This document discusses a study on corporate governance and corporate social responsibility practices in selected healthcare organizations. It explores the relationships between corporate governance, clinical governance, organizational climate, and corporate social responsibility. Previous research has shown connections between these areas but examined them separately; this study analyzes the relationships and issues organizations face in implementing them. The document reviews literature on defining corporate governance and how it relates to clinical governance, organizational climate, and social responsibility in healthcare contexts.
Sustainable Leadership Competency Model Leading To Business Growth and Develo...inventionjournals
This study identified a sustainable leadership competency model leading to business growth and development for developing healthcare executives in Kolkata, India based on the Healthcare Leadership (HL) Model. Eleven chief executive officers and chief medical officers were interviewed. They considered 86% of the Healthcare Leadership (HL) competencies as very important or vital and perceived a gap in the performance of these competencies. They also identified additional vital competencies beyond the scope of the model. Participants also reported that leadership development and succession planning programs were lacking. Recommendations are to design a leadership development program using the HL model as a framework and further customizing the approach as per the organization’s unique mission, vision, strategy, values, and circumstances. The HL is offered as a general strategy for leader development that could be useful in the growth and development of Indian private healthcare industry, based on some “best practices” in the design and implementation of the leadership programs.
The Effect of Good Corporate Governance Characteristics on Corporate Social R...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Environmental accounting uses all costs incurred by the company through Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) funds and recording the use of these funds as the basis for reporting. Disclosure of
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is carried out in order to fulfill the environmental and social interests of
the company in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited
Liability Companies. This study aims to analyze the effect of Good Corporate Governance on the Corporate
Social Responsibility Disclosure. This research was conducted on agricultural sub-sector companies listed on
the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016-2020. The sample was determined by purposive sampling as many as
75 financial statements as observations. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis.
Good Corporate Governance research results have a simultaneous effect on Corporate Social Responsibility,
board of commissioners size, board of directors gender, the proportion of the audit committee, managerial
ownership, and institutional ownership have a positive effect on the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Disclosure. The implications of this research theoretically provide support for Agency Theory and the findings
of previous studies. Practically, this research has implications for companies in the agricultural sub-sector to
synergize in creating credibility and being accountable to investors, the community, and the government.
KEYWORDS: Good Corporate Governance, Corporate Social Responsibility
7FNCE044W Predictive Analysis For Decision Making.docxsdfghj21
The document discusses corporate social responsibility and its relationship to financial returns. It begins by defining corporate social responsibility and explaining its potential benefits, such as an enhanced reputation and attracting investments. It then reviews existing literature on the topic, finding inconsistent results about the influence of CSR on returns. Some studies found a positive relationship, some found a negative relationship, and some found no significant relationship. The document aims to help establish the influence of specific CSR measures, like CSR score, social risk impact, governance, and environmental impact, on the returns of the FTSE100 index firms.
What is organizational citizenship behavior (autosaved)Shashwat Shankar
Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) refers to discretionary behaviors by employees that are not required as part of their job but benefit the organization. These behaviors include altruism, courtesy, sportsmanship, conscientiousness, and civic virtue. Research found OCB to be positively related across manufacturing, banking, and IT organizations and that strengthening organizational culture can foster OCB. Perceptions of job insecurity may encourage behaviors intended to appear beneficial to the organization but that could be unethical. HR managers should be aware of this risk for employees feeling insecure.
This document discusses the effects of moral responsibility on organizational behavior. It reviews literature on how ethics impact employee actions within organizations. Unethical company cultures can socialize employees to engage in unethical or illegal acts. However, establishing clear ethical guidelines and training can promote positive behaviors. The role of human resource development professionals is to address ethics issues, define responsible actions, and encourage ethical decision-making, though some employees may act ethically despite pressures to conform.
The corporate governance is a popular topic within two last decade, and the emerging economies are practicing &enhancing their performances. The review is conducted to assess the effectiveness of the corporate governance implications on firm’s performances. The study followed the deductive approach and the journal articles, and the reports have used the source of the review. As per the literature findings, the researcher developed a conceptual design for the case review. The independent variable is the corporate governance mechanism, and the dependent variable is organizations performances. Both independent and dependent variables comprise the different type of corporate governance practice and the different function of the organizational performances. The review found that all the types of corporate governance practices are influenced to the organizational performance and the better corporate governance mechanism can enhance all type of performances.
This document provides a literature review of research on the corporate governance bundle. It begins with background on the evolution of the concept of a corporate governance bundle and key related theories. It then summarizes several studies that have applied the bundle concept, finding evidence that multiple governance mechanisms can act as complements or substitutes to limit manager opportunism. The research also indicates there are multiple bundles of practices that can lead to high firm performance within models of corporate governance. Overall, the literature review examines perspectives on and applications of the corporate governance bundle concept.
Abstract
Corporate governance is very important in our business world today, especially after the frequent non-stop worldwide financial crises. Strong corporate governance is now considered a basic condition to accept and register an organization in most of the Stock Exchange Markets all over the world. The audit committee plays a major role in corporate governance regarding the organization’s direction, control, and accountability. As a representative of the board of directors and main part of the corporate governance mechanism, the audit committee is involved in the organization’s both internal and external audits, internal control, accounting and financial reporting, regulatory compliance, and risk management. This paper focuses on the audit committee’s powers, functions, responsibilities, and relationships within the framework of corporate governance.
Sustainable Leadership Competency Model Leading To Business Growth and Develo...inventionjournals
This study identified a sustainable leadership competency model leading to business growth and development for developing healthcare executives in Kolkata, India based on the Healthcare Leadership (HL) Model. Eleven chief executive officers and chief medical officers were interviewed. They considered 86% of the Healthcare Leadership (HL) competencies as very important or vital and perceived a gap in the performance of these competencies. They also identified additional vital competencies beyond the scope of the model. Participants also reported that leadership development and succession planning programs were lacking. Recommendations are to design a leadership development program using the HL model as a framework and further customizing the approach as per the organization’s unique mission, vision, strategy, values, and circumstances. The HL is offered as a general strategy for leader development that could be useful in the growth and development of Indian private healthcare industry, based on some “best practices” in the design and implementation of the leadership programs.
The Effect of Good Corporate Governance Characteristics on Corporate Social R...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Environmental accounting uses all costs incurred by the company through Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) funds and recording the use of these funds as the basis for reporting. Disclosure of
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is carried out in order to fulfill the environmental and social interests of
the company in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited
Liability Companies. This study aims to analyze the effect of Good Corporate Governance on the Corporate
Social Responsibility Disclosure. This research was conducted on agricultural sub-sector companies listed on
the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016-2020. The sample was determined by purposive sampling as many as
75 financial statements as observations. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis.
Good Corporate Governance research results have a simultaneous effect on Corporate Social Responsibility,
board of commissioners size, board of directors gender, the proportion of the audit committee, managerial
ownership, and institutional ownership have a positive effect on the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Disclosure. The implications of this research theoretically provide support for Agency Theory and the findings
of previous studies. Practically, this research has implications for companies in the agricultural sub-sector to
synergize in creating credibility and being accountable to investors, the community, and the government.
KEYWORDS: Good Corporate Governance, Corporate Social Responsibility
7FNCE044W Predictive Analysis For Decision Making.docxsdfghj21
The document discusses corporate social responsibility and its relationship to financial returns. It begins by defining corporate social responsibility and explaining its potential benefits, such as an enhanced reputation and attracting investments. It then reviews existing literature on the topic, finding inconsistent results about the influence of CSR on returns. Some studies found a positive relationship, some found a negative relationship, and some found no significant relationship. The document aims to help establish the influence of specific CSR measures, like CSR score, social risk impact, governance, and environmental impact, on the returns of the FTSE100 index firms.
What is organizational citizenship behavior (autosaved)Shashwat Shankar
Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) refers to discretionary behaviors by employees that are not required as part of their job but benefit the organization. These behaviors include altruism, courtesy, sportsmanship, conscientiousness, and civic virtue. Research found OCB to be positively related across manufacturing, banking, and IT organizations and that strengthening organizational culture can foster OCB. Perceptions of job insecurity may encourage behaviors intended to appear beneficial to the organization but that could be unethical. HR managers should be aware of this risk for employees feeling insecure.
This document discusses the effects of moral responsibility on organizational behavior. It reviews literature on how ethics impact employee actions within organizations. Unethical company cultures can socialize employees to engage in unethical or illegal acts. However, establishing clear ethical guidelines and training can promote positive behaviors. The role of human resource development professionals is to address ethics issues, define responsible actions, and encourage ethical decision-making, though some employees may act ethically despite pressures to conform.
The corporate governance is a popular topic within two last decade, and the emerging economies are practicing &enhancing their performances. The review is conducted to assess the effectiveness of the corporate governance implications on firm’s performances. The study followed the deductive approach and the journal articles, and the reports have used the source of the review. As per the literature findings, the researcher developed a conceptual design for the case review. The independent variable is the corporate governance mechanism, and the dependent variable is organizations performances. Both independent and dependent variables comprise the different type of corporate governance practice and the different function of the organizational performances. The review found that all the types of corporate governance practices are influenced to the organizational performance and the better corporate governance mechanism can enhance all type of performances.
This document provides a literature review of research on the corporate governance bundle. It begins with background on the evolution of the concept of a corporate governance bundle and key related theories. It then summarizes several studies that have applied the bundle concept, finding evidence that multiple governance mechanisms can act as complements or substitutes to limit manager opportunism. The research also indicates there are multiple bundles of practices that can lead to high firm performance within models of corporate governance. Overall, the literature review examines perspectives on and applications of the corporate governance bundle concept.
