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Nexgen Technology Address:
Nexgen Technology
No :66,4th cross,Venkata nagar,
Near SBI ATM,
Puducherry.
Email Id: praveen@nexgenproject.com.
www.nexgenproject.com
Mobile: 9751442511,9791938249
Telephone: 0413-2211159.
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Key-exposure resistance has always been an important issue for in-depth cyber defence in many security applications. Recently, how to deal with the key exposure problem in the settings of cloud storage auditing has been proposed and studied. To address the challenge, existing solutions all require the client to update his secret keys in every time period, which may inevitably bring in new local burdens to the client, especially those with limited computation resources such as mobile phones. In this paper, we focus on how to make the key updates as transparent as possible for the client and propose a new paradigm called cloud storage auditing with verifiable outsourcing of key updates. In this paradigm, key updates can be safely outsourced to some authorized party, and thus the key-update burden on the client will be kept minimal. Specifically, we leverage the third party auditor (TPA) in many existing public auditing designs, let it play the role of authorized party in our case, and make it in charge of both the storage auditing and the secure key updates for key-exposure resistance. In our design, TPA only needs to hold an encrypted version of the client’s secret key, while doing all these burdensome tasks on behalf of the client. The client only needs to download the encrypted secret key from the TPA when uploading new files to cloud. Besides, our design also equips the client with capability to further verify the validity of the encrypted secret keys provided by TPA. All these salient features are carefully designed to make the whole auditing procedure with key exposure resistance as transparent as possible for the client. We formalize the definition and the security model of this paradigm. The security proof and the performance simulation show that our detailed design instantiations are secure and efficient.
IRJET- Analysis of Cloud Security and Performance for Leakage of Critical...IRJET Journal
1) The DROPS methodology divides files into fragments and replicates each fragment to different cloud nodes to improve security and performance of outsourced data. Each node stores only a single fragment, so a successful attack would not reveal meaningful information.
2) Nodes storing fragments are separated using graph T-coloring to restrict an attacker's ability to guess fragment locations.
3) The methodology aims to increase the effort required for an attacker to retrieve data after intrusion while minimizing data loss. It evaluates both security and performance when securing and managing outsourced data in the cloud.
Identifying and analyzing security threats to virtualized cloud computing inf...IBM222
I found this recent paper on IEEE, it has very good information about cloud security, privacy challenges, latest threats and vulnerabilities. Solution to overcome cloud security and privacy issues are also discussed in this paper. It also discusses the virtualized cloud infrastructures, attack surface and how they are designed or developed.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research thesis that proposes a trusted cloud computing platform (TCCP) to address critical security issues in cloud computing. The TCCP is designed to provide a closed box execution environment for virtual machines to guarantee confidentiality and integrity of computations outsourced to infrastructure as a service cloud providers. It allows customers to remotely verify whether a cloud provider's backend is running a trusted TCCP implementation before launching a virtual machine. The TCCP leverages advances in trusted computing technologies to securely manage virtual machines and cloud infrastructure through protocols for node registration and virtual machine launch and migration. The goal of the TCCP is to extend the capabilities of traditional trusted platforms to the complex, distributed environments of cloud computing infra
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes security vulnerabilities in the Xen hypervisor virtualization platform. It describes two attacks:
1) A denial of service attack where a malicious domain can pad a large file to its kernel image, consuming significant system resources during booting and preventing other domains from accessing resources.
2) An attack where an insider with dom0 privileges can use the "dump-core" command to take a memory snapshot of a target domain, allowing extraction of plaintext passwords and sensitive data from the domain's memory.
The document analyzes these issues and argues that Xen's architecture, with the dom0 control domain having elevated privileges, is the root cause of vulnerabilities. It suggests the privileges of dom0 should be reduced to
IRJET- Improving Data Storage Security and Performance in Cloud EnvironmentIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses improving data storage security and performance in cloud environments. It proposes a middleware framework that integrates different Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) storage clouds and relies on a service level manager to split files during upload according to node computing capabilities, encrypt file segments, and decrypt and merge files for download.
2. It analyzes factors affecting the performance of the OpenStack Cinder block storage service, such as the number of API workers and storage driver selection. Distributed and encrypted storage of file segments across nodes based on their capabilities could improve both security and performance.
3. The proposed system authenticates users in OpenStack and uses block encryption of volumes, with keys provided via secure connections, to enhance security of
Cloud has major security challenges which can be a nightmare for any organization or clients. This paper published in IEEE discusses the cloud implementation security challenges with greater details. It is really a good reference for cloud security and privacy researchers.
Ensuring Distributed Accountability in the CloudSuraj Mehta
Ensuring distributed accountability for data sharing in the cloud is in short nothing
but a novel highly decentralized information accountability framework to keep track
of the actual usage of the users' data in the cloud. Cloud computing enables highly
ecient services that are easily consumed over the internet.
Key-exposure resistance has always been an important issue for in-depth cyber defence in many security applications. Recently, how to deal with the key exposure problem in the settings of cloud storage auditing has been proposed and studied. To address the challenge, existing solutions all require the client to update his secret keys in every time period, which may inevitably bring in new local burdens to the client, especially those with limited computation resources such as mobile phones. In this paper, we focus on how to make the key updates as transparent as possible for the client and propose a new paradigm called cloud storage auditing with verifiable outsourcing of key updates. In this paradigm, key updates can be safely outsourced to some authorized party, and thus the key-update burden on the client will be kept minimal. Specifically, we leverage the third party auditor (TPA) in many existing public auditing designs, let it play the role of authorized party in our case, and make it in charge of both the storage auditing and the secure key updates for key-exposure resistance. In our design, TPA only needs to hold an encrypted version of the client’s secret key, while doing all these burdensome tasks on behalf of the client. The client only needs to download the encrypted secret key from the TPA when uploading new files to cloud. Besides, our design also equips the client with capability to further verify the validity of the encrypted secret keys provided by TPA. All these salient features are carefully designed to make the whole auditing procedure with key exposure resistance as transparent as possible for the client. We formalize the definition and the security model of this paradigm. The security proof and the performance simulation show that our detailed design instantiations are secure and efficient.
IRJET- Analysis of Cloud Security and Performance for Leakage of Critical...IRJET Journal
1) The DROPS methodology divides files into fragments and replicates each fragment to different cloud nodes to improve security and performance of outsourced data. Each node stores only a single fragment, so a successful attack would not reveal meaningful information.
2) Nodes storing fragments are separated using graph T-coloring to restrict an attacker's ability to guess fragment locations.
3) The methodology aims to increase the effort required for an attacker to retrieve data after intrusion while minimizing data loss. It evaluates both security and performance when securing and managing outsourced data in the cloud.
