of Reading and involves partners from Italy and the UK.
Identifying and Responding to Emerging Technologieslisbk
Slides for a talk on "Identifying and Responding to Emerging Technologies" to be given by Brian Kelly, UKOLN at the IWMW 2012 event to be held in Edinburgh on 18-20 June 2012.
See http://iwmw.ukoln.ac.uk/iwmw2012/sessions/jisc-observatory/
Joining it all up: developing research-practice linkages in the UKHazel Hall
Seminar presentation on efforts to strengthen research-practice linkages in librarianship and information science in the UK since 2009 presented to the School of Business and Economics, Åbo Akademi University, Finland on Thursday 13th March 2014. There is a fuller report of my work visit to Finland at http://hazelhall.org/2014/03/17/social-media-and-public-libraries-a-doctoral-defence-in-finland/.
Open.Michigan overview presentation by Kathleen Omollo for the Health OER Tech Africa 2012 workshop.
Jan 10, 2013 - An updated version of this presentation is posted at http://openmi.ch/slides-aiti13.
Conférence de presse Al Qotb-projet de loi usage stupéfiantsAL QOTB Tunisie
Conférence de presse du parti Al Qotb, Comparatif projet de loi gouvernemental relatif aux stupéfiants du 30/12/15 Vs projet de loi Qotb du 17/12/15 ( 06/01/2016)
Nrapendra Singh Rathore is seeking a position in the IT industry that offers growth. He has an M.C.A from Jiwaji University and a B.C.A from VISM College. His technical skills include C, C#.net, SQL Server 2008, Visual Studio 2010/2012, .Net Framework and design methodologies like UML and OOAD. He has experience with two projects - a food court management application built with C#.net and SQL Server and a bus ticketing application built with ASP.net and SQL Server.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
HeadTracker is an intranet application for managing candidates along the recruitment life cycle. It stores the recruitment information on a central server -- to be accessed by the recruiters using only a web browser. Alerts, flagging, trash can are some useful features of HeadTracker.
Este documento es una guía de usuario para CorelDRAW Graphics Suite X3. Contiene información sobre las aplicaciones incluidas en la suite, novedades, instalación, cambio de idioma, registro de productos, actualización, asistencia al cliente y convenciones de documentación. Además, proporciona instrucciones detalladas sobre el uso de CorelDRAW y Corel PHOTO-PAINT, incluidas operaciones básicas, dibujo de formas, líneas y objetos, asignación de forma, rellenos, colores y efectos 3D.
A Task-Centered Framework för Computationally Grounded Science CollaborationsDr. Matheus Hauder
Collaboration is ubiquitous in today’s science, yet there is limited support for coordinating scientific work. The general-purpose tools that are typically used (e.g., email, shared document editing, social coding sites), have still not replaced inperson meetings, phone calls, and extensive emails needed to coordinate and track collaborative activities. Scientists with diverse knowledge and skills around the globe could collaborate by opening scientific processes that expose all tasks and activities publicly to achieve a shared scientific question. This paper describes the Organic Data Science framework to support scientific collaborations that revolve around complex science questions that require significant coordination, entice contributors to remain engaged for extended periods of time, and enable continuous growth to accommodate new contributors as the work evolves over time. We discuss how the design of this framework incorporates principles followed by successful on-line communities. We present initial results to date of several communities that are collaborating using this framework.
Patrick McAndrew, Elpida Makriyannis, Cathy Casserly & Tim Vollmer (2012), Mapping the OER Landscape. Presentation at OCWC Global 5th May 2012, Cambridge MA, USA.
CC-BY
The European Observatory for Crowd-Sourcing aims to promote deeper citizen engagement on social issues through scientific citizenship. It provides a portable virtual platform and observatory support for crowd-sourcing. The project seeks to facilitate participative management to enable inclusive, e-democratic and co-creative consensus seeking. It conducts experiments to evaluate various approaches for engaging citizens in democratic processes and establishes best practices for social engagement. The project is coordinated by the University of Reading and involves partners from Italy and the UK.
Identifying and Responding to Emerging Technologieslisbk
Slides for a talk on "Identifying and Responding to Emerging Technologies" to be given by Brian Kelly, UKOLN at the IWMW 2012 event to be held in Edinburgh on 18-20 June 2012.