Abstract
Corporate governance is very important in our business world today, especially after the frequent non-stop worldwide financial crises. Strong corporate governance is now considered a basic condition to accept and register an organization in most of the Stock Exchange Markets all over the world. The audit committee plays a major role in corporate governance regarding the organization’s direction, control, and accountability. As a representative of the board of directors and main part of the corporate governance mechanism, the audit committee is involved in the organization’s both internal and external audits, internal control, accounting and financial reporting, regulatory compliance, and risk management. This paper focuses on the audit committee’s powers, functions, responsibilities, and relationships within the framework of corporate governance.
Effective management of health care operations includes multiple points of interest in evaluation for performance. A key danger lies in the potential to evaluate departments and processes separately, without analyzing the interdependence of people, procedures, and goals. The use of a balanced scorecard in health care is supported in the literature because of its ability to link processes by clinical and non-clinical factors, to include financial goals. The literature has described several areas of review under a balanced scorecard, including finance, operations, employee retention, patient satisfaction, and public reporting. As the balanced scorecard is critical to strategic management, this author supports the use of such in health care organizations. This is due in part to gestalt theory, namely, that the combination of parts equals more than its sum total. The balanced scorecard enables health care managers to view processes both within each compartment and as a contributor to the overall organization mission and vision. Thus, financial stability becomes viable, and stakeholders may be informed of organization progress in the areas of particular importance to their specific groups.
Corporate social responsibility institutional drivers a comparative study fro...Adam Shafi Shaik PhD.
ABSTRACT
This study develops an internal–external institutional framework that explains why firms act in socially responsible ways in the emerging country context of India and Saudi Arabia. Utilizing a mixed method of in-depth study selected companies & individuals, the author found that internal institutional factors, including ethical corporate culture and top management commitment, and external institutional factors, including globalization pressure, Government embeddedness, and normative social pressure, will affect the likelihood of firms to act in socially responsible ways. In particular, implicit ethical corporate culture plays a key role in predicting different aspects of corporate social responsibility (CSR), while external institutional mechanisms mainly predict market-oriented CSR initiatives. This study contributes to the research on CSR antecedents by showing that in the emerging economy of India and Saudi Arabia, CSR toward non market stakeholders is more close
Please make editsrevisions to correct the paper. Effect o.docxmattjtoni51554
Please make edits/revisions to correct the paper.
Effect of Motivation, Performance, and Empowerment on Business Effectiveness
Windsong Village Nursing and Rehabilitation can make progress through cutting edge viability and adequacy by inspiring workers. Authoritative viability as the thought of how adequate an association is in accomplishing the association's central goal. The development of representative fulfillment and inspiration think about the efficiency development and business aftereffects of the organization. Social insurance associations' prosperity relies on upon the workers, representative treatment, their abilities and skills, and their endeavors in the interest of the human services association.
Representative inspiration, which is an administrator's greatest test, is basic to the adequacy of an association. Work inspiration is a basic determinant of individual and authoritative achievements. Inspiration can assume a basic part in a large portion of the convincing difficulties confronting the workforce in the wellbeing area since inspiration connections to work, authoritative productivity, and representative inspiration as preconditions for achievement in business. To expand the worker inspiration toward the vision and mission, every association needs to place accentuation on their staff's welfare.
An motivated worker is responsive to positive objectives and goals he or she should accomplish. Inside spurred representatives have a tendency to relate their own headway to their work and association's progressions, and proactive individuals recognize openings and follow up on them, demonstrate activity, make a move, and continue on until important change happens. The prompt result of dampened representatives is no engagement at work, and the business may crumple without workforce engagement spurred on enthusiastic and otherworldly terms.
The effective utilization of individual capacities can improve execution and hierarchical picture. The social insurance workforce strongly affects wellbeing framework execution. The proprietors of an association can't accomplish their hierarchical goal all alone on the grounds that workers' individual execution significantly affects the authoritative execution. Passionate insight assumes a basic part with respect to hierarchical results, for example, work execution and occupation fulfillment, particularly when the emphasis is on human connection representatives. a representative could give an uplifting state of mind something to do by buckling down, being timely and standard to work, and contributing definitively to the satisfaction of the association's main goal through inspiration. Working groups, constantly coordinate for enhancing the execution and access to a larger amount of benefitting. Singular execution relies on upon inspiration, though execution of an association is the entirety of the individual execution of the representatives. The individual execution, which influences the.
Socially responsible human resourcepractices disclosures of.docxlillie234567
Socially responsible human resource
practices: disclosures of the world’s best
multinational workplaces
Charbel Greige Frangieh and Hala Khayr Yaacoub
Abstract
Purpose – This paper aims to explore the socially responsible human resource practices disclosed by
the ‘‘World’s Best Multinational Workplaces,’’ with the aim of facilitating the benchmarking of these
disclosed practices.
Design/methodology/approach – Using the ‘‘World’s Best Multinational Workplaces’’ list was a
strategic decision in this study due to the rigorous methodology used in the preparation of the list as it
concentrated largely on the employees’ feedback, thus ensuring that these listed companies are actually
top workplaces. Both manifest and latent content analysis, are applied on 23 of the 25 listedMultinational
Corporations’ websites and reports, and company reviews done on these companies by the Great Place
toWork for to pinpoint the social responsible human resource practices.
Findings – Most of the practices disclosed are oriented toward enhancing the employees’ work
experiences whether that happened through improving their employment conditions or through having a
diverse and inclusive workplace. Thus, the employee-oriented human resource management practices
got the lion’s share of the disclosures, rather than the legal or the Corporate social responsibility–human
resources facilitation components.
Research limitations/implications – The practices that are already used at small and medium
enterpriseswithin national contexts were not covered in this study.
Practical implications – It is assumed that businesses can benefit from the practices of these MNCs
which are considered as great places to work for, and as pioneers in their socially responsible human
resource approaches.
Originality/value – This study is likely to fill an important gap in the corporate social responsibility
literature, which gave pint-sized attention to the internal stakeholders, rendering the academic coverage
of employee-related practices scarce if not absent
Keywords CSR, Content analysis, Multinational corporations,
Social responsible human resource practices
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
An ethical movement is gaining momentum in the business world as a result of
management malpractices committed in the past decades. The ethical crisis drove
practitioners and researchers around the world to acknowledge the importance of
integrating business ethics and sustainability into their organizations. Engaging in
responsible practices was seen as a means to avoid crises and simultaneously lead to
financial benefits, (Doh et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2015; Voegtlin et al., 2012), produce social
capital (Maak, 2007) and enhance work-related behaviors like retention and workplace
commitment (Waldman and Galvin, 2008; Cameron, 2011; Doh et al., 2011; Doh and
Quigley, 2014; Miska et al., 2014). The misconducts in top management positions gained
extensive media a.
This document summarizes research on the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and financial performance. It reviews definitions of CSR from various scholars, with no universally agreed upon definition. It also examines factors that contribute to CSR like community involvement, employee treatment, and environmental initiatives. The document discusses theories on the relationship between CSR and financial performance, citing literature that argues for both positive and negative relationships. It analyzes several studies that have attempted to empirically test the relationship but have found mixed or inconclusive results.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management that examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance. The article reviews definitions of CSR from various scholars, noting there is no universally agreed upon definition. It examines factors that contribute to CSR and explores how CSR may impact financial performance based on a company's contributions in its industry. The article also reviews research techniques used in similar studies. The summary provides context on the journal, identifies the topic and objectives of the article, and briefly discusses what information it contains to give an overall understanding of the document.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management that examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance. The article reviews definitions of CSR from various scholars, noting there is no universally agreed upon definition. It examines factors that contribute to CSR and explores how CSR may impact financial performance based on a company's contributions in its industry. The article also reviews research techniques used in similar studies. The summary provides key definitions and concepts discussed in the document to give an overview of the topic and goals of the article.
This study examines the relationship between corporate governance and financial performance of pharmaceutical firms in Pakistan. The study uses data from annual reports of 20 multinational and 90 national pharmaceutical firms from 2003-2013. Regression analysis is used to analyze the impact of various corporate governance mechanisms (board composition, board size, board education, board experience) and CEO duality on financial performance measured by return on assets and return on sales. The results indicate that board composition, size, education and experience are positively associated with financial performance, while CEO duality is negatively associated with performance. Thus, better corporate governance through greater board independence and separation of CEO/chairperson roles can enhance pharmaceutical firm performance in Pakistan.
“Ensuring Competitive Advantage and Sustainability: an Overview of Obligation...inventionjournals
Corporate Governance is a buzz word in the field of economic administration, regulatory framework and behavioral sciences. The subject of corporate governance has its relevance and significance to varied stakeholders in different ways. In fact, Corporate Governance is a form of obligation, which a corporate body has towards shareholders, employees, customers, Government, Public and towards the Society. Organizations, which are known for good governance by fulfilling all these obligations with a proper blend, are the lead players for the others to follow for securing better and effective competitive advantage. Keeping in mind these varied obligations, Organizations and corporate bodies regularly updating their policies and practices especially for continued competitive advantage but the process of updating is not so easy, they have to find it in a pro-active manner to withstand in the market. The present research paper with this in view aimed at understanding the framework of corporate governance and its role in securing better and effective competitive advantage from the ambit of various stakeholders with a broader consideration from the angle and obligation of Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility. Further, the study remarked the changing nature obligations for existence of corporate bodies under dynamic environment. The research paper also differentiated the gap between theory and practice in adoption of sustainability practices. Finally, the research paper ends with some suggestions and ways for better and good governance for organizational sustainability.