Identifying and analyzing security threats to virtualized cloud computing inf...IBM222
I found this recent paper on IEEE, it has very good information about cloud security, privacy challenges, latest threats and vulnerabilities. Solution to overcome cloud security and privacy issues are also discussed in this paper. It also discusses the virtualized cloud infrastructures, attack surface and how they are designed or developed.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research thesis that proposes a trusted cloud computing platform (TCCP) to address critical security issues in cloud computing. The TCCP is designed to provide a closed box execution environment for virtual machines to guarantee confidentiality and integrity of computations outsourced to infrastructure as a service cloud providers. It allows customers to remotely verify whether a cloud provider's backend is running a trusted TCCP implementation before launching a virtual machine. The TCCP leverages advances in trusted computing technologies to securely manage virtual machines and cloud infrastructure through protocols for node registration and virtual machine launch and migration. The goal of the TCCP is to extend the capabilities of traditional trusted platforms to the complex, distributed environments of cloud computing infra
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes security vulnerabilities in the Xen hypervisor virtualization platform. It describes two attacks:
1) A denial of service attack where a malicious domain can pad a large file to its kernel image, consuming significant system resources during booting and preventing other domains from accessing resources.
2) An attack where an insider with dom0 privileges can use the "dump-core" command to take a memory snapshot of a target domain, allowing extraction of plaintext passwords and sensitive data from the domain's memory.
The document analyzes these issues and argues that Xen's architecture, with the dom0 control domain having elevated privileges, is the root cause of vulnerabilities. It suggests the privileges of dom0 should be reduced to
IRJET- Improving Data Storage Security and Performance in Cloud EnvironmentIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses improving data storage security and performance in cloud environments. It proposes a middleware framework that integrates different Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) storage clouds and relies on a service level manager to split files during upload according to node computing capabilities, encrypt file segments, and decrypt and merge files for download.
2. It analyzes factors affecting the performance of the OpenStack Cinder block storage service, such as the number of API workers and storage driver selection. Distributed and encrypted storage of file segments across nodes based on their capabilities could improve both security and performance.
3. The proposed system authenticates users in OpenStack and uses block encryption of volumes, with keys provided via secure connections, to enhance security of
Cloud has major security challenges which can be a nightmare for any organization or clients. This paper published in IEEE discusses the cloud implementation security challenges with greater details. It is really a good reference for cloud security and privacy researchers.
Ensuring Distributed Accountability in the CloudSuraj Mehta
Ensuring distributed accountability for data sharing in the cloud is in short nothing
but a novel highly decentralized information accountability framework to keep track
of the actual usage of the users' data in the cloud. Cloud computing enables highly
ecient services that are easily consumed over the internet.
Integrating network virtualization security in OpenStack Deployments.pdfOpenStack Foundation
The document discusses the challenges of providing secure networking in public and private cloud environments. It notes that security is difficult because connectivity needs to be provided by default while preventing unwanted connections, and that security policies are harder to apply than just enabling connectivity. The document also examines issues like tenant isolation, application isolation, multitenant challenges, identity and location-based security approaches, and how to better integrate security capabilities into cloud platforms like OpenStack. It argues that security must be designed into networks from the beginning as an integrated system rather than added as an afterthought.
This document discusses planning a secure Windows Server 2003 network. It covers selecting server and desktop computers, operating systems, and security features. Some key points include categorizing computers by role, standardizing hardware, selecting an operating system based on applications and costs, and configuring security permissions for files, folders, and the registry. Domain controllers require additional security as the failure of one could disrupt the whole network. The document also discusses infrastructure servers like DNS and DHCP and how to secure them.
This document discusses 8 cloud security mechanisms:
1. Encryption protects data confidentiality during transmission using encryption keys. Symmetric encryption uses one key while asymmetric uses two keys.
2. Hashing creates a unique code to verify data integrity and detect unauthorized changes using one-way functions.
3. Digital signatures provide authentication and non-repudiation by encrypting a hash of a message with a private key.
4. PKI uses digital certificates and certificate authorities to securely associate public keys with identities.
5. IAM controls user identities and access privileges using authentication, authorization, user management, and credential management.
6. SSO allows single authentication across multiple services using tokens from a security broker.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Distributed accountability for data sharing in cloudChanakya Chandu
The document proposes a Cloud Information Accountability (CIA) framework to provide end-to-end accountability for data stored in the cloud. The CIA framework uses a logger component associated with each user's data to log all access and encrypt the logs. It also includes a log harmonizer that periodically collects encrypted logs and allows users to retrieve logs on demand for auditing purposes. The framework aims to enable data owners to track how their data is used while maintaining lightweight and decentralized logging.
SECURITY APPREHENSIONS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF CLOUD CAPTIOUS GROUNDSIJNSA Journal
Cloud computing is a new innovative model for enterprise in which information is permanently stored on the servers and also manage how and when different resources are allocate to the requested users. It provides distributed approach through which resources are allocated dynamically to the users without investing in the infrastructure or licensing the software’s on the client side. Using the cloud makes processing of information is more commodious but it also present them with new security problems about reliability.This phenomenon introduces serious problems regarding access mechanism to any information stored in the database and resources in the cloud. For the successful implementation of cloud computing it is necessary that we must know different areas where the security is needed. For this there should also governess strategy needed for secure communication between multi-clouds located in different geographical areas or in different countries. In this paper we discuss how to safely utilizing the benefit of cloud computing through the network where data security, provide authentication, integration, recovery, IP spoofing and Virtual Servers are the most captiousfields in the cloud.
Cloud computing challenges and solutionsIJCNCJournal
Cloud computing is an emerging area of computer technology that benefits form the processing power and
the computing resources of many connected, geographically distanced computers connected via Internet.
Cloud computing eliminates the need of having a complete infrastructure of hardware and software to meet
users requirements and applications. It can be thought of or considered as a complete or a partial
outsourcing of hardware and software resources. To access cloud applications, a good Internet connection
and a standard Internet browser are required. Cloud computing has its own drawback from the security
point of view; this paper aims to address most of these threats and their possible solutions.
The document discusses developing a system for smart cloud security from single to multi-clouds. It outlines the introduction, literature survey, existing systems, problem definition, software architecture, requirements, UML diagrams, SDLC process, and conclusions. The problem is ensuring security and availability when data is stored and processed across single or multiple cloud systems. The goal is to develop a system that provides features like availability even during cloud failures, ability to handle multiple requests, and data security across single or multi-cloud environments.
