Use of ICT in Courts is increasing day by day. Courts of today are ready for the IT revolution. It is an open debate as to how to bring them at par with other modern organisations in terms of use of technology. This article is an attempt in this direction.
Implementation of Integration VaaMSN and SEMAR for Wide Coverage Air Quality ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The current air quality monitoring system cannot cover a large area, not real-time and has not
implemented big data analysis technology with high accuracy. The purpose of an integration Mobile
Sensor Network and Internet of Things system is to build air quality monitoring system that able to monitor
in wide coverage. This system consists of Vehicle as a Mobile Sensors Network (VaaMSN) as edge
computing and Smart Environment Monitoring and Analytic in Real-time (SEMAR) cloud computing.
VaaMSN is a package of air quality sensor, GPS, 4G Wi-Fi modem and single board computing. SEMAR
cloud computing has a time-series database for real-time visualization, Big Data environment and analytics
use the Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Decision Tree (DT) algorithm. The output from the system
are maps, table, and graph visualization. The evaluation obtained from the experimental results shows that
the accuracy of both algorithms reaches more than 90%. However, Mean Square Error (MSE) value of
SVM algorithm about 0.03076293, but DT algorithm has 10x smaller MSE value than SVM algorithm.
This paper aims to provide an overview of the
contents and design of the all newspapers. Majority of the
newspapers use Blog, RSS and Facebook to connect with
their readers. An online newspaper service providing project.
In this software system users may register as users to read
newspapers online. Once they register they may pay via
dummy credit cards and get access to reading newspapers
online for a month
Use of ICT in Courts is increasing day by day. Courts of today are ready for the IT revolution. It is an open debate as to how to bring them at par with other modern organisations in terms of use of technology. This article is an attempt in this direction.
Implementation of Integration VaaMSN and SEMAR for Wide Coverage Air Quality ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The current air quality monitoring system cannot cover a large area, not real-time and has not
implemented big data analysis technology with high accuracy. The purpose of an integration Mobile
Sensor Network and Internet of Things system is to build air quality monitoring system that able to monitor
in wide coverage. This system consists of Vehicle as a Mobile Sensors Network (VaaMSN) as edge
computing and Smart Environment Monitoring and Analytic in Real-time (SEMAR) cloud computing.
VaaMSN is a package of air quality sensor, GPS, 4G Wi-Fi modem and single board computing. SEMAR
cloud computing has a time-series database for real-time visualization, Big Data environment and analytics
use the Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Decision Tree (DT) algorithm. The output from the system
are maps, table, and graph visualization. The evaluation obtained from the experimental results shows that
the accuracy of both algorithms reaches more than 90%. However, Mean Square Error (MSE) value of
SVM algorithm about 0.03076293, but DT algorithm has 10x smaller MSE value than SVM algorithm.
This paper aims to provide an overview of the
contents and design of the all newspapers. Majority of the
newspapers use Blog, RSS and Facebook to connect with
their readers. An online newspaper service providing project.
In this software system users may register as users to read
newspapers online. Once they register they may pay via
dummy credit cards and get access to reading newspapers
online for a month
Measurement push and pull forces on automatic liquid dispensers IJECEIAES
Since the COVID-19 pandemic, automated liquid dispensers have been increasingly developed to assist transmission prevention. However, data availability of automatic liquid dispenser mechanism's technical characteristics is not yet widely available. This causes frequent over or under design in its development. Therefore, we specifically measure push and pull forces engineering characteristics generated by the automatic liquid dispenser mechanism. A wire mechanism-based automatic liquid dispenser apparatus was used to experiment. A load-cell sensor was used to detect the force that occurs from a servo motor controlled by a microcontroller. The force data (push and pull) will be sent directly to the database server cloud with a recording frequency of every second. Three types of fluid treatment levels are used i.e. water, liquid soap, and hand sanitizer gel. Three types of fluid volume treatment levels used were 50 ml, 150 ml, and 250 ml. Each treatment level combination is carried out at the servo motors rotation steps 180°, 150°, 120°, 90°, 60°, and 30°. The results show that no significant differences were found in maximal forces required to release the water, liquid soap, and hand-sanitizer gel. It is also known that the volume of the fluid has a very significant effect on the amount of push and pull forces generated.
“Helpdroid” we inspire by movie-Prema the
project we provide the accident detection in any place. We
provide the help to injuries peoples. When the car or bike
crash together then the GPS and GMS with the crash sensor
send the digital signal and send the message and call to near
police station, ambulance and there related persons.