See http://iwmw.ukoln.ac.uk/iwmw2012/sessions/jisc-observatory/
Joining it all up: developing research-practice linkages in the UKHazel Hall
Seminar presentation on efforts to strengthen research-practice linkages in librarianship and information science in the UK since 2009 presented to the School of Business and Economics, Åbo Akademi University, Finland on Thursday 13th March 2014. There is a fuller report of my work visit to Finland at http://hazelhall.org/2014/03/17/social-media-and-public-libraries-a-doctoral-defence-in-finland/.
Open.Michigan overview presentation by Kathleen Omollo for the Health OER Tech Africa 2012 workshop.
Jan 10, 2013 - An updated version of this presentation is posted at http://openmi.ch/slides-aiti13.
This document provides an introduction to an INB(N)347 Web 2.0 Applications unit. It outlines the teaching team, unit goals and content, assessment requirements, and schedule. It then discusses the origin and evolution of Web 2.0, six key market drivers that drove its development, and introduces two case studies. Finally, it describes the eight core patterns that are keys to Web 2.0 success, including harnessing collective intelligence, leveraging user-generated data and content, and creating scalable platforms and services.
The document describes a webtool called Chemistry Is in the News (CIITN) that was designed to facilitate an innovative curriculum integrating science, information and communication technology (ICT), and media literacy education by enabling students to collaboratively study, create, and peer review online portfolios combining news articles and scientific interpretation. The CIITN webtool automates project management and peer review to minimize instructor workload and support implementation of the CIITN curriculum across different classes and institutions. It was found to effectively promote technical proficiency, discipline knowledge, and cognitive development through synergistic integration of science and ICT education.
This document summarizes a software tool called the Chemistry Is in the News (CIITN) webtool that was designed to support an innovative curriculum integrating science, information and communication technology (ICT), and media literacy education. The CIITN curriculum engages students in authentic learning activities based on news media, modeling the research process in collaborative groups. The CIITN webtool automates the management of student group projects, peer reviews, and enables easy adoption of the CIITN curriculum across different institutions and classes. It was found to minimize the time and effort for instructors and students while supporting the goals of developing scientific and ICT literacy through an integrated curriculum approach.
This document provides an outline for a workshop on disseminating research online. The workshop covers developing an online dissemination strategy, choosing tools for content curation and sharing research, and integrating social networks. It includes discussions of developing goals and tactics, assessing strategies, and measuring digital impact. Hands-on activities allow participants to design dissemination plans and curate research topics. The document provides many links to additional resources on creating web and social media strategies, using specific tools, and monitoring online engagement.
Digital Learning Environments: A multidisciplinary focus on 21st century lear...Judy O'Connell
As a result of an extensive curriculum review a new multi-disciplinary degree programme in education and information studies was developed to uniquely facilitate educators’ capacity to be responsive to the demands
of a digitally connected world. Charles Sturt University’s Master of Education (Knowledge Networks and Digital Innovation) aims to develop agile leaders in new cultures of digital formal and informal learning. By examining key features and influences of global connectedness,
information organisation, communication and participatory cultures of learning, students are provided with the opportunity to reflect on their professional practice in a networked learning community, and to improve learning and teaching in digital environments.
JISC Institutional Innovation Support and SynthesisGeorge Roberts
This document outlines the support and synthesis activities of an institutional innovation support team. It discusses using an asset-based community development approach to improve educational technology projects. It identifies initial project clusters and stakeholders. It also describes the support structure including analysis and discovery teams, support and synthesis activities like conferences and cluster events, and benefits like fostering institutional innovation centers.
OER refers to open educational resources which include full courses, course materials, and other learning content that can be freely accessed and used online. MIT's OpenCourseWare initiative is an example of an institutional OER program that makes course materials from over 1,900 courses freely available on the web. Educators use OER in a variety of ways like reusing content, adapting course syllabi, and combining OER materials with other resources. There are benefits to creating OER like lowering costs for students and fostering pedagogical innovation through customizable learning materials.