This document proposes a new method for improving cloud computing security using RSA encryption with Fermat's Little Theorem. RSA is widely used for encryption but has drawbacks related to key generation time. Fermat's Little Theorem can help speed up the RSA key generation process. The document discusses cloud computing concepts and challenges, related work on encryption techniques for cloud security, an overview of the RSA algorithm and its security, and how the proposed method would integrate Fermat's Little Theorem into RSA key generation to improve encryption performance for cloud computing.
Distributed firewalls have been developed to maintain the networks with a higher level of protection than conventional firewalling mechanisms like gateway and host-based fire-walls. even though distributed firewalls provide higher secu-rity, they too have boundaries. Toovercome those limitations we presenting the design & implementation of a new distrib-uted firewall model, based on stateful Cluster Security Gateway (CSG) architecture[1]. This distributed security model are implemented in bottom-up approach means each cluster of end-user hosts are secured first using the CSG architecture. These different CSGs are then centrally man-aged by the Network Administrator. A file-based firewall update mechanism is used for dynamic real- time security. IPsec protocol is used to secure the firewall policy update distribution while X.509 certificates cater for sender/receiver authentication. The major advantage of this approach is to distributed security include tamper resistance, anti-spoofing, anti-sniffing, secure up to date firewall updating, low overall network load, high scalability and low firewall junction times.
The document proposes a system that uses isolation and intrusion detection techniques to provide resistance to attacks and rapid recovery. It isolates user data in a file system virtual machine and applications in virtual machine appliances. A network virtual machine incorporates intrusion detection and firewalls. Virtual machine contracts define acceptable behavior for network, file system, and resource access and limits. The network and file system virtual machines enforce the contract rules. The system is implemented using the Xen hypervisor and is evaluated for performance and effectiveness against attacks.
TO GET THIS PROJECT COMPLETE SOURCE ON SUPPORT WITH EXECUTION PLEASE CALL BELOW CONTACT DETAILS
MOBILE: 9791938249, 0413-2211159, WEB: WWW.NEXGENPROJECT.COM,WWW.FINALYEAR-IEEEPROJECTS.COM, EMAIL:Praveen@nexgenproject.com
NEXGEN TECHNOLOGY provides total software solutions to its customers. Apsys works closely with the customers to identify their business processes for computerization and help them implement state-of-the-art solutions. By identifying and enhancing their processes through information technology solutions. NEXGEN TECHNOLOGY help it customers optimally use their resources.
A Secure Cloud Storage System with Data Forwarding using Proxy Re-encryption ...IJTET Journal
1. The document describes a secure cloud storage system that uses proxy re-encryption to allow authorized data sharing among multiple users. It focuses on privacy issues in cloud storage and proposes a solution using proxy re-encryption.
2. Proxy re-encryption schemes allow a proxy (like a cloud server) to alter an encrypted file so that it can be decrypted by another user, without revealing the content to the proxy. The proposed system uses this to share files encrypted for one user so they can be decrypted by another authorized user.
3. The system assigns different trust levels to control what data different users can access. A high trust level allows access to more data fields, while a low trust level restricts access. This trust
Ensuring distributed accountability for data sharing in the cloudGowthami Konakanchi
This document summarizes a research paper on ensuring distributed accountability for data sharing in the cloud. The paper proposes a novel Cloud Information Accountability (CIA) framework that provides end-to-end accountability in a highly distributed fashion. The CIA framework uses programmable JAR files that can automatically log any access to user data. This allows data owners to enforce access and usage control policies on their data as it is processed remotely in the cloud. The paper describes the CIA framework and its decentralized logging mechanism in detail. It also presents experimental results demonstrating the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
A Secure Cloud Storage System with Data Forwarding using Proxy Re-encryption ...IJTET Journal
Cloud computing provides the facility to access shared resources and common support which contributes services on
demand over the network to perform operations that meet changing business needs. A cloud storage system, consisting of a collection
of storage servers, affords long-term storage services over the internet. Storing the data in a third party cloud system cause serious
concern over data confidentiality, without considering the local infrastructure limitations, the cloud services allow the user to enjoy the
cloud applications. As the different users may be working in the collaborative relationship, the data sharing becomes significant to
achieve productive benefit during the data accessing. The existing security system only focuses on the authentication; it shows that
user’s private data cannot be accessed by the fake users. To address the above cloud storage privacy issue shared authority based
privacy-preserving authentication protocol is used. In the SAPA, the shared access authority is achieved by anonymous access request
and privacy consideration, attribute based access control allows the user to access their own data fields. To provide the data sharing
among the multiple users proxy re-encryption scheme is applied by the cloud server. The privacy-preserving data access authority
sharing is attractive for multi-user collaborative cloud applications.
Fog computing extends cloud computing by providing security and data processing capabilities at the edge of the network, close to end users and devices. It aims to address issues like high latency and bandwidth usage that can occur when all data processing is done in the cloud. Fog computing deploys computing, storage, and applications between end devices and cloud data centers so that data can be processed locally when needed. This helps enable real-time applications like smart energy grids that require low latency responses by running applications on edge devices instead of sending all data to the cloud.
This document summarizes a research paper on secure data storage in the cloud using digital signature mechanisms. The paper proposes using digital signatures to authenticate data and ensure its integrity when stored in the cloud. Digital signatures are generated using a digital signature algorithm and attached to data files before being uploaded to the cloud. When users request to access a file, the cloud server will verify the digital signature using the user's public key to confirm the data has not been altered. The paper evaluates this approach through a prototype implemented using Windows Azure that demonstrates how digital signatures can help secure data stored in cloud computing environments.
Natalie Acevedo is pursuing a Bachelors of Fine Arts in Graphic Design from Sanford-Brown College in San Antonio, Texas. She has 5 years of experience creating logos for private companies using both traditional art and design software. Her technical skills include branding, identity design, typography, and print/digital advertisements. Her work experience includes freelance graphic design projects and retail jobs at Tuesday Morning and Macy's.
Integrating network virtualization security in OpenStack Deployments.pdfOpenStack Foundation
The document discusses the challenges of providing secure networking in public and private cloud environments. It notes that security is difficult because connectivity needs to be provided by default while preventing unwanted connections, and that security policies are harder to apply than just enabling connectivity. The document also examines issues like tenant isolation, application isolation, multitenant challenges, identity and location-based security approaches, and how to better integrate security capabilities into cloud platforms like OpenStack. It argues that security must be designed into networks from the beginning as an integrated system rather than added as an afterthought.
This document discusses planning a secure Windows Server 2003 network. It covers selecting server and desktop computers, operating systems, and security features. Some key points include categorizing computers by role, standardizing hardware, selecting an operating system based on applications and costs, and configuring security permissions for files, folders, and the registry. Domain controllers require additional security as the failure of one could disrupt the whole network. The document also discusses infrastructure servers like DNS and DHCP and how to secure them.