ADVANCED E-VOTING APPLICATION USING ANDROID PLATFORMijcax
The advancement in the mobile devices, wireless and web technologies given rise to the new application that will make the voting process very easy and efficient. The E-voting promises the possibility of
convenient, easy and safe way to capture and count the votes in an election[1]. This research project provides the specification and requirements for E-Voting using an Android platform. The e-voting means the voting process in election by using electronic device. The android platform is used to develop an evoting application. At first, an introduction about the system is presented. Sections II and III describe all
the concepts (survey, design and implementation) that would be used in this work. Finally, the proposed evoting system will be presented. This technology helps the user to cast the vote without visiting the polling booth. The application follows proper authentication measures in order to avoid fraud voters using the system. Once the voting session is completed the results can be available within a fraction of seconds. All
the candidates vote count is encrypted and stored in the database in order to avoid any attacks and disclosure of results by third person other than the administrator. Once the session is completed the admin can decrypt the vote count and publish results and can complete the voting process.
Intelligent alarm system for hospitals using smartphone technologyTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
During the last decade, attention was paid to detect the accident and call the ambulance as soon as possible, the situation was neglected after the arrival of the patient to the specified service point. This negligence led to an increase in the mortality rate, especially where the highest percentage of deaths occurred during the first hour after the accident. This highest Mortality can be avoided by providing proper health care after the arrival of the patient to the hospital, the proposed system reduces the rescue time after the arrival of a patient to the hospital, and it requires each hospital to be endowed with a reception model responsible for detecting and reporting accident situations to the emergency service. It was be found that there is an urgent need for a web-based hospital management system with a mobile web service to respond immediately to incidents in the event of an accident. This system utilizes the android phone application to connect to the server for transferring the specified data to the hospital and it can be used for comprehensive accident analysis and management. In this paper, a combination of Android phone application, database, and visual studio 2012 was used to develop the system.
A mobile application which can save time, effort and money by giving technical video explanation based on the recognized image for learners. The collected video information contains all the detailed explanation of the scanned image done by the user. This application groups Augmented reality , 3d objects , sound , video , AI for image recognition into an easy and compact application for the benefit of the every learner. This web application is built C#, UNITY, VUFORIA with the help of Vuforia server connected by asserts. This mobile application serves as an easier way to access details and documentaries related to recognized object. It includes an automatic AR Camera and image target along with the video player which makes it easier for recognizing the image and to learn. The database is done with Vuforia cloud database. The UI provides an excellent user friendly environment that makes the communication more interactive.
Taking into consideration the drivers’ state might be a serious challenge for designing new advanced driver
assistance systems. During this paper we present a driver assistance system strongly coupled to the user. Driver
Assistance by Augmented Reality for Intelligent Automotive is an augmented reality interface informed by a several
sensors. Communicating the presence of pedestrians or bicyclists to vehicle drivers may end up in safer interactions
with these vulnerable road users. Advanced knowledge about the presence of these users on the roadway is
particularly important when their presence isn't expected or when these users are out of range of the advanced safety
systems that are becoming a daily feature in vehicles today. For example, having advanced knowledge of a pedestrian
walking along a rural roadway is important to increasing driver awareness through in-vehicle warning messages that
provide an augmented version of the roadway ahead. Voice recognition system through an android platform adds
some good flavour during this project. The strategy of voice recognition through this platform is achieved by
converting the input voice signal into text of string and subsequently it's transmitted to embedded system which
contains an arduino atmega328 microcontroller through Bluetooth as a technique of serial communication between an
android application and a control system. The received text string on an arduino is also displayed on the AR Glass. As
connected vehicles start to enter the market, it's conceivable that when the vehicle sensors detect a pedestrian on a
rural roadway, the pedestrian presence is also communicated to vehicles upstream of the pedestrian location that
haven't reached the destination. This paper presents a survey of studies related to perception and cognitive attention
of drivers when this information is presented on Augmented Reality
Sensor and internet of things based integrated inundation mitigation for smar...IJECEIAES
Flooding is a natural phenomenon that often occurs in tropical countries. Drainage design is one of the efforts to prevent floods, however, when the rainfall is high, there are still several inundation points that occur. This requires comprehensive handling to reduce the impact of these inundations, to get an adaptive solution, the use of internet of things based (IoT) tools is one of the alternatives proposed. This study proposes an IoT-based flood inundation monitoring system, which includes a water level reader, a web-based inundation monitoring system, a flood inundation area and depth reporting system as evaluation materials for the government city. The sensor module that we propose is a series of sensors in a hollow cylinder design to reduce water ripples. The server application is displayed in the form of an interactive area mapping which is divided into 4 layers for 4 different analyzes so that central officers can quickly coordinate with field officers to carry out mitigation actions in the affected area. The module requires a low cost and easy installation process compared to a liquid sensor, besides that the display in the form of a web makes it easier for officers to access monitoring applications anywhere compared to geographic information system based (GIS) applications. This research has been carried out and tested in one of the major cities in Indonesia.