The document outlines the plans and activities of the JISC Create Community Resources project. It will add value by facilitating community interactions and sharing between projects, the programme, and the wider educational community. It will do this through a programme of activities supported by appropriate technologies. The project aims to foster sustainable development, continuous transformation in institutions, and growth of social capital by bridging connections within and between organizations. The Create team will organize events to determine needs, harvest synthesis themes, facilitate community formation and dissemination of knowledge. They will support projects through clusters, seminars, workshops and online conferences and spaces.
How can universities scale up learning analytics beyond small-scale pilots to seriously use data to improve student learning? This interactive workshop was designed to help you think this through for your institution.
Universities are hard to change. Having good data and analytics is a good start, but is only one part of success. This session will provide tools and frameworks to help you analyse what else is needed, building on experiences of successful large-scale learning analytics activity at the Open University and the University of Technology, Sydney, and from the pan-European Learning Analytics Community Exchange project.
Slides for a talk at Bett, London, 20 January 2016.
This presentation introduces LiquidJournals, a tool for dissemination of scientific knowledge in web era. It also shows mockups and screenshots of the prototype which we are developing (1st version - end of June 2010)
The document summarizes the Links-up Learning 2.0 project, which aims to understand how Web 2.0 technologies can support inclusive lifelong learning. It describes the project's work packages including reviewing literature, conducting case studies of 24 learning initiatives using Web 2.0, developing an innovation laboratory, running validation experiments in 6 countries, and disseminating results. The validation experiments tested tools like podcasting, online communities, and multimedia CVs with diverse groups including older adults, unemployed individuals, and disadvantaged youth to achieve outcomes such as new skills and increased inclusion. Preliminary findings suggest Web 2.0 shows potential but challenges include sustainability, over-reliance on champions, and a need for new research methods to understand social impacts
The Learning Innovation Network subgroup continues developing 7 short courses at level 9 and 10 ECTS in academic professional development. Modules are progressing through the validation process at various institutes. The subgroup is investigating learning pathways that could lead to an overall award. Questions about the development of shared academic programmes can be directed to Dr. Noel Fitzpatrick. The subgroup is also working on a mentoring module and workshop to understand the role of an academic mentor.
This document outlines a study conducted to enhance the International Institute for Environment and Development's (IIED) monitoring of the impact of its publications. The study involved surveying universities to identify mentions of IIED publications on reading lists, journal subscriptions held by university libraries, and recent materials acquired by libraries. Over 200 mentions of IIED publications were identified on reading lists from 13 universities in the UK. The study also found journal subscriptions and recent library acquisitions relevant to IIED's work. The document proposes presenting this university impact data together in a dashboard format. It further recommends ongoing online impact monitoring and use of electronic forms for researchers to log impacts.
Similar to A Virtual Crowdsourcing Community for Open Collaboration in Science Processes (20)
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
A Virtual Crowdsourcing Community for Open Collaboration in Science Processes
1. A Virtual Crowdsourcing Community for
Open Collaboration in Science Processes
1Software Engineering for Business Information Systems, Technical University of Munich
2Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California
Felix Michel12, Yolanda Gil2, Varun Ratnakar2,Matheus Hauder1
21th Americas Conference on Information Systems 2015
Organic Data Science Framework
http://www.organicdatascience.org/
2. TECHNICAL UNIVERITY OF MUNICH | USC INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE Felix Michel 2
ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Evolution of the scientific enterprise
Evolution of the scientific enterprise from [Barabasi, 2005] extended with the
ATLAS Detector Project at the Large Hadron Collider [The ATLAS Collaboration, 2012].
Motivation
single-authorship co-authorship large number
co-authors
the community
as author
3. TECHNICAL UNIVERITY OF MUNICH | USC INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE Felix Michel 3
ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Requirements of Scientific Collaborations
Introduction
Significant organization
and coordination
Maintaining a community
over the longer term
Growing the community
based on unanticipated needs
R1:
R2:
R3:
4. TECHNICAL UNIVERITY OF MUNICH | USC INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE Felix Michel 4
ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Key objectives are:
I. Self-organization of the work
II. Sustainable on-line communities
III. Open science processes that expose
all tasks and activities publicly
Reducing the coordination effort, lower
the barriers to growing the community
Organic Data Science Framework
Approach
5. TECHNICAL UNIVERITY OF MUNICH | USC INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE Felix Michel 5
ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Social Design Principles
Selected social principles from [Kraut and Resnick 2012] for building successful online communities that can be applied to Organic Data Science.