This document discusses 8 cloud security mechanisms:
1. Encryption protects data confidentiality during transmission using encryption keys. Symmetric encryption uses one key while asymmetric uses two keys.
2. Hashing creates a unique code to verify data integrity and detect unauthorized changes using one-way functions.
3. Digital signatures provide authentication and non-repudiation by encrypting a hash of a message with a private key.
4. PKI uses digital certificates and certificate authorities to securely associate public keys with identities.
5. IAM controls user identities and access privileges using authentication, authorization, user management, and credential management.
6. SSO allows single authentication across multiple services using tokens from a security broker.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Distributed accountability for data sharing in cloudChanakya Chandu
The document proposes a Cloud Information Accountability (CIA) framework to provide end-to-end accountability for data stored in the cloud. The CIA framework uses a logger component associated with each user's data to log all access and encrypt the logs. It also includes a log harmonizer that periodically collects encrypted logs and allows users to retrieve logs on demand for auditing purposes. The framework aims to enable data owners to track how their data is used while maintaining lightweight and decentralized logging.
SECURITY APPREHENSIONS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF CLOUD CAPTIOUS GROUNDSIJNSA Journal
Cloud computing is a new innovative model for enterprise in which information is permanently stored on the servers and also manage how and when different resources are allocate to the requested users. It provides distributed approach through which resources are allocated dynamically to the users without investing in the infrastructure or licensing the software’s on the client side. Using the cloud makes processing of information is more commodious but it also present them with new security problems about reliability.This phenomenon introduces serious problems regarding access mechanism to any information stored in the database and resources in the cloud. For the successful implementation of cloud computing it is necessary that we must know different areas where the security is needed. For this there should also governess strategy needed for secure communication between multi-clouds located in different geographical areas or in different countries. In this paper we discuss how to safely utilizing the benefit of cloud computing through the network where data security, provide authentication, integration, recovery, IP spoofing and Virtual Servers are the most captiousfields in the cloud.
Cloud computing challenges and solutionsIJCNCJournal
Cloud computing is an emerging area of computer technology that benefits form the processing power and
the computing resources of many connected, geographically distanced computers connected via Internet.
Cloud computing eliminates the need of having a complete infrastructure of hardware and software to meet
users requirements and applications. It can be thought of or considered as a complete or a partial
outsourcing of hardware and software resources. To access cloud applications, a good Internet connection
and a standard Internet browser are required. Cloud computing has its own drawback from the security
point of view; this paper aims to address most of these threats and their possible solutions.
The document discusses developing a system for smart cloud security from single to multi-clouds. It outlines the introduction, literature survey, existing systems, problem definition, software architecture, requirements, UML diagrams, SDLC process, and conclusions. The problem is ensuring security and availability when data is stored and processed across single or multiple cloud systems. The goal is to develop a system that provides features like availability even during cloud failures, ability to handle multiple requests, and data security across single or multi-cloud environments.
This document proposes a new method for improving cloud computing security using RSA encryption with Fermat's Little Theorem. RSA is widely used for encryption but has drawbacks related to key generation time. Fermat's Little Theorem can help speed up the RSA key generation process. The document discusses cloud computing concepts and challenges, related work on encryption techniques for cloud security, an overview of the RSA algorithm and its security, and how the proposed method would integrate Fermat's Little Theorem into RSA key generation to improve encryption performance for cloud computing.
Distributed firewalls have been developed to maintain the networks with a higher level of protection than conventional firewalling mechanisms like gateway and host-based fire-walls. even though distributed firewalls provide higher secu-rity, they too have boundaries. Toovercome those limitations we presenting the design & implementation of a new distrib-uted firewall model, based on stateful Cluster Security Gateway (CSG) architecture[1]. This distributed security model are implemented in bottom-up approach means each cluster of end-user hosts are secured first using the CSG architecture. These different CSGs are then centrally man-aged by the Network Administrator. A file-based firewall update mechanism is used for dynamic real- time security. IPsec protocol is used to secure the firewall policy update distribution while X.509 certificates cater for sender/receiver authentication. The major advantage of this approach is to distributed security include tamper resistance, anti-spoofing, anti-sniffing, secure up to date firewall updating, low overall network load, high scalability and low firewall junction times.
The document proposes a system that uses isolation and intrusion detection techniques to provide resistance to attacks and rapid recovery. It isolates user data in a file system virtual machine and applications in virtual machine appliances. A network virtual machine incorporates intrusion detection and firewalls. Virtual machine contracts define acceptable behavior for network, file system, and resource access and limits. The network and file system virtual machines enforce the contract rules. The system is implemented using the Xen hypervisor and is evaluated for performance and effectiveness against attacks.
TO GET THIS PROJECT COMPLETE SOURCE ON SUPPORT WITH EXECUTION PLEASE CALL BELOW CONTACT DETAILS
MOBILE: 9791938249, 0413-2211159, WEB: WWW.NEXGENPROJECT.COM,WWW.FINALYEAR-IEEEPROJECTS.COM, EMAIL:Praveen@nexgenproject.com
NEXGEN TECHNOLOGY provides total software solutions to its customers. Apsys works closely with the customers to identify their business processes for computerization and help them implement state-of-the-art solutions. By identifying and enhancing their processes through information technology solutions. NEXGEN TECHNOLOGY help it customers optimally use their resources.
A Secure Cloud Storage System with Data Forwarding using Proxy Re-encryption ...IJTET Journal
1. The document describes a secure cloud storage system that uses proxy re-encryption to allow authorized data sharing among multiple users. It focuses on privacy issues in cloud storage and proposes a solution using proxy re-encryption.
2. Proxy re-encryption schemes allow a proxy (like a cloud server) to alter an encrypted file so that it can be decrypted by another user, without revealing the content to the proxy. The proposed system uses this to share files encrypted for one user so they can be decrypted by another authorized user.