Leveraging the Power of Smartphones: Real Time Monitoring of Water PointsIJERA Editor
In recent years, the world has become more sophisticated. Different aspects of today’s life has been digitized, this include; business, education, health, communication and numerous community services. With the existing extended coverage of cellular networks, most services are constantly deployed to be accessed via mobile phones, as they are also the most pervasive pocket carried devices. Though, both regular and smartphone can be used to convey the basics of mobile based services such as mobile banking, calling and text messaging, smartphone goes extra mile. While regular phones are still the better choice for some, smartphones are tremendously taking over the cellphone market. Smartphones are powered by the vast amount of mobile apps available today which offer unprecedented features and functionalities and as well more advanced internet connectivity. To ensure reliable, sufficient and safe water supply to public, the installed water points need to be well monitored. Quality and quantity parameters of water produced from the water points are constantly tracked to determine if they are within the acceptable range. In case of acute condition, the identified parameters need to be instantly communicated to the District Water Engineer (DWE) for prompt intervention. In this paper we explore the popularity and advantages of smartphones and present a proposed prototype that exploit the power of smartphones in real time monitoring of water points.
Water monitoring and analytic based ThingSpeak IJECEIAES
Diseases associated with bad water have largely reported cases annually leading to deaths, therefore the water quality monitoring become necessary to provide safe water. Traditional monitoring includes manual gathering of samples from different points on the distributed site, and then testing in laboratory. This procedure has proven that it is ineffective because it is laborious, lag time and lacks online results to enhance proactive response to water pollution. Emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and step towards the smart life poses the successful using of IoT. This paper presents a water quality monitoring using IoT based ThingSpeak platform that provides analytic tools and visualization using MATLAB programming. The proposed model is used to test water samples using sensor fusion technique such as TDS and Turbidity, and then uploading data online to ThingSpeak platform to monitor and analyze. The system notifies authorities when there are water quality parameters out of a predefined set of normal values. A warning will be notified to user by IFTTT protocol.
Measurement push and pull forces on automatic liquid dispensers IJECEIAES
Since the COVID-19 pandemic, automated liquid dispensers have been increasingly developed to assist transmission prevention. However, data availability of automatic liquid dispenser mechanism's technical characteristics is not yet widely available. This causes frequent over or under design in its development. Therefore, we specifically measure push and pull forces engineering characteristics generated by the automatic liquid dispenser mechanism. A wire mechanism-based automatic liquid dispenser apparatus was used to experiment. A load-cell sensor was used to detect the force that occurs from a servo motor controlled by a microcontroller. The force data (push and pull) will be sent directly to the database server cloud with a recording frequency of every second. Three types of fluid treatment levels are used i.e. water, liquid soap, and hand sanitizer gel. Three types of fluid volume treatment levels used were 50 ml, 150 ml, and 250 ml. Each treatment level combination is carried out at the servo motors rotation steps 180°, 150°, 120°, 90°, 60°, and 30°. The results show that no significant differences were found in maximal forces required to release the water, liquid soap, and hand-sanitizer gel. It is also known that the volume of the fluid has a very significant effect on the amount of push and pull forces generated.
“Helpdroid” we inspire by movie-Prema the
project we provide the accident detection in any place. We
provide the help to injuries peoples. When the car or bike
crash together then the GPS and GMS with the crash sensor
send the digital signal and send the message and call to near
police station, ambulance and there related persons.
ADVANCED E-VOTING APPLICATION USING ANDROID PLATFORMijcax
The advancement in the mobile devices, wireless and web technologies given rise to the new application that will make the voting process very easy and efficient. The E-voting promises the possibility of
convenient, easy and safe way to capture and count the votes in an election[1]. This research project provides the specification and requirements for E-Voting using an Android platform. The e-voting means the voting process in election by using electronic device. The android platform is used to develop an evoting application. At first, an introduction about the system is presented. Sections II and III describe all
the concepts (survey, design and implementation) that would be used in this work. Finally, the proposed evoting system will be presented. This technology helps the user to cast the vote without visiting the polling booth. The application follows proper authentication measures in order to avoid fraud voters using the system. Once the voting session is completed the results can be available within a fraction of seconds. All
the candidates vote count is encrypted and stored in the database in order to avoid any attacks and disclosure of results by third person other than the administrator. Once the session is completed the admin can decrypt the vote count and publish results and can complete the voting process.