A1: Carve a niche of interest, scoped in terms of topics,
members, activities, and purpose
A2: Relate to competing sites, integrate content
A3: Organize content, people, and activities into
subspaces once there is enough activity
A4: Highlight more active tasks
A5: Inactive tasks should have “expected active times”
A6: Create mechanisms to match people to activities
B1: Make it easy to see and track
needed contributions
B2: Ask specific people on tasks of interest to them
B3: Simple tasks with challenging goals
are easier to comply with
B4: Specify deadlines for tasks,
while leaving people in control
B5: Give frequent feedback specific to the goals
…
B10 …
C1: Cluster members to help them identify
with the community
C2: Give subgroups a name and a tagline
C3: Put subgroups in the context of a larger group
C4: Make community goals and purpose explicit
C5: Interdependent tasks increase
commitment and reduce conflict
D
D1: Members recruiting colleagues is most effective
D2: Appoint people responsible for immediate
friendly interactions
D3: Introducing newcomers to members
increases interactions
D4: Entry barriers for newcomers help
screen for commitment
D5: When small, acknowledge each new member
…
D12 …
B
A C
Approach
Starting communities
Encouraging contributions
through motivation
Encouraging commitment
Dealing with newcomers
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ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Best Practices from Polymath and Encode
Selected best practices from the Polymath [Nielsen 2012] project and lessons learned from ENCODE [Encode 2004].
E1: Permanent URLs for posts and comments, so others can refer to them
E2: Appoint a volunteer to summarize periodically
E3: Appoint a volunteer to answer questions from newcomers
E4: Low barrier of entry: make it VERY easy to comment
E5: Advance notice of tasks that are anticipated
E6: Keep few tasks active at any given time, helps focus
F1: Spine of leadership, including a few leading scientists and 1-2 operational project managers,
that resolves complex scientific and social problems and has transparent decision making
F2: Written and publicly accessible rules to transfer work between groups, to
assign credit when papers are published, to present the work
F3: Quality inspection with visibility into intermediate steps
F4: Export of data and results, integration with existing standards
E
F
Approach
Lessons learned from ENCODE
Best practices from Polymath
7. TECHNICAL UNIVERITY OF MUNICH | USC INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE Felix Michel 7
ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
The Organic Data Science Framework
Organic Data Science Wiki
8. TECHNICAL UNIVERITY OF MUNICH | USC INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE Felix Michel 8
ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Welcome Page0
Welcome Page0
Organic Data Science Wiki
A1: Carve a niche of interest, scoped in terms of
topics, members, activities, and purpose
D6: Advertise members particularly
community leaders, include pictures
D7: Provide concrete incentives to early members
E6: Keep few tasks active at any given time, helps focus
[A1, A2,A3,B7,D1, D5, D6, D7, E2, E6, F1, F2, F4]
II. Sustainable On-Line Communities
III. Opening Science Process
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ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Task Representation1
Organic Data Science Wiki
Task Representation1
B1: Make it easy to see and
track needed contributions
C3: Put subgroups in the context
of a larger group
E1: Permanent URLs for posts and
comments, so others can refer to them
[A3, A4, A6, B1, B3, B10, C2, C3, C4, C5, E1, F3]
I. Self-Organization
III. Opening Science Process
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ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Task Metadata2
Organic Data Science Wiki
Task Metadata2
A5: Inactive tasks should have "expected active times“
A6: Create mechanisms to match people to activities
B4: Specify deadlines for tasks, while leaving people in control
[A4, A5, A6, B1, B2, B4, B5, B6, C1, C2, C5, E5, F3]
I. Self-Organization
II. Sustainable On-Line Communities
III. Opening Science Process
AMCIS
eScience
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ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Task Status (Progress Estimation)
PIHM model Documentation
Calibrating …90%
85%
80%
70% 80% 90%
90%
Low-level Task
Low uncertainty in estimation
Estimated by users
90%
90%
90%
Medium-level Task
Medium uncertainty in estimation
Average of its Subtasks
High-level Task
High uncertainty in the estimation
Linear progress based
on start and target date
90%
95%
Task metadata is used
to estimate the progress
and status of tasks
Legend
The abstraction level of a parent
node/task can be equal or higher
but not lower.