This document discusses a study that examines whether human resource practices mediate the relationship between corporate governance principles and business performance in Turkey. The study surveyed 304 managers and analyzed the data using SPSS. The results concluded that human resource practices do have a mediating effect on how corporate governance principles impact business performance. This provides important insights for companies looking to adopt corporate governance principles by helping them restructure their human resource practices.
Principles of Corporate Governance and Ethics for Sustainable Businessinventionjournals
This theoretical paper examines the importance of corporate governance and business ethics that impact organizations and individuals. In the aftermath of the public embarrassment of corporate malfeasance, organizations should underpin their policies and regulations to overcome numerous ethical issues and to ensure the well-being of all. Further, corporate governance is concerned with the ownership, control and accountability of organizations, and how the corporate pursuit of economic objectives relates to a number of wider ethical and societal considerations. Thus, this paper presents an adoption of proper governance practices and business ethics standards, and discusses the importance of such an approach in analyzing and understanding corporate governance practices. Many studies have discovered that an integrated approach towards corporate governance and business ethics should help organizations implement high standards of ethical behavior throughout the organization. In general, the prominence of such a holistic approach, by integrating several components, is the precondition of better understanding of corporate governance practices and procedures to enhance ethical behavior in organizations.
Bus Eth ch3 ppt.ppt business ethics and corporate social responsibilities pptendeworku
This document provides an overview of corporate social responsibility and ethical principles in business. It discusses corporate governance, sustainability, and social responsibility. Specifically, it defines corporate governance as mechanisms for controlling corporations, focusing on structures to monitor management. It outlines principles of governance like shareholder rights and board roles. It then defines corporate sustainability as pursuing societal goals like environmental protection alongside profit. The four pillars of sustainability are identified as sustainable development, corporate social responsibility, stakeholder theory, and accountability. Finally, it provides definitions of corporate social responsibility from various organizations.
The document is a dissertation proposal by Ikwu Oku that aims to study how linking strategy and operations can improve healthcare delivery in Nigeria. The proposal discusses challenges in healthcare systems today and the need to consider strategy, environment, and implementation capacities to improve organizational performance. While businesses have applied operations management concepts, similar effects have not been seen in healthcare due to lack of understanding between healthcare professionals and operations experts. The dissertation will study how operational strategies interact within the healthcare framework and conduct empirical research to determine if superior performance and quality healthcare can be achieved without increased costs when linking operations and strategies in hospitals, especially at the primary level.
Using Stakeholder Feedback to Set Strategy and Manage RiskTracy Houston
This document discusses how gathering feedback from stakeholders can help hospitals develop strategic advantage and manage risk. It recommends that hospitals regularly seek stakeholder perspectives through surveys and interviews to understand how the organization is perceived and what issues stakeholders see as opportunities or challenges. By mapping this feedback against organizational strategies and values, hospitals can identify emerging priorities, anticipate changes, and develop strategic responses. This process provides strategic intelligence that helps minimize risks from unmet stakeholder needs or conflicts between organizational and stakeholder values. The document provides questions to guide boards in comparing stakeholder feedback to strategies, prioritizing issues, and determining appropriate strategic responses.
Report- Impact of CSR on financial performance of the companyBindu Priya Pasham
A team of dedicated professionals from IIM Udaipur, Futurescape and Economic Times have worked on the CSR study of 2015 and has listed India’s top 100 companies for CSR in the year. The top 5 companies and the bottom top 4 companies of the list i.e. 95-99 companies will be considered. The financial data of those companies will be taken and ratios will be performed, so that we come to know whether CSR policy has benefited the companies financially or not.
Impact of Corporate Governance on Organizational PerformanceJenıstön Delımä
Citation: Delima, V. J., & Ragel, V. R. (2017). Impact of corporate governance on organizational performance. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science, 5(5).
Abstract- This study examined whether corporate governance has impact on organizational performance in Financial Institutions as research problem. This research was carried out with objective to measure association between Corporate Governance and Financial Institution’s Performance in Batticaloa district. Conceptual framework has been developed to measure linkages between Corporate Governance and Financial Institution’s Performance. Board Size, Corporate Governance Mechanism, Communication Strategies, and Code of Conduct are considered as the measurement variables of Corporate Governance which was derived from Changezi & Saeed (2013) and Customer Satisfaction, Employee Commitment and Corporate Reputation are considered as the measurement variable of Organizational Performance which was derived from Bayoud (2012) and Carton (2004). Questionnaires were used to collect data for this study. 115 Management Respondents and 115 Customers from whole Financial Institutions in Batticaloa district have been selected for this study. Data were analyzed and evaluated by Univariate and Bivariate techniques. In Univariate analysis, Descriptive statistic has been used for the analysis. In Bivariate analysis, Correlation and multiple regressions have been used for the analysis. Findings have shown the Corporate Governance and Organizational Performance are at high level. Moreover, it also found that there is a strong positive relationship between Corporate Governance and Organizational Performance. Corporate Governance significantly impacts Organizational Performance of Financial Institutions. These findings would be useful to consider more on Corporate Governance practices to avoid the Corporate Collapses and to achieve successful Organizational Performance
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Corporate Social and FinancialPerformance An Extended.docxrichardnorman90310
Corporate Social and Financial
Performance: An Extended
Stakeholder Theory, and Empirical
Test with Accounting Measures
Gerwin Van der Laan
Hans Van Ees
Arjen Van Witteloostuijn
ABSTRACT. Although agreement on the positive sign
of the relationship between corporate social and financial
performance is observed in the literature, the mechanisms
that constitute this relationship are not yet well-known.
We address this issue by extending management�s stake-
holder theory by adding insights from psychology�s
prospect decision theory and sociology�s resource
dependence theory. Empirically, we analyze an extensive
panel dataset, including information on disaggregated
measures of social performance for the S&P 500 in the
1997–2002 period. In so doing, we enrich the extant
literature by focusing on stakeholder heterogeneity, per-
ceptional framing, and disaggregated measures of corpo-
rate social performance.
KEY WORDS: panel data analysis, prospect decision
theory, resource dependence theory, social responsibility,
stakeholder theory
Introduction
Three decades of research into the relationship
between corporate social performance (CSP) and
corporate financial performance (CFP) suggest, by
and large, that corporate well-doing enhances firm
profitability (Orlitzky et al., 2003). The analyses
have remained at a fairly high level of aggregation,
giving rise to the criticism that overall measures of
CSP and CFP do not take the rich variety of
underlying determinants into account (Wood and
Jones, 1995). The current study aims to enhance the
understanding of the drivers of the relationship
between corporate social and financial performance.
For one, theoretically, we will develop hypotheses as
to the impact on the CSP–CFP relationship of
stakeholder heterogeneity and perception biases.
Additionally, empirically, we will explore an
extensive panel dataset that covers the corporations
in the S&P 500 over the 1997–2002 period,
including decomposed information about underly-
ing dimensions of corporate social performance.
More specifically, our key contribution is two-fold.
First, we analyze the effect of heterogeneity
among corporate stakeholder groups on the CSP–
CFP nexus, following Clarkson�s (1995) distinction
between primary or �private� stakeholders, and
secondary or �public� stakeholders. Wood and
Jones (1995) argued that there is a mismatch
between the variables in previous research. For
instance, employees and Greenpeace put different
emphasis on issues of labor conditions and envi-
ronmental pollution. With this critique in mind,
we explicitly incorporate more fine-grained mea-
sures of corporate social performance into our
analysis. After all, the question as to the relation-
ship between corporate social and financial per-
formance cannot be considered separate from the
analysis of how corporations interact with different
stakeholder groups that weigh the underlying CSP
dimensions differe.
Format Sample Abstract For Paper Presentation - Schemcon AbstractApril Smith
This document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting a request for writing assistance on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a request form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a full refund option for plagiarized work. The document promises original, high-quality content meeting customers' needs.
This document provides a case study of a 4-year-old boy attending a religious nursery school. It notes the setting of a voluntary aided faith nursery that follows an Islamic syllabus. Each child has a designated key worker who works closely with the child and partners with parents to support the child's learning and development. The class has approximately 17 children and 6 adults.
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Effective management of health care operations includes multiple points of interest in evaluation for performance. A key danger lies in the potential to evaluate departments and processes separately, without analyzing the interdependence of people, procedures, and goals. The use of a balanced scorecard in health care is supported in the literature because of its ability to link processes by clinical and non-clinical factors, to include financial goals. The literature has described several areas of review under a balanced scorecard, including finance, operations, employee retention, patient satisfaction, and public reporting. As the balanced scorecard is critical to strategic management, this author supports the use of such in health care organizations. This is due in part to gestalt theory, namely, that the combination of parts equals more than its sum total. The balanced scorecard enables health care managers to view processes both within each compartment and as a contributor to the overall organization mission and vision. Thus, financial stability becomes viable, and stakeholders may be informed of organization progress in the areas of particular importance to their specific groups.
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This study develops an internal–external institutional framework that explains why firms act in socially responsible ways in the emerging country context of India and Saudi Arabia. Utilizing a mixed method of in-depth study selected companies & individuals, the author found that internal institutional factors, including ethical corporate culture and top management commitment, and external institutional factors, including globalization pressure, Government embeddedness, and normative social pressure, will affect the likelihood of firms to act in socially responsible ways. In particular, implicit ethical corporate culture plays a key role in predicting different aspects of corporate social responsibility (CSR), while external institutional mechanisms mainly predict market-oriented CSR initiatives. This study contributes to the research on CSR antecedents by showing that in the emerging economy of India and Saudi Arabia, CSR toward non market stakeholders is more close
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Please make edits/revisions to correct the paper.