Intelligent alarm system for hospitals using smartphone technologyTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
During the last decade, attention was paid to detect the accident and call the ambulance as soon as possible, the situation was neglected after the arrival of the patient to the specified service point. This negligence led to an increase in the mortality rate, especially where the highest percentage of deaths occurred during the first hour after the accident. This highest Mortality can be avoided by providing proper health care after the arrival of the patient to the hospital, the proposed system reduces the rescue time after the arrival of a patient to the hospital, and it requires each hospital to be endowed with a reception model responsible for detecting and reporting accident situations to the emergency service. It was be found that there is an urgent need for a web-based hospital management system with a mobile web service to respond immediately to incidents in the event of an accident. This system utilizes the android phone application to connect to the server for transferring the specified data to the hospital and it can be used for comprehensive accident analysis and management. In this paper, a combination of Android phone application, database, and visual studio 2012 was used to develop the system.
A mobile application which can save time, effort and money by giving technical video explanation based on the recognized image for learners. The collected video information contains all the detailed explanation of the scanned image done by the user. This application groups Augmented reality , 3d objects , sound , video , AI for image recognition into an easy and compact application for the benefit of the every learner. This web application is built C#, UNITY, VUFORIA with the help of Vuforia server connected by asserts. This mobile application serves as an easier way to access details and documentaries related to recognized object. It includes an automatic AR Camera and image target along with the video player which makes it easier for recognizing the image and to learn. The database is done with Vuforia cloud database. The UI provides an excellent user friendly environment that makes the communication more interactive.
Taking into consideration the drivers’ state might be a serious challenge for designing new advanced driver
assistance systems. During this paper we present a driver assistance system strongly coupled to the user. Driver
Assistance by Augmented Reality for Intelligent Automotive is an augmented reality interface informed by a several
sensors. Communicating the presence of pedestrians or bicyclists to vehicle drivers may end up in safer interactions
with these vulnerable road users. Advanced knowledge about the presence of these users on the roadway is
particularly important when their presence isn't expected or when these users are out of range of the advanced safety
systems that are becoming a daily feature in vehicles today. For example, having advanced knowledge of a pedestrian
walking along a rural roadway is important to increasing driver awareness through in-vehicle warning messages that
provide an augmented version of the roadway ahead. Voice recognition system through an android platform adds
some good flavour during this project. The strategy of voice recognition through this platform is achieved by
converting the input voice signal into text of string and subsequently it's transmitted to embedded system which
contains an arduino atmega328 microcontroller through Bluetooth as a technique of serial communication between an
android application and a control system. The received text string on an arduino is also displayed on the AR Glass. As
connected vehicles start to enter the market, it's conceivable that when the vehicle sensors detect a pedestrian on a
rural roadway, the pedestrian presence is also communicated to vehicles upstream of the pedestrian location that
haven't reached the destination. This paper presents a survey of studies related to perception and cognitive attention
of drivers when this information is presented on Augmented Reality
Sensor and internet of things based integrated inundation mitigation for smar...IJECEIAES
Flooding is a natural phenomenon that often occurs in tropical countries. Drainage design is one of the efforts to prevent floods, however, when the rainfall is high, there are still several inundation points that occur. This requires comprehensive handling to reduce the impact of these inundations, to get an adaptive solution, the use of internet of things based (IoT) tools is one of the alternatives proposed. This study proposes an IoT-based flood inundation monitoring system, which includes a water level reader, a web-based inundation monitoring system, a flood inundation area and depth reporting system as evaluation materials for the government city. The sensor module that we propose is a series of sensors in a hollow cylinder design to reduce water ripples. The server application is displayed in the form of an interactive area mapping which is divided into 4 layers for 4 different analyzes so that central officers can quickly coordinate with field officers to carry out mitigation actions in the affected area. The module requires a low cost and easy installation process compared to a liquid sensor, besides that the display in the form of a web makes it easier for officers to access monitoring applications anywhere compared to geographic information system based (GIS) applications. This research has been carried out and tested in one of the major cities in Indonesia.
Leveraging the Power of Smartphones: Real Time Monitoring of Water PointsIJERA Editor
In recent years, the world has become more sophisticated. Different aspects of today’s life has been digitized, this include; business, education, health, communication and numerous community services. With the existing extended coverage of cellular networks, most services are constantly deployed to be accessed via mobile phones, as they are also the most pervasive pocket carried devices. Though, both regular and smartphone can be used to convey the basics of mobile based services such as mobile banking, calling and text messaging, smartphone goes extra mile. While regular phones are still the better choice for some, smartphones are tremendously taking over the cellphone market. Smartphones are powered by the vast amount of mobile apps available today which offer unprecedented features and functionalities and as well more advanced internet connectivity. To ensure reliable, sufficient and safe water supply to public, the installed water points need to be well monitored. Quality and quantity parameters of water produced from the water points are constantly tracked to determine if they are within the acceptable range. In case of acute condition, the identified parameters need to be instantly communicated to the District Water Engineer (DWE) for prompt intervention. In this paper we explore the popularity and advantages of smartphones and present a proposed prototype that exploit the power of smartphones in real time monitoring of water points.