Rule:
Organic Data Science Wiki
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ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Task Navigation3
Organic Data Science Wiki
Task Navigation3
B1: Make it easy to see and
track needed contributions
C3: Put subgroups in the
context of a larger group
F3: Quality inspection with
visibility into intermediate steps
[B1, B4, B10, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F3]
I. Self-Organization
III. Opening Science Process
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ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Timeline Navigation6
Organic Data Science Wiki
Timeline Navigation6
A5: Inactive tasks should have "expected active times“
B5: Give frequent feedback specific to the goals
E5: Advance notice of tasks that are anticipated
[A5, B1, B5, E5, F3]
I. Self-Organization
III. Opening Science Process
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ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Task Alert7
Organic Data Science Wiki
Task Alert7
B1: Make it easy to see and
track needed contributions
B4: Specify deadlines for tasks,
while leaving people in control
[B1, B4]
I. Self-Organization
II. Sustainable On-Line Communities
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ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
User Tasks and Expertise9
Organic Data Science Wiki
User Tasks and Expertise9
B2: Ask specific people on
tasks of interest to them
C1: Cluster members to help them
identify with the community
C5: Interdependent tasks increase
commitment a. reduce conflict
[B1, B2, B5, B8, B10, C1, C5]
I. Self-Organization
II. Sustainable On-Line Communities
III. Opening Science Process
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ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Task State10
Organic Data Science Wiki
Task State
B1: Make it easy to see and track needed contributions
B5: Give frequent feedback specific to the goals
E5: Advance notice of tasks that are anticipated
[B1, B5, E5, F3]
I. Self-Organization
II. Sustainable On-Line Communities
III. Opening Science Process
10
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ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Train New Members11
Organic Data Science Wiki
Train New Members
D3: Introducing newcomers to
members increases interactions
D8: Design common learning
experiences for newcomers
D9: Design clear sequence of
stages to newcomers
[D2, D3, D4, D8, D9, D10, D11, D12, E3, E4]
II. Sustainable On-Line Communities
III. Opening Science Process
11
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ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Mapping Features, Objectives and Social Principles
Welcome Page A1, A2, A3, B7, D1, D5, D6, D7, E2, E6, F1, F2, E4
Task Representation A3, A4, A6, B1, B3, B10, C2, C3, C4, C5, E1, E5, F3
Task Metadata A4, A5, A6, B1, B2, B4, B5, B6, C1, C2, C5, F3
Task Navigation B1, B4, B10, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F3
Personal Worklist A4, B1, B4, C3
Subtask Navigation B1, B5, B9, B10 C5, F3
Timeline Navigation A4, A5, B1, B5, E5, F3
Task Alert B1, B4
Task Management A3, B3, B10, F3
User Tasks and Expertise B1, B2, B5, B8, B10, C1, C5
Task State B1, B5, E5
Training New Members D2, D3, D4, D8, D9, D10, D11, D12, E3, E4
Social Principles
and Best Practices
Organic Data Science
Features
11
Organic Data Science Wiki
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ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Is the Framework Helping Users Organize their Work?
13
33
27
32
11
6
0 1 2 3 4 5
NumberofTasks
(a) Number of ancestors
31
3 2
61
4
1
0 1 2
(b) Num
Tasks
Tasks
Subtask Hierarchies
Evaluation
10 Weeks:
122 Tasks
Task pages accessed
2,900 times
Person pages
accesses 328 times
One paper was
written with the
ODS framework
19,000 log entries
used for evaluation
20. TECHNICAL UNIVERITY OF MUNICH | USC INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE Felix Michel 20
ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Is the Framework Helping to Create Communities?
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
PercentageofTasks
Number of
Different Persons
14%
3%
14%
21%
48%
31T
8T
32T
47T
111T
1%
13%
32%
30%
24%
1T
14T
36T
33T
27T
0%
1%
2%
16%
81%
0T
1T
3T
25T
126T
1%
0%
1%
10%
88%
2T
0T
3T
25T
210T
T = Number of Tasks
How many
tasks are viewed
by more than
one person?