Effect of Motivation, Performance, and Empowerment on Business Effectiveness
Windsong Village Nursing and Rehabilitation can make progress through cutting edge viability and adequacy by inspiring workers. Authoritative viability as the thought of how adequate an association is in accomplishing the association's central goal. The development of representative fulfillment and inspiration think about the efficiency development and business aftereffects of the organization. Social insurance associations' prosperity relies on upon the workers, representative treatment, their abilities and skills, and their endeavors in the interest of the human services association.
Representative inspiration, which is an administrator's greatest test, is basic to the adequacy of an association. Work inspiration is a basic determinant of individual and authoritative achievements. Inspiration can assume a basic part in a large portion of the convincing difficulties confronting the workforce in the wellbeing area since inspiration connections to work, authoritative productivity, and representative inspiration as preconditions for achievement in business. To expand the worker inspiration toward the vision and mission, every association needs to place accentuation on their staff's welfare.
An motivated worker is responsive to positive objectives and goals he or she should accomplish. Inside spurred representatives have a tendency to relate their own headway to their work and association's progressions, and proactive individuals recognize openings and follow up on them, demonstrate activity, make a move, and continue on until important change happens. The prompt result of dampened representatives is no engagement at work, and the business may crumple without workforce engagement spurred on enthusiastic and otherworldly terms.
The effective utilization of individual capacities can improve execution and hierarchical picture. The social insurance workforce strongly affects wellbeing framework execution. The proprietors of an association can't accomplish their hierarchical goal all alone on the grounds that workers' individual execution significantly affects the authoritative execution. Passionate insight assumes a basic part with respect to hierarchical results, for example, work execution and occupation fulfillment, particularly when the emphasis is on human connection representatives. a representative could give an uplifting state of mind something to do by buckling down, being timely and standard to work, and contributing definitively to the satisfaction of the association's main goal through inspiration. Working groups, constantly coordinate for enhancing the execution and access to a larger amount of benefitting. Singular execution relies on upon inspiration, though execution of an association is the entirety of the individual execution of the representatives. The individual execution, which influences the.
Socially responsible human resourcepractices disclosures of.docxlillie234567
Socially responsible human resource
practices: disclosures of the world’s best
multinational workplaces
Charbel Greige Frangieh and Hala Khayr Yaacoub
Abstract
Purpose – This paper aims to explore the socially responsible human resource practices disclosed by
the ‘‘World’s Best Multinational Workplaces,’’ with the aim of facilitating the benchmarking of these
disclosed practices.
Design/methodology/approach – Using the ‘‘World’s Best Multinational Workplaces’’ list was a
strategic decision in this study due to the rigorous methodology used in the preparation of the list as it
concentrated largely on the employees’ feedback, thus ensuring that these listed companies are actually
top workplaces. Both manifest and latent content analysis, are applied on 23 of the 25 listedMultinational
Corporations’ websites and reports, and company reviews done on these companies by the Great Place
toWork for to pinpoint the social responsible human resource practices.
Findings – Most of the practices disclosed are oriented toward enhancing the employees’ work
experiences whether that happened through improving their employment conditions or through having a
diverse and inclusive workplace. Thus, the employee-oriented human resource management practices
got the lion’s share of the disclosures, rather than the legal or the Corporate social responsibility–human
resources facilitation components.
Research limitations/implications – The practices that are already used at small and medium
enterpriseswithin national contexts were not covered in this study.
Practical implications – It is assumed that businesses can benefit from the practices of these MNCs
which are considered as great places to work for, and as pioneers in their socially responsible human
resource approaches.
Originality/value – This study is likely to fill an important gap in the corporate social responsibility
literature, which gave pint-sized attention to the internal stakeholders, rendering the academic coverage
of employee-related practices scarce if not absent
Keywords CSR, Content analysis, Multinational corporations,
Social responsible human resource practices
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
An ethical movement is gaining momentum in the business world as a result of
management malpractices committed in the past decades. The ethical crisis drove
practitioners and researchers around the world to acknowledge the importance of
integrating business ethics and sustainability into their organizations. Engaging in
responsible practices was seen as a means to avoid crises and simultaneously lead to
financial benefits, (Doh et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2015; Voegtlin et al., 2012), produce social
capital (Maak, 2007) and enhance work-related behaviors like retention and workplace
commitment (Waldman and Galvin, 2008; Cameron, 2011; Doh et al., 2011; Doh and
Quigley, 2014; Miska et al., 2014). The misconducts in top management positions gained
extensive media a.
This document summarizes research on the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and financial performance. It reviews definitions of CSR from various scholars, with no universally agreed upon definition. It also examines factors that contribute to CSR like community involvement, employee treatment, and environmental initiatives. The document discusses theories on the relationship between CSR and financial performance, citing literature that argues for both positive and negative relationships. It analyzes several studies that have attempted to empirically test the relationship but have found mixed or inconclusive results.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management that examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance. The article reviews definitions of CSR from various scholars, noting there is no universally agreed upon definition. It examines factors that contribute to CSR and explores how CSR may impact financial performance based on a company's contributions in its industry. The article also reviews research techniques used in similar studies. The summary provides context on the journal, identifies the topic and objectives of the article, and briefly discusses what information it contains to give an overall understanding of the document.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management that examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance. The article reviews definitions of CSR from various scholars, noting there is no universally agreed upon definition. It examines factors that contribute to CSR and explores how CSR may impact financial performance based on a company's contributions in its industry. The article also reviews research techniques used in similar studies. The summary provides key definitions and concepts discussed in the document to give an overview of the topic and goals of the article.
This study examines the relationship between corporate governance and financial performance of pharmaceutical firms in Pakistan. The study uses data from annual reports of 20 multinational and 90 national pharmaceutical firms from 2003-2013. Regression analysis is used to analyze the impact of various corporate governance mechanisms (board composition, board size, board education, board experience) and CEO duality on financial performance measured by return on assets and return on sales. The results indicate that board composition, size, education and experience are positively associated with financial performance, while CEO duality is negatively associated with performance. Thus, better corporate governance through greater board independence and separation of CEO/chairperson roles can enhance pharmaceutical firm performance in Pakistan.
“Ensuring Competitive Advantage and Sustainability: an Overview of Obligation...inventionjournals
Corporate Governance is a buzz word in the field of economic administration, regulatory framework and behavioral sciences. The subject of corporate governance has its relevance and significance to varied stakeholders in different ways. In fact, Corporate Governance is a form of obligation, which a corporate body has towards shareholders, employees, customers, Government, Public and towards the Society. Organizations, which are known for good governance by fulfilling all these obligations with a proper blend, are the lead players for the others to follow for securing better and effective competitive advantage. Keeping in mind these varied obligations, Organizations and corporate bodies regularly updating their policies and practices especially for continued competitive advantage but the process of updating is not so easy, they have to find it in a pro-active manner to withstand in the market. The present research paper with this in view aimed at understanding the framework of corporate governance and its role in securing better and effective competitive advantage from the ambit of various stakeholders with a broader consideration from the angle and obligation of Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility. Further, the study remarked the changing nature obligations for existence of corporate bodies under dynamic environment. The research paper also differentiated the gap between theory and practice in adoption of sustainability practices. Finally, the research paper ends with some suggestions and ways for better and good governance for organizational sustainability.
This document discusses a study that examines whether human resource practices mediate the relationship between corporate governance principles and business performance in Turkey. The study surveyed 304 managers and analyzed the data using SPSS. The results concluded that human resource practices do have a mediating effect on how corporate governance principles impact business performance. This provides important insights for companies looking to adopt corporate governance principles by helping them restructure their human resource practices.
Principles of Corporate Governance and Ethics for Sustainable Businessinventionjournals
This theoretical paper examines the importance of corporate governance and business ethics that impact organizations and individuals. In the aftermath of the public embarrassment of corporate malfeasance, organizations should underpin their policies and regulations to overcome numerous ethical issues and to ensure the well-being of all. Further, corporate governance is concerned with the ownership, control and accountability of organizations, and how the corporate pursuit of economic objectives relates to a number of wider ethical and societal considerations. Thus, this paper presents an adoption of proper governance practices and business ethics standards, and discusses the importance of such an approach in analyzing and understanding corporate governance practices. Many studies have discovered that an integrated approach towards corporate governance and business ethics should help organizations implement high standards of ethical behavior throughout the organization. In general, the prominence of such a holistic approach, by integrating several components, is the precondition of better understanding of corporate governance practices and procedures to enhance ethical behavior in organizations.
Bus Eth ch3 ppt.ppt business ethics and corporate social responsibilities pptendeworku
This document provides an overview of corporate social responsibility and ethical principles in business. It discusses corporate governance, sustainability, and social responsibility. Specifically, it defines corporate governance as mechanisms for controlling corporations, focusing on structures to monitor management. It outlines principles of governance like shareholder rights and board roles. It then defines corporate sustainability as pursuing societal goals like environmental protection alongside profit. The four pillars of sustainability are identified as sustainable development, corporate social responsibility, stakeholder theory, and accountability. Finally, it provides definitions of corporate social responsibility from various organizations.
The document is a dissertation proposal by Ikwu Oku that aims to study how linking strategy and operations can improve healthcare delivery in Nigeria. The proposal discusses challenges in healthcare systems today and the need to consider strategy, environment, and implementation capacities to improve organizational performance. While businesses have applied operations management concepts, similar effects have not been seen in healthcare due to lack of understanding between healthcare professionals and operations experts. The dissertation will study how operational strategies interact within the healthcare framework and conduct empirical research to determine if superior performance and quality healthcare can be achieved without increased costs when linking operations and strategies in hospitals, especially at the primary level.