Water monitoring and analytic based ThingSpeak IJECEIAES
Diseases associated with bad water have largely reported cases annually leading to deaths, therefore the water quality monitoring become necessary to provide safe water. Traditional monitoring includes manual gathering of samples from different points on the distributed site, and then testing in laboratory. This procedure has proven that it is ineffective because it is laborious, lag time and lacks online results to enhance proactive response to water pollution. Emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and step towards the smart life poses the successful using of IoT. This paper presents a water quality monitoring using IoT based ThingSpeak platform that provides analytic tools and visualization using MATLAB programming. The proposed model is used to test water samples using sensor fusion technique such as TDS and Turbidity, and then uploading data online to ThingSpeak platform to monitor and analyze. The system notifies authorities when there are water quality parameters out of a predefined set of normal values. A warning will be notified to user by IFTTT protocol.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Smart meters are a major component of eco friendly home or building. Smart metering is required for the operation of the smart homes and buildings. The benefits of smart water metering have been recognized. A powerful approach for hour by hour monitoring and metering purposes in water networks is the automatic meter infrastructure AMI . Smart metering is now an established technology which can be applied to collect, store, and distribute real time data on water usage. This paper provides a brief introduction to the smart water metering. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Adedamola A. Omotoso | Sarhan M. Musa "Smart Water Metering" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29223.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29223/smart-water-metering/matthew-n-o-sadiku
The Internet of Things (IoT) has provided promising opportunities to create powerful industrial and domestic applications. One of its main applications is smart metering. The existing analogue meter in residential area requires consistent human monitoring, which leads to computational errors. Huge labor force, their negligence and money invested are the drawback of such meters. Therefore, a cost effective and low power smart-meter that can monitor the daily consumption of water in residential area need to be developed, in order to conserve water. Here in this research, SOC based smart water meter is developed to provide cost effective solution. Further, the developed system is implemented in real time to investigate the reliability and feasibility.
Integrated application for automatic schedule-based distribution and monitori...journalBEEI
40% of areas in Indonesia are still using rainwater as a source for irrigation. Type of wetland rainwater always depends on weather that is currently difficult to predict. In addition, the frequency of field cultivation became limited. Irrigation water can come from a dam or a spring in the mountains. Limited water source generates the need to manage water distribution in all areas of rice fields. For every 1 hectare fields, at least 0.5 litres of water per second is needed. The imbalance between the field and the available water discharge can cause conflicts in the Community farmers manage field. The purpose of this research is to assist in the Assembly Of Farmer Water users ("Perkumpulan Petani Pemakai Air" or "P3A") manage the scheduling and controlling irrigation sluice based IoT using mobile applications. The waterfall process model applied in developing mobile applications. Every feature that is created has been tested directly using Unit tests based on the application of the system used. The test is done by observing the system inputs and outputs of the system usability scale (SUS). Tests are also carried out using Post-Study with method of the SUS.
Best practices and technologies to overcome barriers to implementing smart wa...MiDo Srl
This paper reports the results of four years of pilot projects smart metering and monitoring of water networks in different scenarios and application environments, made with various public and private companies involved in the distribution of water resources
We want to prove that the applicability and economic sustainability of metering systems are only possible if you adopt open systems, versatile, interoperable, self-powered and complete.
Open systems, versatile, interoperable, self-powered and complete in other word means consisting of:
1. devices that can be connected to any type of mechanical counter or probes (pressure temperature etc.) via radio or wired using standardized protocols,
2. self-powered with a lifetime of 10 years at least,
3. complete with communication interfaces, and able to transmit the data autonomously to
4. data management systems provided as Software as a service (cloud computing service) or that can be interfaced to existing systems management software.
Software engineering based fault tolerance model for information system in pl...IJECEIAES
The rapid development of mobile phone technologies in recent years promoted them for being used in various areas of life, such as commercial, health, transportation and tourism and other uses. In this paper, a software engineering based fault tolerance model is proposed to manage the expected faults in the adopted servers. The underlying QR based information system in plants shopping center employs different local serves allocated at local shops that are connected to the main server. In a fault case detection at any local server, the main server can cover the management of the system until the maintenance is completed. This is performed in efficient way as the main server keeps a copy of the information for all local branches. It is important to note that the self-checking process is adopted for fault detection. After completing the maintenance, a copy of the updated information is sent back to the investigated local server including all sales, etc. Moreover, the main and local servers contain information about all offer’s plants in different languages and in text and image form, customer's information and admin's information. The proposed system is tested in several cases to prove the efficiency and effectivity in retrieving and managing information and data as well as the fault tolerance administration.