How many tasks
have more than
one person
signed up?
How many tasks
have more than
one person editing
task metadata?
How many tasks
have more than
one person editing
their content?
Evaluation
21. TECHNICAL UNIVERITY OF MUNICH | USC INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE Felix Michel 21
ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Is the Framework Helping to Open the Science Processes?
Evaluation
Organic Data Science
Collaboration Graph
Number of tasks in common
= edge strength
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ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Conclusions
Conclusion
The Organic Data Science Framework provides
a task-centered organization
incorporates social design principles
open exposure of scientific processes
Future work: Analyzing the evolution of
the communities in quantitative terms.
23. TECHNICAL UNIVERITY OF MUNICH | USC INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE Felix Michel 23
ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Thank You
https://github.com/IKCAP/organicdatascience
Organic Data Science Framework
http://www.organicdatascience.org/
Development
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge funding from the US National Science Foundation under grant IIS-1344272.
24. TECHNICAL UNIVERITY OF MUNICH | USC INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE Felix Michel 24
ApproachIntroductionMotivation Organic Data Science Wiki Evaluation Conclusion
Task Management8
Organic Data Science Wiki
Task Management8
A3: Organize content, people, and
activities into subspaces once
there is enough activity
F3: Quality inspection with visibility
into intermediate steps
[A3, B3, B10, F3]
I. Self-Organization
Editor's Notes
Galileo, Newton, Darwin and Einstein published fundamental work
single-authorship
Watson and Crick made progress on unscrambling the DNA’s structure
co-authorship
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortiumlarge number co-authors
ATLAS Detector Project at the Large Hadron Collider in CERNthe community as author
R1: Significant organization and coordination
R1.1: Support ad-hoc processes
R1.2: Show responsibilities and commitments
R1.3: Transparent workflow progress
R1.4: Support hierarchical structures of tasks
R2: Maintaining a community over the longer term
R2.1: Highlighting the importance of individuals expertise
R2.2: Supporting the creation of new communities of practice
R2.3: Understandable and adaptable for needs of specific groups
R3: Growing the community based on unanticipated needs
R3.1: Incorporate new participants as their expertise become relevant to the problem
R3.2: Formulating new tasks as the groups make progress and understand what is needed
R3.3: Creating mechanisms to learn about the work of others
The Web was originally developed to support collaboration in science. Although scientists benefit from many forms of collaboration on the Web (e.g., blogs, wikis, forums, code sharing, etc.), most collaborative projects are coordinated over email, phone calls, and in-person meetings. Our goal is to develop a collaborative infrastructure for scientists to work on complex science questions that require multi-disciplinary contributions to gather and analyze data, that cannot occur without significant coordination to synthesize findings, and that grow organically to accommodate new contributors as needed as the work evolves over time. Our approach is to develop an organic data science framework based on a task-centered organization of the collaboration, includes principles from social sciences for successful on-line communities, and exposes an open science process. Our approach is implemented as an extension of a semantic wiki platform, and captures formal representations of task decomposition structures, relations between tasks and users, and other properties of tasks, data, and other relevant science objects. All these entities are captured through the semantic wiki user interface, represented as semantic web objects, and exported as linked data.