Using Stakeholder Feedback to Set Strategy and Manage RiskTracy Houston
This document discusses how gathering feedback from stakeholders can help hospitals develop strategic advantage and manage risk. It recommends that hospitals regularly seek stakeholder perspectives through surveys and interviews to understand how the organization is perceived and what issues stakeholders see as opportunities or challenges. By mapping this feedback against organizational strategies and values, hospitals can identify emerging priorities, anticipate changes, and develop strategic responses. This process provides strategic intelligence that helps minimize risks from unmet stakeholder needs or conflicts between organizational and stakeholder values. The document provides questions to guide boards in comparing stakeholder feedback to strategies, prioritizing issues, and determining appropriate strategic responses.
Report- Impact of CSR on financial performance of the companyBindu Priya Pasham
A team of dedicated professionals from IIM Udaipur, Futurescape and Economic Times have worked on the CSR study of 2015 and has listed India’s top 100 companies for CSR in the year. The top 5 companies and the bottom top 4 companies of the list i.e. 95-99 companies will be considered. The financial data of those companies will be taken and ratios will be performed, so that we come to know whether CSR policy has benefited the companies financially or not.
Impact of Corporate Governance on Organizational PerformanceJenıstön Delımä
Citation: Delima, V. J., & Ragel, V. R. (2017). Impact of corporate governance on organizational performance. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science, 5(5).
Abstract- This study examined whether corporate governance has impact on organizational performance in Financial Institutions as research problem. This research was carried out with objective to measure association between Corporate Governance and Financial Institution’s Performance in Batticaloa district. Conceptual framework has been developed to measure linkages between Corporate Governance and Financial Institution’s Performance. Board Size, Corporate Governance Mechanism, Communication Strategies, and Code of Conduct are considered as the measurement variables of Corporate Governance which was derived from Changezi & Saeed (2013) and Customer Satisfaction, Employee Commitment and Corporate Reputation are considered as the measurement variable of Organizational Performance which was derived from Bayoud (2012) and Carton (2004). Questionnaires were used to collect data for this study. 115 Management Respondents and 115 Customers from whole Financial Institutions in Batticaloa district have been selected for this study. Data were analyzed and evaluated by Univariate and Bivariate techniques. In Univariate analysis, Descriptive statistic has been used for the analysis. In Bivariate analysis, Correlation and multiple regressions have been used for the analysis. Findings have shown the Corporate Governance and Organizational Performance are at high level. Moreover, it also found that there is a strong positive relationship between Corporate Governance and Organizational Performance. Corporate Governance significantly impacts Organizational Performance of Financial Institutions. These findings would be useful to consider more on Corporate Governance practices to avoid the Corporate Collapses and to achieve successful Organizational Performance
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Corporate Social and FinancialPerformance An Extended.docxrichardnorman90310
Corporate Social and Financial
Performance: An Extended
Stakeholder Theory, and Empirical
Test with Accounting Measures
Gerwin Van der Laan
Hans Van Ees
Arjen Van Witteloostuijn
ABSTRACT. Although agreement on the positive sign
of the relationship between corporate social and financial
performance is observed in the literature, the mechanisms
that constitute this relationship are not yet well-known.
We address this issue by extending management�s stake-
holder theory by adding insights from psychology�s
prospect decision theory and sociology�s resource
dependence theory. Empirically, we analyze an extensive
panel dataset, including information on disaggregated
measures of social performance for the S&P 500 in the
1997–2002 period. In so doing, we enrich the extant
literature by focusing on stakeholder heterogeneity, per-
ceptional framing, and disaggregated measures of corpo-
rate social performance.
KEY WORDS: panel data analysis, prospect decision
theory, resource dependence theory, social responsibility,
stakeholder theory
Introduction
Three decades of research into the relationship
between corporate social performance (CSP) and
corporate financial performance (CFP) suggest, by
and large, that corporate well-doing enhances firm
profitability (Orlitzky et al., 2003). The analyses
have remained at a fairly high level of aggregation,
giving rise to the criticism that overall measures of
CSP and CFP do not take the rich variety of
underlying determinants into account (Wood and
Jones, 1995). The current study aims to enhance the
understanding of the drivers of the relationship
between corporate social and financial performance.
For one, theoretically, we will develop hypotheses as
to the impact on the CSP–CFP relationship of
stakeholder heterogeneity and perception biases.
Additionally, empirically, we will explore an
extensive panel dataset that covers the corporations
in the S&P 500 over the 1997–2002 period,
including decomposed information about underly-
ing dimensions of corporate social performance.
More specifically, our key contribution is two-fold.
First, we analyze the effect of heterogeneity
among corporate stakeholder groups on the CSP–
CFP nexus, following Clarkson�s (1995) distinction
between primary or �private� stakeholders, and
secondary or �public� stakeholders. Wood and
Jones (1995) argued that there is a mismatch
between the variables in previous research. For
instance, employees and Greenpeace put different
emphasis on issues of labor conditions and envi-
ronmental pollution. With this critique in mind,
we explicitly incorporate more fine-grained mea-
sures of corporate social performance into our
analysis. After all, the question as to the relation-
ship between corporate social and financial per-
formance cannot be considered separate from the
analysis of how corporations interact with different
stakeholder groups that weigh the underlying CSP
dimensions differe.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
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واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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2. 56 Amity Journal of Corporate Governance
ADMAA
Volume 1 Issue 2 2016
AJCG
Introduction
The concept of corporate governance is defined from various perspectives like legal,
economical and management etc. Whatever may be the perspective the crux of the definitions
could be summarised as below:
• It is about how the business organizations are directed and controlled,
• It is one of the crucial ingredient for corporate success and sustainability,
• The process with the help of which responsibility of corporations towards rights and
wishes of the stake holders is ensured.
• It gives a detailed account of all influences affecting the institutional process,
• It is the process which brings coordination between individual goals and communal goals
• It ensures greater transparency and accountability in the organization.
When the working definition of corporate governance for health care organizations is written
with the above ingredients it would be as follows “Corporate Governance is the process by which
health care organizations are directed and controlled, which requires strong clinical governance
ensuring patient safety, process transparency and empathy towards society. This is achieved by
good organization climate and responsible behaviour towards the society”.
So the major issues attached to corporate governance practices in health care organizations
could be clinical governance, organization climate and corporate social responsibility practices
of the organization. Among the above three issues, organization climate and clinical governance
influence the internal practices whereas CSR influences the external image of the healthcare
organization. Hence in this study an attempt is made to explore the nature of connection existing
between corporate governance and clinical governance, corporate governance and organization
climate and corporate governance with CSR. Also the challenges being faced by the health care
sector in practicing CG and CSR are identified. The outcomes of many researches reveal that there
is a relationship between CG, CSR, CLG & OC. The relationship slightly varies in different health
care organizations i.e., teaching hospitals, super speciality hospitals ad multispecialty hospitals.
However the challenges faced by all health care organizations are almost same. It is also noted that
health care organizations are showing more interest in identifying innovative CSR activities after
the implementation of Companies Act 2013. The provisions of Companies Act (2013) provides
certain guidelines for compulsory spending on CSR activities out of their profit.
Corporate Governance is a series of actions taken by which corporations are made responsive
to the rights and wishes of stakeholders. Unlike other organizations health care organizations are
little bit more complex in terms of structure and their interaction with the society/ community.
The stake holder theory of Corporate Governance is considered more appropriate for health care
organizations as compared to any other theories.
Clinical governance is that essential supporting structure of any clinical organization
management through which health organisations are made accountable for continuously
improving their overall process efficiency, there by leading to attainment of organizational
excellence.
Corporate Social Responsibility is still considered as that obligation which is emerged due to
the belief that business has to give back to the society.
When all three aspects i.e., CG, CSR & Clinical Governance are observed, it could be seen
that there are some common factors e.g. accountability, responsiveness, stake holders etc., hence
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an attempt is made in this research to explore the relationship existing between the same. The
following literature review focuses mainly on the past researches which focussed on exploring the
nexus between Corporate Governance, Corporate Social Responsibility and Clinical Governance;
also the influence of Organization Climate is noted.
Literature Review
Dr. Richard Leblanc defines Corporate Governance as the process which is aimed at
controlling management in a sensible manner of the company, including accountability to the
key stake holders like shareholders who elect directors and auditors and vote on say on pay. In
other way, Corporate governance is the process which ensures the responsiveness of management
towards important stake holders. Jamali, Safieddine and Rabbath (2008) in their research opined
that corporate governance and corporate social responsibility should not be considered as
independent. Since they are interdependent it could be said that stake holder theory of corporate
governance is more practicable.
Clinical governance is considered to be a skeleton or bodywork through which health
organisations are made accountable for every internal external process.
The present literature states that corporate social responsibility was primarily considered as
general obligation of every business organization. Due to this consideration corporations were
expected to be answerable to everyone who is directly or indirectly affected by the firm’s activity.