KarIoT uses IoT technology to keep your pipes running smoothly and efficiently. We monitor the pressure and flow of your water system so you can see when it starts to get low on pressure or if there are any leaks.213 characters
Abstract: Cloud computing is a latest trend and a hot topic in today global world. In which sources are provided to concern as local user on an on demand basically as usual it provides the path or means of internet. Mobile cloud computing is simply cloud computing throughout that at all smallest variety of devices could be involved as wireless equipment this paper concern multiple procedure and procedure for the mobile cloud computing . It developed every General mobile cloud computing solution and application specific solution. It also concern about the cloud computing in which mobile phones are used to browse the web, write e-mails, videos etc. Mobile phones are become the universal interface online services and cloud computing application general run local on mobile phones.
Similar to A review on an integrated mobile system for improving (20)
A review on an integrated mobile system for improving
1. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.5, No.10, 2014
9
A Review on an Integrated Mobile System for Improving
Efficiency in Water Meter Reading – A Case of Arusha Tanzania
Claus Kabali
School of Information and Communication Science and Engineering
Nelson Mandela Institution of Science and Technology - Arusha, Tanzania
PO box 5453, Dar es salaam, Tanzania
Tel: +255 713 410555 E-mail: kabalic@nm-aist.ac.tz
Dan McIntyre
Senior Lecturer, University of Iringa - Iringa, Tanzania
E-mail: dkmcintyre@comcast.net
Sinde Ramadhan
School of Information and Communication Science and Engineering
Nelson Mandela Institution of Science and Technology - Arusha, Tanzania
P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
E-mail: ramadhani.sinde@nm-aist.ac.tz
Abstract
Technology has shown tremendous growth in recent years, which has led to the evolution of mobile phone
development. A mobile phone is a wireless handheld device that allows users to make calls and send text
messages, among other features. A water meter is a device which collects and registers information on the
volume of water used over a period of time at a particular location. Due to the fact that the current process of
recording water consumption in Arusha, Tanzania is inefficient as it is still done manually, this paper shows
different best studies made in perfecting water meter reading system via mobile system. It further proposes the
best way of recording water consumption which can match with the environment of Tanzania after reviewing
different studies made by others.
Keywords: Mobile phone, Water meter, SMS, USSD, Data logger
1. Introduction
The fast development of mobile phone technologies nowadays offers exciting opportunities in other life
changing sectors causing the spread of mobile phones across the developing world to be one of the most
remarkable technology stories of the past decade [14]. Mobile phone is an electronic telecommunication device
that has the same basic capabilities of conventional fixed-line telephone except that, it can be carried anywhere
(portable) and no need to be connected to the telephone network by wire (wireless). [1] Contend that new
technology that comes along the development of mobile technology is an SMS Gateway. SMS gateway is a
telecommunications network facility for sending or receiving (SMS) transmissions to or from a
telecommunications network that supports SMS. Most messages are eventually routed into the mobile phone
networks [2].
Smart metering is a topic that has attracted much attention in recent years. Traditional water, meters display a
number that must be physically read by a meter reader, another person then enters such numbers into the billing
systems manually [15]. A water meter is a device which collects and registers information on the volume of
water used over a period of time at a particular location according to [3]. Nowadays providing efficient and
effective services is vital in every economic sector. Most of the time automation of processes increases efficiency
when compared to manual processes [1]. Moreover, manual processes can lead to risks of human errors.
1.2 Water meter reading system in Arusha Tanzania
Water meter reading system in Tanzania is still a big challenge. Water meter reading system is still done
2. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.5, No.10, 2014
10
manually and it brings many challenges that lead to suspicious water bills. The current process of recording
water consumption is inefficient. Normally, meter readings is carried out once per month for each customer.
These records are eventually used to prepare monthly water bills. The printed bills are distributed to the
customer through hand delivery and post mail or sometimes through SMS. Fundamentally this process involves
the manual system which requires the water meter reader to record the readings on paper and then manually
recapitulated in the computer by the billing officer. This process takes a lot of time and have a high risk of errors
that officer repeatedly checks to reduce the risk of error; this reduces the performance of the officer [1].
Another method that was used for water meter reading was reading the water meter by using data logger. Data
loggers are portable electronic machine (equipment) mainly meant for capturing data at sites. They are used for
the same purpose to download data into the system after reading for the purpose of preparing customer bills.
Although the introduction of data logger aimed at improving efficiency in water meter reading but still it was the
same as the manual system which requires the water meter reader to deliver the device (data logger) to the office
in order to download data taken from the site.