, through an interface that supports scientists to organize joint tasks and to easily track where they can contribute and when
through an interface that incorporates principles from social sciences research on successful on-line collaborations, including best practices for retention and growth of the community
through an interface that captures new kinds of metadata about the collaboration so all participants (especially newcomers) can immediately catch up with the work being done
A1: Carve a niche of interest, scoped in terms of topics, members, activities, and purpose [w]
A2: Relate to competing sites, integrate content
A3: Organize content, people, and activities into subspaces once there is enough activity
B7: Stress benefits of contribution,
D1: Members recruiting colleagues is most effective
D5: When small, acknowledge each new member
D6: Advertise members particularly community leaders, include pictures [w]
D7: Provide concrete incentives to early members [w]
E2: Appoint a volunteer to summarize periodicallyE6: Keep few tasks active at any given time, helps focus
F1: Spine of leadership, including a few leading scientists and 1-2 operational project managers, that resolves complex scientific and social problems and has transparent decision making
F2: Written and publicly accessible rules to transfer work between groups, to assign credit when papers are published, to present the work [w]
F4: Export of data and results, integration with existing standards
A3: Organize content, people, and activities into subspaces once there is enough activity
A4: Highlight more active tasks
A6: Create mechanisms to match people to activities
B1: Make it easy to see and track needed contributions [w]
B3: Simple tasks with challenging goals are easier to comply with [w]
B10: People are more willing to contribute: 1) when group is small, 2) when committed to the group, 3) when their contributions are unique
C2: Give subgroups a name and a tagline
C3: Put subgroups in the context of a larger group [w]
C4: Make community goals and purpose explicit
C5: Interdependent tasks increase commitment a. reduce conflict
E1: Permanent URLs for posts and comments, so others can refer to them [w]
F3: Quality inspection w. visibility into intermediate steps
A4: Highlight more active tasks
A5: Inactive tasks should have "expected active times“ [w]
A6: Create mechanisms to match people to activities [w]
B1: Make it easy to see and track needed contributions [w]
B2: Ask specific people on tasks of interest to them
B4: Specify deadlines for tasks, while leaving people in control [w]
B5: Give frequent feedback specific to the goals [w]
B6: Requests coming from leaders lead to more contributions
C1: Cluster members to help them identify with the community
C2: Give subgroups a name and a tagline
E5: Advance notice of tasks that are anticipated
F3: Quality inspection w. visibility into intermediate steps
high-level - such as the major tasks at the project level.
Medium-level - such as activities within the project that are decomposed into several subtasks.
Low-level - small well-defined tasks that can be accomplished in a short time period.
B1: Make it easy to see and track needed contributions [w]
B4: Specify deadlines for tasks, while leaving people in control
B10: People are more willing to contribute: 1) when group is small, 2) when committed to the group, 3) when their contributions are unique
C1: Cluster members to help them identify with the community
C2: Give subgroups a name and a tagline
C3: Put subgroups in the context of a larger group [w]
C4: Make community goals and purpose explicit
C5: Interdependent tasks increase commitment a. reduce conflict
F3: Quality inspection w. visibility into intermediate steps [w]
A5: Inactive tasks should have "expected active times“ [w]
B1: Make it easy to see and track needed contributions
B5: Give frequent feedback specific to the goals [w]
E5: Advance notice of tasks that are anticipated [w]
F3: Quality inspection with. visibility into intermediate steps
B1: Make it easy to see and track needed contributions
B4: Specify deadlines for tasks, while leaving people in control
B1: Make it easy to see and track needed contributions
B2: Ask specific people on tasks of interest to them [w]
B5: Give frequent feedback specific to the goals
B8: Give (small, intangible) rewards tied to performance (not just for signing up) [w]
B10: People are more willing to contribute: 1) when group is small, 2) when committed to the group, 3) when their contributions are unique
C1: Cluster members to help them identify with the community [w]
C5: Interdependent tasks increase commitment a. reduce conflict [w]
B1: Make it easy to see and track needed contributions
B5: Give frequent feedback specific to the goals
E5: Advance notice of tasks that are anticipated
F3: Quality inspection w. visibility into intermediate steps
D2: Appoint people responsible for immediate friendly interactions
D3: Introducing newcomers to members increases interactions [w]
D4: Entry barriers for newcomers help screen for commitment
D8: Design common learning experiences for newcomers [w]
D9: Design clear sequence of stages to newcomers [w]
D10: Newcomers go through experiences to learn community rules
D11: Provide sandboxes for newcomers while they are learning
D12: Progressive access controls reduce harm while learning
E3: Appoint a volunteer to answer questions from newcomers
E4: Low barrier of entry: make it VERY easy to comment
We have specific hypotheses about how the maturity of the project will affect the management of tasks, about how the growth of the communities will affect the amount of on-line coordination that occurs, and about the task structure as the scope of the work increases.
A3: Organize content, people, and activities into subspaces once there is enough activity
B3: Simple tasks with challenging goals are easier to comply with
B10: People are more willing to contribute: 1) when group is small, 2) when committed to the group, 3) when their contributions are unique
F3: Quality inspection w. visibility into intermediate steps