3. The system assigns different trust levels to control what data different users can access. A high trust level allows access to more data fields, while a low trust level restricts access. This trust
Ensuring distributed accountability for data sharing in the cloudGowthami Konakanchi
This document summarizes a research paper on ensuring distributed accountability for data sharing in the cloud. The paper proposes a novel Cloud Information Accountability (CIA) framework that provides end-to-end accountability in a highly distributed fashion. The CIA framework uses programmable JAR files that can automatically log any access to user data. This allows data owners to enforce access and usage control policies on their data as it is processed remotely in the cloud. The paper describes the CIA framework and its decentralized logging mechanism in detail. It also presents experimental results demonstrating the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
A Secure Cloud Storage System with Data Forwarding using Proxy Re-encryption ...IJTET Journal
Cloud computing provides the facility to access shared resources and common support which contributes services on
demand over the network to perform operations that meet changing business needs. A cloud storage system, consisting of a collection
of storage servers, affords long-term storage services over the internet. Storing the data in a third party cloud system cause serious
concern over data confidentiality, without considering the local infrastructure limitations, the cloud services allow the user to enjoy the
cloud applications. As the different users may be working in the collaborative relationship, the data sharing becomes significant to
achieve productive benefit during the data accessing. The existing security system only focuses on the authentication; it shows that
user’s private data cannot be accessed by the fake users. To address the above cloud storage privacy issue shared authority based
privacy-preserving authentication protocol is used. In the SAPA, the shared access authority is achieved by anonymous access request
and privacy consideration, attribute based access control allows the user to access their own data fields. To provide the data sharing
among the multiple users proxy re-encryption scheme is applied by the cloud server. The privacy-preserving data access authority
sharing is attractive for multi-user collaborative cloud applications.
Fog computing extends cloud computing by providing security and data processing capabilities at the edge of the network, close to end users and devices. It aims to address issues like high latency and bandwidth usage that can occur when all data processing is done in the cloud. Fog computing deploys computing, storage, and applications between end devices and cloud data centers so that data can be processed locally when needed. This helps enable real-time applications like smart energy grids that require low latency responses by running applications on edge devices instead of sending all data to the cloud.
This document summarizes a research paper on secure data storage in the cloud using digital signature mechanisms. The paper proposes using digital signatures to authenticate data and ensure its integrity when stored in the cloud. Digital signatures are generated using a digital signature algorithm and attached to data files before being uploaded to the cloud. When users request to access a file, the cloud server will verify the digital signature using the user's public key to confirm the data has not been altered. The paper evaluates this approach through a prototype implemented using Windows Azure that demonstrates how digital signatures can help secure data stored in cloud computing environments.
Natalie Acevedo is pursuing a Bachelors of Fine Arts in Graphic Design from Sanford-Brown College in San Antonio, Texas. She has 5 years of experience creating logos for private companies using both traditional art and design software. Her technical skills include branding, identity design, typography, and print/digital advertisements. Her work experience includes freelance graphic design projects and retail jobs at Tuesday Morning and Macy's.
Rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran (RPP) ini membahas tentang materi iman kepada Allah SWT dan Asmaul Husna. Materi akan diajarkan melalui pendekatan scientific, model pembelajaran role playing, dan metode diskusi. Peserta didik akan diberikan pengetahuan tentang iman kepada Allah, dalil naqli, dan hikmah beriman. Mereka juga akan mempelajari pengertian dan makna Asmaul Husna seperti al-'Alim, al-Khabir,
El documento proporciona información sobre la geografía y clima de varios continentes y países. Resume la ubicación, límites, clima y ventajas del continente europeo. Luego describe los factores que influyen en el clima de América como la latitud, altitud, relieve, cercanía al mar y corrientes marinas. Más adelante detalla las características de la población ecuatoriana y enumera los cinco países más poblados de Asia junto con su ubicación y cantidad de habitantes. Finalmente, identifica que Nigeria tiene la
Nexgen Technology Address:
Nexgen Technology
No :66,4th cross,Venkata nagar,
Near SBI ATM,
Puducherry.
Email Id: praveen@nexgenproject.com.
www.nexgenproject.com
Mobile: 9751442511,9791938249
Telephone: 0413-2211159.
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Providing user security guarantees in public infrastructure cloudsKamal Spring
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The infrastructure cloud (IaaS) service model offers improved resource flexibility and availability, where tenants – insulated from the minutiae of hardware maintenance – rent computing resources to deploy and operate complex systems. Large-scale services running on IaaS platforms demonstrate the viability of this model; nevertheless, many organizations operating on sensitive data avoid migrating operations to IaaS platforms due to security concerns. In this paper, we describe a framework for data and operation security in IaaS, consisting of protocols for a trusted launch of virtual machines and domain-based storage protection. We continue with an extensive theoretical analysis with proofs about protocol resistance against attacks in the defined threat model. The protocols allow trust to be established by remotely attesting host platform configuration prior to launching guest virtual machines and ensure confidentiality of data in remote storage, with encryption keys maintained outside of the IaaS domain. Presented experimental results demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed protocols. The framework prototype was implemented on a test bed operating a public electronic health record system, showing that the proposed protocols can be integrated into existing cloud environments.
Windstream Hosted Solutions: Public Cloud SecurityJason Proctor
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While cloud services can yield a number of advantages, this new model for computing also raises a few new questions.
A survey on Improvement of virtual network communication security of trusted ...ijsrd.com
Cloud computing and Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) are emerging and promising technologies, however their faster-pased adoption is hampered by data security concerns. At the same time, Trusted Computing (TC) is experiencing an increasing interest and revived interest as a security mechanism for IaaS. In this paper we present a protocol and We address the lack of an implementable mechanism to to ensure the launch of a virtual machine (VM) instance on a trusted remote compute host. Relying on Trusted Platform Module operations such as binding and sealing to provide integrity guarantees for clients that require a trusted VM launch, we have designed a trusted launch protocol for VM instances and images in public IaaS environments. We also present a proof-of-concept implementation of the protocol based on OpenStack, an open-source IaaS platform. The results provide a basis for the use of TC mechanisms within IaaS platforms and pave the way for a wider applicability of TC to IaaS security.
SVAC Firewall Restriction with Security in Cloud over Virtual EnvironmentIJTET Journal
Abstract— Cloud computing is so named for the reason that the information being accessed is found in the "clouds", it
does not entail a user to be in a precise place. Organizations found that cloud computing allows them to diminish the cost
of information management, in view of the fact that they are not obligatory to own their own servers. They can use
capacity leased from third parties. It is more important to store and to secure the data in the cloud. It plays a vital role in
the cloud. The data that can be secured by implementing SVAC (Security Virtualization Architecture for Cloud) Firewall
in the virtual environment. An effectual firewall security has been implemented for jamming and filtering the superfluous
requests coming from the clients prior to the request move towards the virtual machine. Next step is to secure the users.
During the demand dispensation, if the abuser requests the sophisticated of information from the cloud, then based on the
compensation prepared by the cloud client, they can access the data from the cloud server. This paper shows the
architecture and the unwanted request can be restricted through SVAC firewall also how the high level of data that can be
accessed by the highly authorized user.