Figure 1: Data logger
Although the introduction of a data logger focused to improve efficiency of water meter reading but has failed
due to lack of stability of this device (data logger). The drawbacks of this device (data logger) are; its battery
doesn’t last longer which can cause data loss. Also when used for some period of time like five to seven years
the device memory gets corrupted and starts producing errors, that results in records that are not the same as the
first recorded one. The one introduced in Arusha, Tanzania lasted for only nine years; introduced in 2004 and
dropped in 2013. Due to these kinds of deficiency of the device, the water authority abandoned the device and
continued with the old system of using paper while seeking other solutions.
This paper proposes the solution of using mobile system in water meter reading. So in this paper, we are
reviewing on the role of mobile system (application) in improving efficiency in water meter reading.
[4] Concluded that a mobile application, most commonly referred to as an app, is a type of application software
designed to run on a mobile device, such as mobile phone, a Smartphone or tablet computer. Mobile telephone
has been the most visible and fastest growing media technology in Tanzania in recent years. Mobile applications
frequently serve to provide users with similar services to those accessed on PCs. Apps are generally small,
individual software units with limited function [5]
1.3 Literature review
From review of related work and published literature, it is observed that many researchers have tried to deal with
water meter reading by using windows mobile platform and some other mechanisms. We will see also the work
that have been given much effort to support the overall process of water meter recording to simplify the whole
process and make the process more automated compared to what it is.
It has been described by [1] that, the process of recording the amount of customer water consumption that are
done manually have a higher risk of error. In addition, the study proposed the use of mobile application for
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recording water meter readings and automatically sends the consumption data directly to the computer server for
billing. The technology proposed is embedded on a mobile phone for recording water gauge data. This mobile
application records all the necessary information such as the officer, the water meter, the customer, the recording
date, and the name of the photo files when doing the documentation. The overview of the proposed system is
shown in the Figure 2 below:
Figure 2: Overview of mobile application in recording water meter. [1]
In addition, Quick Response (QR) code application proposed by [6] can be combined with the Smartphone
technology. From this application information of the customer identity is modified into QR code form. Moreover,
by utilizing the camera feature on the Smartphone, the customer identity recognition in the water meter recording
process can be done easily. At the end, the QR code reading result which includes the costumer identity will be
connected directly with the water meter recording process. QR code generator and reader mobile application is
capable to do data generating process into QR code form and QR code reading to gain information that is
suitable with the database in the system. Furthermore, it can save QR code results both from generating and
reading process into database that exists in the mobile phone. QR code reading process is directly connected to
the water meter recording process. The overview of the system that has been proposed is shown in Figure 3
below:
Mobile phone database
Officer
s
Network providers
SMS Gateway server/ PDAM client
Server mobile phone
Server
PDAM Database
PDAM Server
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Fig 3: Overview of the system [6]
Another study by [7] shows some challenges that arise when using manual water meter recording. From his
study, the previous meter reading system wanted the water meter reader to go physically to the head office for
updating the readings. The study added that specific problems encountered by readers would be noted on scraps
of paper and handed in at head office. Due to the age and lack of flexibility of the previous system it was
difficult to record information. This in turn affected the ability to serve customers. To this end, the study suggests
use of handheld mobile devices with customized software. The system proposed uses Web Services for
communications, an Embedded SQL Server database for storage and Microsoft Mobile 5 for the operating
system. How the system works, the device connects to Microsoft Outlook, which enables the meter reading
schedules to be sent directly from head office to the meter readers via email. The meter readers can then key in
readings and send them back straight from the field. According to his study, the advantage of this technology is
its ability to receive and complete reading rounds in the field has led to increased efficiency, accuracy and cost
savings.
Another mechanism presented by [8]. They presented an embedded system implementation of a wireless water
meter system. The system uses the existing GSM network, where water meter system can send its readings
directly to a server application using a GSM modem. The application itself can notify subscribers of their bills
using SMS messages as well. The system for water billing and consumption management based on an embedded
system implementation of the water meter that is capable of reporting readings over the GSM network to a server
application capable of billing and of controlling the meter itself.
The approach presented by [9] designed reconfiguration of analog water meter to provide remote access to user
water consumption and billing records, payments, and meter device monitoring using photo-encoding as the
detecting method for water consumption, using microcontroller for data processing, and SMS (short message
service) technology for data transportation. For this, in order to validate the system design, an analog water
meter was converted into a digital equivalent and interfaced to the cellular network to transmit parameters of the
meter to-and-from a consolidation server (CS).