In studying the relationship between CG and CSR proper stastical tools needs to be used;
Luis etall. (2010) suggest Structural Equation Model for such studies. Shahin and Zairi (2008)
considered Corporate Governance as a crucial element for driving CSR in organization. Apart
from CSR for health care organizations clinical governance is one of the major issue to be
addressed properly. Tuan (2013) argues that both clinical governance and CSR have major impact
on the overall team process of health care organizations. Braithwaite and Travaglia (2008) also say
that as accountability is a common factor between corporate governance and clinical governance
both could be considered as related. Som (2007) points that human resources in health care
organization are not well trained towards with clinical governance as a major agenda. Aguilera
et al., 2006, Agrawal and Chadha, (2005), Arora and Dharwadkar, (2011), Beltratti, (2005), Hazlett
et al., (2007), Huang, (2010) opined that good governance is necessary for strong corporate
governance. Good governance here means responsibility before the key stake holders of the
organization and it ensures the accountability of organization towards entire stakeholder group.
Freeman, (2010), Jamali et al (2008), Hazlett et al (2007) conclude that the concept of corporate
social responsibility and corporate governance overlaps. Hazlett et al (2007), Sacconi, (2007),
Ibrahim et al (2003) supports CSR researchers who stress the need for strong internal governance
when studying the internal dimensions of CSR. Some more common factors between CG and
CSR viz., honesty, transparency and accountability are noticed by Huang (2010), Beltratti (2005)
and Marsiglia and Falautano (2005). Marsiglia and Falautano (2005) further say that CG & CSR
are used as synonyms to each other when discussing about accountability in the organization.
Halal (2000) in his research presented a figure of evolution of corporate governance where profit
oriented model and stake holder models are discussed and concluded that stake holder model is
most applied one. Mohammed Naif et al (2015) explain how CSR activities are integrated with
corporate governance and names this process as CSR Corporate Governance. That means either
CSR could be an ingredient for good corporate governance practices or the vice versa. Sharma
et al (2009) also say that CSR and CG getting fused or combined in today’s corporate world due
to the new entrances of stake holders. Tuan (2013) defines the relationship between Corporate
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Governance and Clinical Governance by pointing the important common activity/ process
i.e., management. He further says that “the concept of management should be considered as a concept
signifying the building and dispersal of in the best interest of values rather than emphasizing rules and
monitoring the match between employee performance and boundaries of rules”. Vardeman-Winter (2015)
suggested some future research which will examine the relationship between various variable in
health care context. From the present literature review the following conclusions are drawn:
• Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility should not be considered
separately
• Structural Equation Model could be used as a stastical tool to study the nexus between CG
& CSR
• CSR is a concept to run organisations profitably yet in a social and environmentally
responsible manner
• CSR, Clinical Governance and Organization process are interconnected
• In health care organizations Clinical Governance and Corporate Governance are linked
• When speaking about accountability, Corporate Governance and Corporate Social
Responsibility are used as synonyms
• Clinical governance explains what actually every clinical activity performed by doctors,
nurses and other employees of the health care organization means
Research Gap: From the present literature review an opinion could be drawn that further
research could be undertaken to study the perception of health care sector participants on
Corporate Governance and CSR practices prevailing in their industry. Also peculiarity of issues
and challenges connected with the same could be analysed.
Contribution of the Study: This papers aims at contributing to the present research in the
following manner:
• The role of Clinical Governance and Organization Climate are highlighted for good
Corporate Governance practices.
• It is confidently described why Corporate Governance and CSR practices are to be
considered connected and should be discussed together and not separate.
Objectives of the Study
1. To discuss comprehensively the inter-relationship (nexus) of Corporate Social
Responsibility and Corporate Governance in Health Care Organizations.
2. To study the influence of Clinical Governance practices on corporate governance
mechanisms in selected Health Care Organizations.
3. To study the role of Organization Climate in the good Corporate Governance Practices.
Research Methodology
The present paper is empirical in nature and this research utilised both secondary and primary
sources of data. Secondary data was collected from various journals, news papers, web sites of
health care organizations. Primary data is collected by administering structured questionnaire
to the employees of health care organizations and interviews with the top management
representatives and some expert doctors like oncologists, paediatricians, pulmonologists, experts
in CSR activities. Total four hundred fifty two respondents (452) representing each level of health
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care organizations were selected from two multispecialty hospitals, two super speciality hospitals
and two teaching hospitals. Primary data is collected during the period from December 2015 to
May 2016 from the health care organizations situated in Bangalore city. Structural Equation Model
is used to test the hypothesis. SEM is drafted using AMOS21. SPSS & Excel software were used for
further analysis.
Hypothesis
• H1: There is an important relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and
Corporate Governance in Health Care Organizations.
• H2: Clinical Governance has direct impact on overall Corporate Governance of Health
Care Organization.
• H3: Nature of Organization Climate influences the CG and CSR practices
Table 1: Details of Respondents
Characteristics
Description
No of
Respon-
dent(M)
% of
Respon-
dent(M)
No of Respon-
dent(T)
% of
Respon-
dent(T)
No of Respon-
dent(S)
% of Respon-
dent(S)
Level of Education
PG- MBA 30 21% 16 10% 30 21%
MASTERS IN
NURSING
22 16% 30 18% 24 16%
MS 20 14% 40 24% 22 15%
MD 28 20% 40 24% 28 19%
PHD 22 16% 10 6% 20 14%
MSC 18 13% 30 18% 22 15%
Years of experience
< 2 years 06 4% 08 5% 10 7%
2 – 5 years 18 13% 30 18% 20 14%
6 – 10 years 24 17% 38 23% 24 16%
> 10 years 92 66% 90 54% 92 63%
Age Group
Less than 25 years 12 9% 06 4% 10 7%
26 – 35 years 30 21% 35 21% 32 22%
36 – 55 years 72 51% 90 54% 60 41%
Above 55 years 26 19% 35 21% 44 30%
Designation
Top Management
Representatives
38 27% 23 14% 36 25%
Senior Executives 36 26% 60 36% 40 27%
Managers/Professors 66 47% 83 50% 70 48%
M-Multispecialty Hospital(140); T- Teaching Hospital(166); S- Super speciality Hospital(146)
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Table 2: Comparing Three Types of Hospitals
TEACHING HEALTH CARE
ORGANIZATION
MULTISPECIALTY
HEALTH CARE
ORGANIZATION
SUPER-SPECIALTY HEALTH CARE
ORGANIZATION
Definition According to Medical
Dictionaries, it is a Health
Care Organization that also
functions as a conventional
center of learning for the
training of physicians, nurses,
and allied health personnel.
These are the hospitals
providing service in or
staffed by members of
several medical specialties.
A super specialty Health Care
Organization is defined as a hospital
that is primarily and exclusively
engaged in the care and treatment of
the patients suffering from a specific
illness. They offer specialized services
to their patients.
Employees Along with doctors and nurses
teachers with designations like
Assistant Professor, Associate
Professor, Professors are
employed.
Doctors who are specialized
in various areas like surgery,
Gynecology, Pediatrics,
Orthopedics etc., are
employed.
Along with general physicians here
majority of doctors are specialized in
a particular category like Orthopedics
or Pediatrics etc., Nurses and other
employees are trained regarding the
specialized services
Examples M S R Medical Collage and
Research Center, KIMS, BGS
Global Medical collage etc.,
Apollo, Fortis, Colombia
Asia etc.,
Health Care Global (HCG), Vasan Eye
care, Narayana Health (Cardiac Care),
Cloud Nine etc.,
Rating/
Accrediting
bodies
NABH, NAAC, MCI NABH NABH
Activities Teaching, Training, Diagnostic,
Research and Patient Care
Diagnostic, Research and
Patient Care
Diagnostic, Research and Patient Care
Ref: Desai et al, J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 8(9), 1008-1016(2016).
Purification processes to verify the dimensionality and reliability of each construct include
factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha analysis and correlation analysis. In the process, no items
were removed. Table 3 shows the results of these analyses which include statistical descriptive
measures like mean, standard deviation and percentage variance explained for the constructs
selected in the study.
Table 3: Statistical Descriptive Measures (N =452)
Factors
No. of
items
Means (*)
Standard
Deviation
(*)
% Variance
Explained
Composite
means(*)
Corporate Governance 10 3.4257 1.07441 51.126 3.425663717
Corporate Social Responsibility 16 3.5390 1.07948 46.753 3.540044248
Clinical Governance 18 3.5199 1.13546 42.643 3.519734513
Organizational Climate 21 3.5199 1.13546 36.722 3.436238938
(*)Average of Means, Standard Deviation and Composite means
The inductive statistics ( statistics summarizing data) of the four factors are shown in table 1.
It was found that all the selected hospitals follow a high level of corporate social responsibility
(mean = 3.53, standard deviation = 1.07) in the selected region. Table 1 also reflects that the
organization benefits from the appropriate clinical governance (mean = 3.51, standard deviation =
1.13). The selected hospitals also tend to agree that there are need to have balanced organizational
climate (mean = 3.35, standard deviation = 1.13). Similarly, the selected hospitals agree on average
to regulates the corporate governance on their organization (mean = 3.42, standard deviation
= 1.07). Table 1 generally indicates that the corporate social responsibility is strong in the
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selected hospitals and the organization generally view that there are expected benefits from the
organizational climate, corporate governance and clinical governance when combined.
To explain the percentage of variance in multivariate data analysis, popular and intuitive
index of goodness of fit is used. The proposed model is considered to be more valid if it
explains the higher percentage of variance. The percentage variance explained for corporate
social responsibility (51%) and clinical governance explained (42%).The explained variance of
Organizational Climate contribute to (37%) of total while Corporate Governance contribute to the
maximum with (66%) of variance to total.
Reliability Analysis
Table 4 shows the Cronbach’s Alpha scores for the questionnaire, which indicates that the
reliability of all the measures used for the study is acceptable.
