Flooding is a natural phenomenon that often occurs in tropical countries. Drainage design is one of the efforts to prevent floods, however, when the rainfall is high, there are still several inundation points that occur. This requires comprehensive handling to reduce the impact of these inundations, to get an adaptive solution, the use of internet of things based (IoT) tools is one of the alternatives proposed. This study proposes an IoT-based flood inundation monitoring system, which includes a water level reader, a web-based inundation monitoring system, a flood inundation area and depth reporting system as evaluation materials for the government city. The sensor module that we propose is a series of sensors in a hollow cylinder design to reduce water ripples. The server application is displayed in the form of an interactive area mapping which is divided into 4 layers for 4 different analyzes so that central officers can quickly coordinate with field officers to carry out mitigation actions in the affected area. The module requires a low cost and easy installation process compared to a liquid sensor, besides that the display in the form of a web makes it easier for officers to access monitoring applications anywhere compared to geographic information system based (GIS) applications. This research has been carried out and tested in one of the major cities in Indonesia.
Water monitoring and analytic based ThingSpeak IJECEIAES
Diseases associated with bad water have largely reported cases annually leading to deaths, therefore the water quality monitoring become necessary to provide safe water. Traditional monitoring includes manual gathering of samples from different points on the distributed site, and then testing in laboratory. This procedure has proven that it is ineffective because it is laborious, lag time and lacks online results to enhance proactive response to water pollution. Emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and step towards the smart life poses the successful using of IoT. This paper presents a water quality monitoring using IoT based ThingSpeak platform that provides analytic tools and visualization using MATLAB programming. The proposed model is used to test water samples using sensor fusion technique such as TDS and Turbidity, and then uploading data online to ThingSpeak platform to monitor and analyze. The system notifies authorities when there are water quality parameters out of a predefined set of normal values. A warning will be notified to user by IFTTT protocol.
An internet of things-based irrigation and tank monitoring systemIJICTJOURNAL
Agriculture plays a significant role in the development of a nation and provides the main source of food production, income, and employment to nations. It was the most practiced occupation in Nigeria and this formed the backbone of the economy in the early 1960s before the discovery of crude oil, which has led to the derail of sufficient food production, exportation, and the agricultural economy at large. Over time, the dry season has always been challenging with little or no rainfall and there are no irrigation facilities that incorporate different saving practices to adapt to these climate changes on their own. In this paper, a cost-effective internet of things irrigation system that is capable of reducing water wastage, manual labor, monitoring tank water level and that can be controlled remotely is designed. The system integrated Arduino UNO with a soil moisture sensor, HCSR04 ultrasonic sensor, and ESP8266 Wi-Fi module that gives the system capable of being controlled remotely via the internet, thus achieving optimal irrigation using the internet of things (IoT). Some of the challenges facing the existing irrigation system are water wastage, poor performance, and high cost of implementation. The design system helps to control water supply to crops when it is needed, and also monitors soil moisture, temperature, and water tank level. After carrying out the experiments for 15 days, the system saved approximately 49% of the water used in traditional irrigation method. The system is useful in large farming areas to minimize human effort and reduce the cost of hiring personnel.
Design and implementation of internet of things-based electrical monitoring s...journalBEEI
Many modern monitoring and controlling projects such as systems in factories, home, and other used the internet of things (IoT). These devices perform self-functions without requiring manual intervention in order to improve convenience and safety. Electrical networks are one of the most important areas in which IoT systems can control, monitor, detect, and alarm for faultier, because detecting faults, monitoring network data, and finding the best solutions in a smaller duration of time to improve the efficiency and reliability of electrical networks. This paper proposes a system on the basis of a wireless sensor network (WSN). This system monitors and controls a variety of electrical and environmental variables, including power consumption, weather temperature, humidity, flame, lighting, and detection cut in the cable in electrical poles. Each sensor is a node and is connected to a microcontroller board separately. The data collected by these sensors is display and monitored on a web page and saved in a local server's database, this site was created with a variety of web programming languages. The system was developed using a free global domain. The website having a database for storing real-time sensor information.
Integration of IoT and chatbot for aquaculture with natural language processingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The development of internet of things (IoT) technology is very fast lately. One sector that can be implemented by IoT technology is the aquaculture sector. One important factor in the success of aquaculture is a good and controlled water quality condition. But the problem for the traditional aquaculture farmers is to monitor and increase the water quality quickly and efficiently. To resolve the above-mentioned problem, this paper proposes a real-time monitoring system for aquaculture and supported with chatbot assistant to facilitate the user. This system was composed of IoT system, cloud system, and chatbot system. The proposed system consists of 7 main modules: smart sensors, smart aeration system, local network system, cloud computing system, client visualization data, chatbot system, and solar powered system. The smart aeration system consists of NodeMCU, relay, and aerator. The smart sensors consist of several sensors such as dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and water level sensor. Natural language processing is implemented to build the chatbot system. By combining text mining processing with naive Bayes algorithm, the result shows the very good performance with high precision and recall for each class to monitor the quality of water in aquaculture sector.