An invention done by [10] proposes method and apparatus for obtaining information from a utility meter. The
method comprising of a digital camera to take a digital image of information displayed on the utility meter,
passing the digital image to a computing means and using the computing means to obtain information from the
image. The information may be displayed on the meter as numbers, letters, words, barcodes, shapes or colours
and the computing means can extract, interpret and store the information from the image. According to them, the
digital camera is preferably a handheld device that can enable an operator to carry it easily from meter to meter
and to enable the operator to take a clear picture of the information displayed on the meter. The computing
Generate Process Generate Process
PDAM Database
PDAM
QR code of PDAM customer Read process
PDAM Database
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means may be a portable computer such as the so-called “laptop” or handheld computer. Such a computing
means may also be carried around by an operator and connected to the digital camera so that as digital images
are taken by the camera, the image is passed directly to the computing means and the relevant information
extracted from the image. The relevant information can then be extracted from all of the stored images. The
digital image may be passed from the camera to the computing means by a various methods, like the digital
camera may be in communication with the computing means by an electrical cable or by a Wireless link, using
for example an infra-red link or a mobile phone.
1.4 Overview of water meter
A water meter is a device which collects and registers information on the volume of water used over a period of
time at a particular location. The subsequent information which is the volume of water used since the installation
of the meter is used to calculate the amount charged by the water utility company to the customer for water usage
at that location for that billing period [3].
Fig 3: Water meter [11]
1.4.1 Importance of metering
Water meters are important component of a local drinking water utility for a number of reasons. In one hand they
allow the utility to: (a) charge customers for the volume of water used, (b) monitor the total amount of water
produced and sent to the distribution system, and (c) detect and fix leakages in the distribution system. On the
other hand they allow the customer to: (a) monitor the volume of water they are using, (b) have some control
over their water bill, (c) detect and fix leakages at their location, and (d) take measures to conserve water [11].
1.4.2 Benefits of using mobile in meter reading
Improved meter reading efficiency: centralized monitoring increases frequency and accuracy of meter reads and
reduces operational expenses. Improved billing accuracy: eliminates estimated meter reading, improving revenue
collection and avoiding suspicious billing for customers.
Increased efficiencies of field workers: the ability to access schedules, GIS data, and other critical information
reduces trips to the central office and speeds repair time.
Improved customer service: customer portals into the usage date allow customer monitoring of real time usage
and consumption trends, encouraging water use awareness and conservation.
Reduces operating costs; eliminates manual reading, improves operational efficiency and faster response to
incidents [12].
1.5 Observation and discussion
These reviews discuss on the use of GSM network whereby they presented an embedded system implementation
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of a wireless water meter system. Also the use of windows mobile platform (smartphone technology) as a means
of improving the efficiency in water meter reading. Generally, these ideas are good although due to the context
level of Arusha, Tanzania they are difficult to implement. Commonly ministerial budget are not enough
compared to other countries that we have seen from these reviews. It requires a lot of investments to establish
those things while the aim of this paper is to find a solution which can be cheap and solve this problem.
Furthermore, due to the dependability of electricity, the idea of GSM network for water meter reading is difficult
to implement because electricity is unreliable making it to access and retrieve data from the meter. Likewise, use
of smartphone technology requires reliable internet access but in Tanzania especially in rural areas still there is
2g network (which provides edge service for internet) which is not reliable in terms of internet service as we
know that 2g is not reliable in internet services. Similarly, use of this technology needs to have smartphones
which have limitations in terms of battery life, so it will be difficult for the water meter readers to read many
sites. In regard to this, it is proposed to use another method which will cover the context of Tanzania. Essentially,
use of USSD technology seems to be a good solution that will cover this problem of inefficacy in water meter
reading.
[13] defines Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) as a communication protocol used to send text
messages between a mobile phone and applications running on the network. It is a messaging service used in
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) networks similar to SMS. However, unlike SMS; USSD
provides session-based connections. Because of its real-time and instant messaging service capability, USSD
service offers a better performance and is much cheaper than SMS for two-way transactions. This service is
unique and only available to GSM networks. USSD communication is initiated by dialling a special code. USSD
codes consist of asterisk (*), followed by a combination of digits (0 to 9) and a hash (#) an example of USSD
code is *149*01#. The * and # codes are used to signify the beginning and end of the request.
1.6 Conclusion
A review of various methods on the role of mobile application (system) in improving water meter reading is
done in this study. Various methods are presented aiming to remove inefficiency in water meter reading.
Although, some of methods offered are good but are difficult to implement in the Tanzania environment, it is
therefore proposed to introduce another method that can match with the Tanzania environment of course, this
will be considered as a future work to be done. The method proposed is the use of USSD code as a mobile
application (system) for water meter reading. USSD code doesn’t need internet services to access it, so it can be
used even in rural areas.
Acknowledgment
We extend our appreciation to the Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology (NMAIST) and
the School of Computation and Communication Science and Engineering (CoCSE) for supporting this work and
for allowing us to use their resources.
References
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