Table 4: Reliability of the Measurement Instrument Used for the Study
Factors
No. of
items
()
(R)
Corporate Governance 10 0.888 0.401** - 0.748**
Corporate Social Responsibility 16 0.923 0.298** - 0.707**
Clinical Governance 18 0.919 0.419** - 0.727**
Organizational Climate 21 0.903 0.020**- 0.724**
**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
(α)- Cronbach’s alpha
(R)- Range of Item to item correlations
According to Nunnlay( )if reliability value is more than .70 they are acceptable. From Table 4
it could be observed that all values are more than .70, hence they are considered to be acceptable.
From Table 4, it is clearly evident that selected factors i.e., Corporate Social Responsibility,
Clinical Governance, Corporate Governance and Organizational Climate score a very high
Cronbach’s alpha (α) value thus giving a clear indication of high internal consistency and
reliability.
Table 4 also presents reliability and range for correlation for the constructs (CG, CSR, CLG &
OCL) selected in the study. The factors (Corporate Social Responsibility and Clinical Governance)
have scored high value of correlation showing a considerable positive range of correlation
amongst them.
Measurement Model (Confirmatory Factor Analysis - CFA)
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is a special use of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM),
which is also known as linear structural relationship model or covariance structure. It is a
multivariate method applied when the investigator possesses particular evidence about the
underlying latent variable structure. The measurement model for the present study was developed
using AMOS 21.0 and Maximum Likelihood method was performed on the entire set of items.
The measurement model was evaluated by examining the goodness-of-fit indices, factor loadings,
standardized residuals, and modification indices (Hair et al., 2010). The literature highlighted the
following criteria for good model fit.
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• Comparative Fit Index (CFI)- values more than 0.80 is moderate fit and more than 0.90 is
great fit
• Incremental fit index (IFI)- Same as in the case of CFI
• Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) - Same as in the case of CFI
• Root Mean Square Error of Approximation - RMSEA - value less than 0.05 is good model
fit and values between 0.10 and 0.05 is reasonable model fit whereas value more than 0.10
is poor model fit.
• Chi-square (χ2
) – values between 1.0 and 3.0 are good fit
• Normed chi-square (χ2
/df)
• Root Mean Square Residual- RMR- a value less than 0.10 is good fit and value between
0.08 and 0.10 is reasonable fit
Table 5: Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Factors No. of items Standardized Regression Weights
Corporate Governance (CoG) CoG1 0.826
CoG2 0.852
CoG3 0.821
CoG4 0.769
CoG5 0.645
CoG6 0.559
CoG7 0.575
CoG8 0.539
CoG9 0.387
CoG10 0.280
Corporate Social Responsibility
(CoSR)
CoSR1 0.402
CoSR2 0.441
CoSR3 0.454
CoSR4 0.451
CoSR5 0.398
CoSR6 0.438
CoSR7 0.396
CoSR8 0.452
CoSR9 0.675
CoSR10 0.768
CoSR11 0.750
CoSR12 0.846
CoSR13 0.833
CoSR14 0.772
CoSR15 0.819
CoSR16 0.776
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All fit indices values are satisfactory with respect to cut off values mentioned above except
forthe items CoG9, CoG10, CoSR1, CoSR2, CoSR3, CoSR4, CoSR5, CoSR6, CoSR7, CoSR8, CG10,
CG11, CG12, CG13, CG14, CG15, CG16, CG18, OrCl1, OrCl2, OrCl3, OrCl4, OrCl5, OrCl6, OrCl7,
OrCl8, OrCl19, OrCl20, OrCl21which were loading below the cut off. Thus based on the loading
value, 29 items was dropped for further model fit. All values for reliability, range of correlation
and CFA were found to be satisfactory as per cut off mentioned above. Constructs were supposed
to be reliable and valid as per the analysis.
Table 6.Fit indices after CFA
Factors
No. of
items
CFI GFI NFI RMR Cmin/df p
Corporate
Governance
10 0.959 0.929 0.938 0.079 2.752 ***
Corporate Social
Responsibility
16 0.895 0.837 0.862 0.058 3.629 ***
Clinical governance 18 0.843 0.808 0.806 0.088 4.200 ***
Organizational
Climate
21 0.854 0.803 0.806 0.053 3.284 ***
Notes: All the constructs are with initial model fit values.
CMIN/DF: relative chi-square; RMR: root mean square residual;
CFI: comparative fit index; GFI: goodness of fit index; NFI: normed fit index.
From the results shown in table 6, it may be concluded that the construct of the various
measures adopted for the purpose of the study could be validated well. Organizational Climate
was conceptualized with first order construct consisting of twenty one items. All the items
had loading more than the cutoff of 0.5 All the indices found to be in the accepted range ie.,
Comparative Fit Index is more than 0.854; Goodness of Fit Index is more than 0.803; Normed Fit
Index is more than 0.806 and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMR) is less than 0.053
hence the relationships were statistically significant. There is an evidence of unidimensionality of
the factor (Hair et al., 2010).
Corporate Governance was conceptualized with first order construct consisting of ten items. All
the items had loading more than the cutoff of 0.5 All the indices found to be in the accepted range
i.e., Comparative Fit Index is more than 0.959; Goodness of Fit Index is more than 0.929; Normed
Fit Index is more than 0.938 and RMR is less than 0.079 hence the relationships were statistically
significant.
Corporate Social Responsibility was conceptualized with first order construct consisting of sixteen
items. All the items had loading more than the cutoff of 0.5. All the indices found to be in the
accepted range i.e., Comparative Fit Index is more than 0.895; Goodness of Fit Index is more than
0.837; Normed Fit Index is more than 0.862 and RMR is less than 0.058 hence the relationships
were statistically significant.
Clinical governance was conceptualized with first order construct consisting of eighteen items.
All the items had loading more than the cutoff of 0.5. All the indices found to be in the accepted
range i.e., Comparative Fit Index is more than 0.843; Goodness of Fit Index is more than 0.808;
Normed Fit Index is more than 0.806 and RMR is less than 0.088 hence the relationships were
statistically significant
List of items is provided in Appendix A.
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The individual measurement scales used for the present study are considered sufficiently
unidimensional, reliable and valid and the fit of the measurement model is considered sufficient to
support further assessment of the structural model for proposed hypothesis.
Structural Equation Modeling
To test the hypothesis structural equation model is felt proper and accordingly data was
collected using structured questionnaire. The responses were collected questions using Likert’s 5
point scale. The list questions excluding demographic questions are given in Appendix B.
After establishing the proposed measurement model, hypotheses have been tested by using
Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) technique (Hair et al., 2010) using maximum likelihood
method.
The overall model fit is estimated by examining the χ2
statistics along with the associated
p-value. Initial causal model for measuring the relationship among different measurement models
is summarized in Figure 1. This model is based on final CFA model of individual constructs. The
model is reflective due to their interchangeability, and high degree of correlation exists between
the items of particular construct.
Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to test the relationship between Organizational
Climate, Corporate Social Responsibility, Clinical governance and Corporate Governance at α =
0.05. Table 7 presents the regression weights for the various relationships. The relationships were
found to be highly significant across the selected constructs of Organizational Climate, Corporate
Social Responsibility, Clinical governance and Corporate Governance for hospitals.
Table 7: Regression Weights
Items Estimate S.E. C.R. P
CorGovn <--- CorSocialRep 1.097 .144 7.618 ***
CorGovn <--- OrgClim 1.032 .243 4.246 ***
CorGovn <--- ClinicalGovn 1.028 .143 7.188 ***
COG7 <--- CorGovn 1.071 .114 9.437 ***
COG6 <--- CorGovn 1.064 .102 10.406 ***
COG5 <--- CorGovn 1.162 .171 6.783 ***
COG4 <--- CorGovn 1.535 .208 7.394 ***
COG3 <--- CorGovn 1.604 .209 7.659 ***
COG2 <--- CorGovn 1.592 .205 7.774 ***
COG1 <--- CorGovn 1.712 .223 7.666 ***
COSR15 <--- CorSocialRep .953 .071 13.413 ***
COSR14 <--- CorSocialRep .883 .070 12.562 ***
COSR13 <--- CorSocialRep 1.001 .072 13.815 ***
COSR12 <--- CorSocialRep 1.066 .075 14.311 ***
COSR11 <--- CorSocialRep .910 .074 12.377 ***
COSR10 <--- CorSocialRep .890 .071 12.545 ***
COSR9 <--- CorSocialRep .698 .065 10.809 ***
CG7 <--- ClinicalGovn .959 .075 12.801 ***
CG6 <--- ClinicalGovn .890 .078 11.465 ***
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CG5 <--- ClinicalGovn .866 .071 12.195 ***
CG4 <--- ClinicalGovn 1.053 .076 13.897 ***
CG3 <--- ClinicalGovn .850 .076 11.228 ***
CG2 <--- ClinicalGovn .872 .073 11.942 ***
CG1 <--- ClinicalGovn .769 .078 9.916 ***
CG9 <--- ClinicalGovn .680 .078 8.736 ***
CG17 <--- ClinicalGovn .694 .090 7.697 ***
ORCL15 <--- OrgClim .949 .073 13.034 ***
ORCL14 <--- OrgClim .880 .076 11.597 ***
ORCL13 <--- OrgClim .911 .069 13.209 ***
ORCL12 <--- OrgClim .983 .076 12.952 ***
ORCL11 <--- OrgClim .750 .072 10.367 ***
ORCL10 <--- OrgClim .759 .074 10.249 ***
ORCL9 <--- OrgClim .689 .072 9.499 ***
ORCL17 <--- OrgClim .698 .089 7.807 ***
ORCL18 <--- OrgClim .616 .088 6.974 ***
The results exhibit that all the constructs namely Corporate Governance, Organizational
Climate, Corporate Social Responsibility and Clinical governance have loadings which considered
to be spastically significant to their corresponding first order construct. The relationship between
the first order constructs Corporate Social Responsibility (CoSocialRep), Organizational Climate
(OrgClim), Clinical governance (ClinicalGovn) and Corporate Governance (CorGovn). Hence,
the model has an excellent fit with CMIN/DF 1.153, RMR 0.079, RMSEA 0.026, GFI 0.864, NFI
0.878and CFI 0.982.