The document summarizes a project report on implementing a model for security in the cloud using a dynamic firewall restriction algorithm. The report includes an abstract describing the proposed security architecture that provides flexible security as a service for cloud tenants and customers. It then outlines the various chapters in the report, including an introduction, literature survey, analysis, module descriptions, implementation details, future work, and conclusions. The proposed system aims to implement an effective firewall security at the tenant level to block unauthorized access and filter unwanted requests before they reach virtual machines in the cloud.
The document discusses cloud computing infrastructure models including public, private and hybrid clouds. It describes architectural layers like SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. It discusses benefits of cloud computing like reducing costs and increasing innovation. It also covers topics like cloud security, virtual networking and sample cloud architectures.
This document provides an overview of cloud computing models and platforms. It defines cloud computing and describes its key characteristics, service models, and deployment models. The objectives of cloud computing are discussed, including elasticity, on-demand usage, and pay-per-use. Common cloud platforms like Amazon EC2, S3, and RDS are introduced along with how they provide infrastructure, platform, and software services. Virtual machine provisioning workflows on cloud platforms are outlined. The cloud ecosystem is depicted showing the relationship between cloud users, management, and virtual infrastructure layers.
Security and Privacy of Sensitive Data in Cloud Computing : A Survey of Recen...csandit
Cloud computing is revolutionizing many ecosystems by providing organizations with
computing resources featuring easy deployment, connectivity, configuration, automation and
scalability. This paradigm shift raises a broad range of security and privacy issues that must be
taken into consideration. Multi-tenancy, loss of control, and trust are key challenges in cloud
computing environments. This paper reviews the existing technologies and a wide array of both
earlier and state-of-the-art projects on cloud security and privacy. We categorize the existing
research according to the cloud reference architecture orchestration, resource control, physical
resource, and cloud service management layers, in addition to reviewing the existing
developments in privacy-preserving sensitive data approaches in cloud computing such as
privacy threat modeling and privacy enhancing protocols and solutions.
SECURITY AND PRIVACY OF SENSITIVE DATA IN CLOUD COMPUTING: A SURVEY OF RECENT...cscpconf
Cloud computing is revolutionizing many ecosystems by providing organizations with computing resources featuring easy deployment, connectivity, configuration, automation and scalability. This paradigm shift raises a broad range of security and privacy issues that must be taken into consideration. Multi-tenancy, loss of control, and trust are key challenges in cloud computing environments. This paper reviews the existing technologies and a wide array of both earlier and state-of-the-art projects on cloud security and privacy. We categorize the existing research according to the cloud reference architecture orchestration, resource control, physical resource, and cloud service management layers, in addition to reviewing the existing developments in privacy-preserving sensitive data approaches in cloud computing such as privacy threat modeling and privacy enhancing protocols and solutions.
This document discusses security issues related to cloud computing. It begins with an introduction to cloud computing models including Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). It then discusses potential security attacks to clouds like denial of service attacks and man-in-the-middle attacks. Security concerns with moving data and applications to the cloud are outlined. Techniques for securely publishing data in the cloud are also presented. The document concludes that security in cloud computing is challenging due to the complexity of clouds but that assurance of secure and mission-critical operations is important.
This document discusses cloud computing and related topics. It begins with definitions of cloud computing and cloud storage. It then covers cloud architecture, virtualization, cloud services and service models (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS). The document discusses private, public and hybrid cloud types and provides examples. It also discusses cloud management strategies and tools. Opportunities and challenges of cloud computing are presented.
Cloud computing is very useful then also its own set of cons discourage cloud users to choose them as a best option. The multitenant architecture of cloud exposed to several threats such as improper trust management at service provider site, Storage security, Shared technology vulnerabilities, data lost/leakage during transit, unauthorized access of data. This paper studied review work on cloud steganography.
Migration of Virtual Machine to improve the Security in Cloud Computing IJECEIAES
Cloud services help individuals and organization to use data that are managed by third parties or another person at remote locations. With the increase in the development of cloud computing environment, the security has become the major concern that has been raised more consistently in order to move data and applications to the cloud as individuals do not trust the third party cloud computing providers with their private and most sensitive data and information. This paper presents, the migration of virtual machine to improve the security in cloud computing. Virtual machine (VM) is an emulation of a particular computer system. In cloud computing, virtual machine migration is a useful tool for migrating operating system instances across multiple physical machines. It is used to load balancing, fault management, low-level system maintenance and reduce energy consumption. Virtual machine (VM) migration is a powerful management technique that gives data center operators the ability to adapt the placement of VMs in order to better satisfy performance objectives, improve resource utilization and communication locality, achieve fault tolerance, reduce energy consumption, and facilitate system maintenance activities. In the migration based security approach, proposed the placement of VMs can make enormous difference in terms of security levels. On the bases of survivability analysis of VMs and Discrete Time Markov Chain (DTMC) analysis, we design an algorithm that generates a secure placement arrangement that the guest VMs can moves before succeeds the attack.
Using Virtualization Technique to Increase Security and Reduce Energy Consump...IJORCS
An approach has been presented in this paper in order to generate a secure environment on internet Based Virtual Computing platform and also to reduce energy consumption in green cloud computing. The proposed approach constantly checks the accuracy of stored data by means of a central control service inside the network environment and also checks system security through isolating single virtual machines using a common virtual environment. This approach has been simulated on two types of Virtual Machine Manager (VMM) Quick EMUlator (Qemu), HVM (Hardware Virtual Machine) Xen and outputs of the simulation in VMInsight show that when service is getting singly used, the overhead of its performance will be increased. As a secure system, the proposed approach is able to recognize malicious behaviors and assure service security by means of operational integrity measurement. Moreover, the rate of system efficiency has been evaluated according to the amount of energy consumption on five applications (Defragmentation, Compression, Linux Boot Decompression and Kernel Boot). Therefore, this has been resulted that to secure multi-tenant environment, managers and supervisors should independently install a security monitoring system for each Virtual Machines (VMs) which will come up to have the management heavy workload of. While the proposed approach, can respond to all VM’s with just one virtual machine as a supervisor.
This document proposes a new security architecture for cloud computing environments that addresses various security gaps. It presents a hybrid technique combining Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) for encryption and decryption with random key generation. QKD provides more flexibility for communication through attack detection, while addressing shortcomings of each individual approach like limited distance of QKD and key availability issues of AES. The new approach aims to provide a more trusted cloud communication environment.
This document provides an overview of cloud computing, including its structure, categories, architecture, storage, security, and deployment models. It defines cloud computing as relying on sharing hardware and software resources over a network rather than local devices. The cloud computing architecture has a front end that users interact with and a back end comprising various computers, servers, and storage devices that make up "the cloud." It also discusses cloud storage architecture, reference models, and ensuring security for data in transit, at rest, and through authentication and access control.