The result of the SEM analysis supports the developed hypothesis, which states that:
• H1: There is an important relationship between corporate social responsibility and
corporate governance of health care organizations.
• H2: Clinical governance has direct impact on overall corporate governance of health care
organization.
• H3: Nature of organization climate influences the CG and CSR practices
It was found that standardized coefficient was statistically significant at (p < 0.01) (see table 9
and fig 1)
Discussion
The healthcare industry is one of the prominent industries in the world because they treat
patients. The term “Patient” means a person who is infirm or suffering from physical or mental
illness. Health care industry is deemed to consume more than 10% of GDP of most developed
nations; hence it forms a prominent part of any country’s economy. A health care provider
is either a person or an organization who delivers proper health care in a systematic way
professionally to any individual in need of health care service. He may also be termed as health
care professional. In any health care organization these professionals are termed as clinicians.
Clinicians include doctors and nurses majorly as they possess suitable medical degrees.
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Healthcare sector is no doubt a social sector. This is because access to affordable health care
and impartial treatment of patients is as important as the need to have further investment. Not
only right to access to affordable healthcare has been recognized as a fundamental right in
India, there are several international obligations for India to pursue ‘access to health care and
equity in treatment’ in this regard. At the same time healthcare sector, with huge private sector
participation, has ever emerging commercial angle.
India’s brand as ‘Incredible India’ is not an exaggeration. This “incredibility” is clearly
visible as India’s remarkable political, economic and cultural transformation over the past few
decades has made it a geopolitical force. Healthcare is one of the contributory industries that
marks this strengthened global presence. The Indian health care sector is dominated by private
players capturing about 70% of the total delivery in the market. Although the government has
taken several steps in eliminating health care related issues but it still remains insufficient and a
lot needs to be done. Giving due importance to the sector, allocation of funds to the sector has
increased to 2.5% of the GDP. the share of healthcare in 12th five year plan allocation of total
funds is increased to 2.5% of the GDP. The current plan is a step ahead in the journey towards
quality healthcare for all ( www.onicra.com).
Total hospital bed density in India (0.9 per 1000 population) was considerably below the global
average (3.0) and the WHO guideline of 3.56.
Total healthcare expenditure in India was only 3.9 per cent of GDP, compared to 8.9 per cent
for Brazil, 6.2 per cent for Russia and 5.2 per cent for China. Out of this amount, out-of-pocket
expenditure was 61 per cent, and only 26 per cent of Indians are covered by health insurance with
share of private being only 3-5 per cent.
With such a development oriented industry Health care sector is expected to contribute more
towards Nation’s economic as well as social growth. This contribution towards growth is observed
only when this sector behaves in notably socially responsible manner. This social responsibility
is influenced by Corporate Governance practices of the health care organizations. This in turn
is influenced by Clinical Governance and Organization Climate of the Organizations. Hence
in health care sector Corporate Governance and CSR practices are noticed as major components
for the corporate success and building good image in the society. For such practices major
issues influencing are Clinical Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility. In addressing
these issues Organization Climate plays a crucial role as a moderator. So in this paper how this
relationship exists in Teaching Hospitals, Super Specialty Hospitals and Multispecialty Hospitals
is examined separately first and then collectively. The combined model is as represented below.
From the combined model stated below it could be said that Corporate Governance Practices of
Health Care Organizations are closely related to the Organization Climate, Clinical Governance
and CSR practices of Health Care Organizations.
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Figure 1: Combined Model of Corporate Governance Practices of Health Care Organisations
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Table 8: Results of Structural Equation Modeling
Results of Structural Equation Modeling
Goodness-of-fit Indices for the
Scales
CMIN/ DF 1.153
P 0.006
RMR 0.079
CFI 0.982
NFI 0.878
GFI 0.864
Acronyms:
CMIN/ DF: Relative chi-square.
RMR: Root Mean Square Residual.
GFI: Goodness of Fit Index.
NFI: Normed Fit Index.
CFI: Comparative Fit Index
The Structural Equation Model (SEM) path diagrams are shown in Figure 1. It is found that the
model fit is excellent with the cut off values the model is accepted as excellent model with CFI =
0.982, GFI = 0.864, NFI = 0.878, RMR = 0.079, Cmin/Df = 1.153.
Table 9: Hypothesis Testing Results
Path Beta Value (β) Hypothesis Result
CorSocialRep CorGovn
β = 0.56 Positive Supported
OrgClim CorGovn
β = 0.72 Positive Supported
ClinocalGovn CorGovn
β = 0.69 Positive Supported
Figure 1 showed parameter estimates for hypothesised model. Hypotheses were supported by
the data. For hospitals in Bangalore it was found that corporate social responsibility (β=.56, p<.00),
organizational climate (β=.72, p<.00), clinical governance (β=.69, p<.00) has a positive significant
influence on corporate governance.
Conclusion
Health Care Organizations are bit complex in terms of organization set up, public interaction,
Government intervention and Social Obligations etc. Corporate Governance concept when
viewed from stake holder theory is completely applicable to Health Care Organizations. Unlike
other sectors Corporate Social Responsibility is more expected from these organizations. This
necessitates researchers to explore the kind of practices existing in health care sector regarding
Corporate Governance & CSR Practices. So in all three categories of health care organizations the
relationship between CG, CSR, CLG & OC does exist, however Organization Climate has strong
relationship with beta value 0.72 followed by Clinical Governance and CSR practices. Further
research could be done to study the relationship of the above factors in different sectors like
pharmaceuticals, health care equipments manufacture and supply etc. even a single organization
could be taken as a case for studying any of the above factors exclusively.
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Limitations of the study
• The geographical area is limited to Bangalore City.
• There is a compulsion not to reveal the names of the Health Care Organizations.
Appendix
Set-A (Corporate Governance & CSR)
• Clinical safety and quality are prime aspects of health care organizations
• Board of Directors should discuss safety and quality matters in every board meetings
• Demonstration of quality and safety to all stake holders is important
• “Whistle Blower Policy” is required for health care organization
• Organization should fulfill stake holders reporting requirements
• Issues related to climate change should be educated to the staff
• Energy consumption is more as compared to other industries
• Installation of onsite renewable energy sources will help to manage energy requirements
• ‘Medical Ethics’ as a subject should be the part of Under Graduate medical education
curriculum
• Strong Clinical governance leads to strong Hospital/Corporate Governance
• Measurement of customer satisfaction has to be done regularly
• Reaching of some quality standard is important
• We should engage our partner in CSR activities
• Management should spread the word about ethical issues among employees
• Regularly communicate with employees through suggestion boxes, satisfaction surveys etc
• Employees should be consulted for evaluation of company policies
• System for managing health and safety is utmost important for health care organization
• We should train employees in health and safety
• We should support local/regional/national events, projects or organizations
• We should measure the impact of health care business activities on society
• My organization work with secondary schools or universities
• We should have environmental management system
• We should have program to control/overview the consumption of energy and water
• We should you have waste management policy
• We should have a policy to reduce fuel consumption
• Management should communicate environmental policy with employees
• My organization’s top executives maintains high ethical standards
• Which are the top five CSR activities practiced by the organization
• Rank these stake holders in the order of their importance to the organization:
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Employees, Suppliers, Government, Other Regulatory Bodies, Patients, Society, Promoters
SET-B (Clinical Governance & Organization Climate)
• Perception about prioritizing safety and quality issues
• Perception about management’s role in reviewing qualitative quantitative data for
evaluation of organization performance
• The management should ensure that the organization benchmarks and compare
performance in safety and quality
• Patients involvement in key improvement initiatives of the healthcare organizations
• CEO should always focus on reducing preventable errors by improving system
• Delegation of responsibility and accountability to staff by management
• Strategic plan of the organization should identify the direction and priorities for safety
• Clinical safety must be a core organizational value
• The management should approve policies and changes to enable risk management and
reduction
• Patients must be given the opportunity to consent to post error treatments
• The management should ensure that staff reports adverse events when monitored
• The organization should self evaluate its clinical governance performance frequently and
rigorously
• Physician led organizations are more comfortable compared to Management led
organizations
• Perception of employees about their contribution towards the success of organization
• Perception about loyalty towards organization
• Acceptance of every kind of responsibility for the success of the organization
• Personal values and Organizational values are similar
• Feel proud about association with organization
• Kind of work is more important compared to type of Organization
• Organization plays inspirational role in enhancement of employee’s productivity
• Perception about Organization change
• Satisfaction about choosing the current Organization
• Sticking to the present organization does not benefit considerably
• Organization policies are less employee friendly
• Organization’s top executives maintains high ethical standards
• Organization’s top executives shares power with others throughout the organization
• Organization’s top executives believes our organization should give back to the
community
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Authors’ Profile
Preeti S Desai is a Research Scholar at Department of Commerce & Management, Karnataka State
Women’s University, Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.
Meena R Chandawarkar is Chief Advisor- Quality Assurance, Basaveshwara Vidhyavardhaka Sangha,
Bagalkot, Karnataka, India