Cloud technology to ensure the protection of fundamental methods and use of i...SubmissionResearchpa
A comparative analysis of attacks carried out in cloud technologies, the main methods and methods of information protection, the possibilities of using hardware and software, and methods to combat threats when eliminating them, ensuring data protection were carried out by Mamarajabov Odil Elmurzayevich 2020. Cloud technology to ensure the protection of fundamental methods and use of information. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 10 (Oct. 2020), 313-315. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i10.780 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/780/750 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/780
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A Trusted IaaS Environment with Hardware Security Module
1. A TRUSTED IAAS ENVIRONMENT
WITH HARDWARE SECURITY MODULE
Abstract—With the proliferation of cloud computing, security concerns about
confidentiality violations of user data by the privileged domain and system
administrators have been growing. This paper proposes secure cloud architecture
with a hardware security module, which isolates cloud user data from potentially
malicious privileged domains or cloud administrators. Within a securely isolated
execution environment, the hardware security module provides essential security
functionality with only restricted interfaces exposed to vulnerable management
systems or cloud administrators. Such restriction prevents cloud administrators
from affecting the security of guest VMs. The proposed architecture not only
defends against wide attack vectors but also achieves a small TCB. This paper
discusses our hardware and software implementation of the proposed cloud
architecture, analyzes its security, and presents its performance results.
EXISTING SYSTEM:
2. There have been many prior studies that aimed to enhance the security of cloud
architecture. Here, we discuss several studies focused on hardening virtualization
environments and enhancing the security of guest VMs, followed by enforcement
to launch VMs on a verified platform. Hardening virtualization components. To
enable virtualization, VMM and a privileged domain are essential components.
Hardening such components is a stepping stone toward the security of
virtualization. Bleikertz et al. protects VMM by a policy enforcement scheme
adopted in SELinux. Several studies focused on reducing TCB since a small TCB
implies that the system has a narrow attack surface. Murray et al. reconstructed
privileged domain components to reduce TCB. Since the security processes in the
privileged domain were moved to a separated domain and the domain was smaller
than the privileged domain, overall TCB was reduced. Gebhardt et al. exploited
Virtual Machine eXtension (VMX) for hardening VMM. By segregating code
blocks in VMM by hardware, the TCB of the overall system was reduced.
Enhancing the security of guest VMs. Since the concept of cloud-box execution
was introduced, several implementations have been proposed. To ensure an
execution environment protected from a compromised privileged domain and a
malicious administrator, an addition domain or a modified VMM was used.
However, to secure storage of guest VMs, a cloud user should encrypt VM images
or should deliver a master key for cryptographic operations. That such actions were
3. burdens for cloud users was not considered in prior work. In contrast, the proposed
system deploys VMs with pre-made images in a cloud repository and delivers
cryptographic keys by a cloud system. Thus, cloud users are free from such
burdens. Adopting an additional domain provides flexibility to manage guest VMs,
such as for encrypting images and for virtual machine introspection (VMI).
PROPOSED SYSTEM:
In this paper makes the following contributions.
_ We propose a trusted cloud system providing restricted interfaces to cloud
administrators. By providing a hardware security module supporting special
storage which is inaccessible to cloud administrators, security-critical data in the
hardware are isolated. Such restriction prevents malicious cloud administrators
from a_ecting the security
of guest VMs.
_ The proposed system provides a secure connection scheme between a user and an
allocated VM. Is also enables a cloud user to verify the allocated VM as well as the
VMM where the allocated VM runs before the first connection. Moreover, the
connection between a cloud user and an allocated VM is secured by exchanging
keys.
4. _ The proposed system provides a secure storage scheme. To protect VM guest
images from cloud administrators, the cloud system should isolate the
cryptographic environment as well as a cryptographic key and integrity data. Since
the cryptographic environment is not by privileged domains, VM images of guest
VMs are protected in the proposed system.
_ The proposed system provides a secure management scheme. Since a
management operation is triggered by a cloud user, and the result of the operation
is reported to the user, a cloud user knows the exact VM state. Therefore, cloud
administrators cannot change the VM state at their discretion.
_ The protocols in this paper are verified by an automatic protocol verification
tool. When a communication protocol is not designed correctly, a malicious entity
can compromise the protocol and take control of communication. We verified that
the protocols are correctly designed with an automatic verification tool.
Module 1
Cloud computing
Cloud computing refers to both the applications delivered as services over the
Internet and the hardware and systems software in the datacenters that provide
those services. There are four basic cloud delivery models, as outlined by NIST
(Badger et al., 2011), based on who provides the cloud services. The agencies may
5. employ one model or a combination of different models for efficient and optimized
delivery of applications and business services. These four delivery models are: (i)
Private cloud in which cloud services are provided solely for an organization and
are managed by the organization or a third party. These services may exist off-site.
(ii) Public cloud in which cloud services are available to the public and owned by
an organization selling the cloud services, for example, Amazon cloud service. (iii)
Community cloud in which cloud services are shared by several organizations for
supporting a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security
requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). These services may be
managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist offsite. A Special case
of Community cloud is The Government or G-Cloud. This type of cloud
computing is provided by one or more agencies (service provider role), for use by
all, or most, government agencies (user role). (iv) Hybrid cloud which is a
composition of different cloud computing infrastructure (public, private or
community). An example for hybrid cloud is the data stored in private cloud of a
travel agency that is manipulated by a program running in the public cloud.
Module 2
System Design
6. We propose a new cloud architecture protecting the security of guest VMs against
potentially malicious cloud administrators by isolating security-critical processes.
This isolation is accomplished by providing restricted interfaces to a privileged
domain. This architectural isolation guarantees that: a) a secure connection exists
between a cloud user and an allocated VM, b) a secure cryptographic environment
exists for VM images as well as for cryptographic keys and integrity (hash) data,
and c) there is a secure management of guest VMs. The proposed cloud
architecture includes cloud nodes and a trusted 3rd party authority called device
authority (DA). DA verifies each cloud node and lets a cloud user know whether a
VM of the cloud user is running on a verified node. Each cloud node consists of a
VMM called Trusted VMM (TVMM) and of a hardware security. TVMM is a
security-enhanced VMM isolating several data for guest VMs from cloud
administrators. TVMM encrypts the guest VM images with cryptographic keys
delivered by TCM, and enables a secure connection between a cloud user and an
allocated VM. TVMM also validates a management operation triggered by a cloud
user. TCM is a hardware based security module supporting an isolated
environment, and performs several security processes, such as signing and
validation checking, within the isolated environment. TCM also provides special
storage for keys and data. The biggest difference from existing security hardware is
the privilege on the storage. A single root user (a cloud administrator in a cloud
7. service context) has a root privilege on the storage of existing security hardware,
whereas a cloud user has a privilege only on their TCM data. Therefore, the data in
storage can neither be accessed nor deleted, even by a cloud administrator. In
particular, the proposed architecture provides the following capabilities.
_ Interface isolation: The proposed system provides restricted interfaces to a
privileged domain to isolate security-critical processes and data from the privileged
domain. It also provides security-critical interfaces only to a verified VMM.
_ Secure connection: The proposed system guarantees a secure connection between
a cloud user and an allocated VM.
_ Secure storage: The proposed system guarantees a protected cryptographic
environment for guest VM images.
_ Secure management: The proposed system delegates a VM management
privilege to a cloud user, and provides a way to check the completion of the
management request.
Module 3
Interface isolation
8. The main goal of the propose architecture is to isolate security critical processes
and data from cloud administrators. Since the proposed architecture does not count
on privileged domains, security processes are performed in TCM and TVMM.
Therefore, the private data in TCM are accessed only by TCM itself and TVMM.
On the other hand, a privileged domain also needs to access TCM for system
managements. Accessing TCM from a privileged domain, however, jeopardizes
the security of guest VMs. To resolve this dilemma, the proposed system supports
dual interfaces which expose different interfaces, management and security-critical
interfaces, to a privileged domain and TVMM respectively. Management interface
is a set of interfaces for initiating VM creation, destruction, and attestation.
Therefore, the management interface is used by a privileged domain and includes
following functions which are unrelated to accessing private data of guest VMs.
Although the privileged domain initiates the management operations, any security-
sensitive operations are conducted within TCM, protecting the private data.
Measurement and reporting: TCM supports an attestation function including
system measurement and reporting as TPM does. TCM stores system measurement
values in special registers called platform configuration registers (PCRs) and
returns a quoted blob. Since the measurement values are the calculated hash values
of platform software stacks, an external entity is able to attest the platform where
TCM is equipped.
9. _ Entrusted attestation: After the system boots, only measurement and reporting
and entrusted attestation functions are available to a privileged domain, but other
functions remain unavailable. They become available only after verifying system
states with the entrusted attestation performed via the management interface.
_ Managing VSC: TCM maintains a data structure called VM security context
(VSC), which contains securitycritical data for each VM. VSC has cryptographic
keys for disk encryption, and has the integrity data of VM images. Even though the
keys and integrity data are read and modified via a security-critical interface,
allocation and deallocation are accomplished via the management interface.
Security critical interface is accessible only from the verified TVMM to provide
security related functionality. To be specific, the following functions are provided.
_ Accessing cryptographic keys and integrity data: TCM creates cryptographic
keys for VM images and integrity data of the images, and stores them in VSC. The
keys and integrity data are accessible from TVMM, which is verified with the
entrusted attestation scheme before accessing the keys and integrity data.
_ Signing initial guest image hash: To guarantee that a cloud user connects to a
correct VM on the attested platform, the user should be able to check the initial
guest image hash. The guest image hash is signed by the AIK of TCM to prevent
forgery, and is verified by DA afterwards. This function is used for the secure
connection between users and TCM, as described in the following section.
10. _ Management request validation: A cloud user sends a management operation to a
cloud node. When such an operation is not triggered by a valid cloud user, the VM
state of a cloud user could be changed arbitrarily. Thus, this function is used for
validating the owner of a guest VM as described in x3.4. In the proposed system
architecture, the system BIOS, bootloader, and VMM are also part of the TCB, in
addition to TCM. Although TCM itself is verified and cannot be changed in an
isolated environment, the other system software stack must be verified to guarantee
the trustworthiness of the entire cloud system. TCM grants VMM accesses to
security sensitive services only if the VMM is verified to be a known-correct
TVMM. Since the TVMM denies any access from a privileged
Module 4
Secure connection
To establish a secure connection between a cloud user and an allocated VM, there
are three equirements. First, a cloud user should attest the platform where the
allocated VM is running. Second, a cloud user should attest the allocated VM
images. Third, a cloud user should receive a VM server key (e.g., SSH server key
of the VM) and set a user key (e.g., user key of SSH server) securely in the
allocated VM. To meet these requirements, we define a secure connection protocol
11. and summarize keys in the protocol. Since platform information and VM image
information includes ash values that a cloud user does not know, the cloud user
communicates to DA and DA translates such hash values into human recognizable
information according to the protocol. DA communicates to TCM with a session
key created by the entrusted verification protocol. During the entrusted verification
process, DA attests the platform meeting the first requirement. To meet the second
requirement, the proposed system stores the hashes of initial images during initial
deployment, and the hashes are verified by DA afterward to ensure the initial
integrity of VM images. In most cloud services, pre-made VM images are used to
launch a new VM. Even though they exist as unencrypted images in the cloud
repository, they are encrypted with a cryptographic key in VSC before the first
launch. During the encryption process, the initial integrity hash value is calculated
and stored in VSC. The hash value is delivered to DA in Step 9, and DA translates
the hash value to VM image information such as OS version and software stacks.
The VM image information is delivered to the cloud user in Step 10 and the cloud
user is able to check the allocated VM images. To meet the third requirement, a
VM server key and a user key are also exchanged securely with the proposed
protocol. For major cloud service vendors, cloud systems create user keys and
stores them in their server. Afterwards, an allocated VM downloads the user key
via HTTP. Accordingly, cloud administrators can access the stored user key.
12. Contrary to such an approach, with the proposed protocol, a cloud user creates a
pair of cryptographic keys and delivers the public part of the key to the allocated
VM. The user key is denoted by UK. Since the user key is asymmetric, the private
part of the user key is and is never revealed. The VM server key denoted by VK is
created by the OS of the allocated VM and is delivered to the cloud user via the
protocol. Therefore, only the cloud user is able to connect to the allocated VM.
Once a VM server key and a user key are exchanged, the communication between
a cloud user and an allocated VM is secured by a public key protocol such as the
Needham- Schroeder-Lowe protocol.
CONCLUSION
Security is a primary consideration for cloud users. Even though security threats by
cloud administrators are feasible
and critical, cloud service providers are mainly concerned with security threats
from external attacks rather than internal attacks. This viewpoint hinders the
proliferation of cloud computing. In this paper was presented a cloud system
architecture consisting of TCM and TVMM to prevent cloud administrators from
a_ecting the security of guest VMs. As the architecture isolates the data of cloud
users from cloud administrators, the data of cloud users are protected even with a
13. compromised privileged domain or malicious cloud administrators. The proposed
system provides security functionality against wide attack vectors and achieves a
small TCB. It also shows reasonable I/O performance, proving its feasibility.
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