Smart meters are a major component of eco friendly home or building. Smart metering is required for the operation of the smart homes and buildings. The benefits of smart water metering have been recognized. A powerful approach for hour by hour monitoring and metering purposes in water networks is the automatic meter infrastructure AMI . Smart metering is now an established technology which can be applied to collect, store, and distribute real time data on water usage. This paper provides a brief introduction to the smart water metering. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Adedamola A. Omotoso | Sarhan M. Musa "Smart Water Metering" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29223.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29223/smart-water-metering/matthew-n-o-sadiku
IoT-based intelligent irrigation management and monitoring system using arduinoTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Plants, flowers and crops are living things around us that makes our earth more productive and
beautiful. In order to growth healthy, they need water, light and nutrition from the soil in order to effect
cleaning air naturally and produce oxygen to the world. Therefore, a technology that manage to brilliantly
control plants watering rate according to its soil moisture and user requirement is proposed in this paper.
The developed system included an Internet of Things (IoT) in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
environment where it manages and monitors the irrigation system either manually or automatically,
depending on the user requirement. This proposed system applied Arduino technology and NRF24L01 as
the microprocessor and transceiver for the communication channel, respectively. Smart agriculture and
smart lifestyle can be developed by implementing this technology for the future work. It will save
the budget for hiring employees and prevent from water wastage in daily necessities.
IoT-based smart irrigation management system using real-time dataIJECEIAES
An adequate water supply is essential for the growth and development of crops. When rainfall is insufficient, irrigation is necessary to meet crop water needs. It is a crucial and strategic aspect of economic and social development. To combat climate change, there is a need to adopt irrigation management techniques that increase and stabilize agricultural production while saving water, using intelligent agricultural water technologies. Internet of things (IoT) based technologies can achieve optimal use of water resources. This article introduces a smart realtime irrigation management system based on the internet of things. It provides optimal management of irrigation decisions using real-time weather and soil moisture data, as well as data from precipitation forecasts. The proposed algorithm is developed in real-time based on the IoT, enabling us to guide irrigation and control the amount of water in agricultural applications. The system uses real-time data analysis of climate, soil, and crop data to provide flexible planning of the irrigation system’s use. A case study from the Fez-Meknes region in Morocco is presented to demonstrate the proposed system’s effectiveness
IOT AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BASED SMART GARDENING AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM.pdfSamira Akter Tumpa
The IoT and Artificial Intelligence based smart gardening and irrigation system is a modern approach to gardening that leverages technology to optimize and automate various aspects of garden maintenance. This system combines the power of IoT devices, such as sensors and actuators, with artificial intelligence algorithms to create an intelligent and efficient gardening solution.
The system begins with a network of sensors strategically placed throughout the garden. These sensors can monitor important environmental variables such as soil moisture levels, temperature, humidity, light intensity, and even nutrient levels. The data collected by these sensors is then transmitted to a central hub or cloud-based platform for analysis.
Artificial intelligence algorithms come into play here, as they process the collected data and make informed decisions about watering schedules, fertilization, and other necessary actions. By analyzing the environmental data, the system can determine when and how much water to provide to the plants, ensuring optimal hydration without wastage.
The smart irrigation component of the system consists of automated valves or sprinklers that are connected to the network. These valves can be remotely controlled or operated automatically based on the instructions from the AI algorithms. This allows for precise and efficient water delivery to specific areas of the garden, avoiding overwatering and water runoff.
Additionally, the AI algorithms can take into account weather forecasts and historical data to adjust the watering schedule accordingly. For example, if rain is predicted, the system may delay or reduce the watering to prevent excessive moisture.
The IoT and AI-based smart gardening system also includes features to monitor plant health and detect diseases or pest infestations. Image recognition algorithms can analyze images of plants to identify any signs of distress or diseases. This early detection allows for prompt intervention and treatment, improving plant health and yield.
Moreover, the system can be integrated with mobile applications or web interfaces, enabling gardeners to monitor and control their gardens remotely. They can receive real-time updates on environmental conditions, irrigation schedules, and even receive notifications or alerts if any issues arise.
Overall, the IoT and Artificial Intelligence based smart gardening and irrigation system revolutionizes traditional gardening practices by optimizing resource usage, improving plant health, and reducing manual intervention. It provides an intelligent, efficient, and sustainable approach to gardening, making it easier for gardeners to maintain lush and healthy gardens while conserving water and minimizing waste.
The world is moving forward at a fast hop, and the credit goes to ever growing technology. One such idea is IOT Internet of things with which automation is no longer a virtual reality. The Internet of Things will seamlessly incorporate a large number of different and heterogeneous end systems, while providing open access to selected subsets of data for the development of an overabundance of digital services. Building a wide ranging architecture for IoT is required because of the extremely large variety of devices but it is a very complex task, link layer technologies, and services that may be involved in such a system. In this paper we emphasis specifically to an urban IoT systems that, while still being quite a broad category, are characterized by their specific application domain. Urban IoTs, in fact, are designed to support the Smart City vision, which aims at take advantage of the most advanced communication technologies to support added value services for the administration of the city and for the citizens. Sunitha C | Asha Priya B | Lavanya S ""Need of Internet of Things for Smart Cities"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23597.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/world-wide-web/23597/need-of-internet-of-things-for-smart-cities/sunitha-c
Integrated application for automatic schedule-based distribution and monitori...journalBEEI
40% of areas in Indonesia are still using rainwater as a source for irrigation. Type of wetland rainwater always depends on weather that is currently difficult to predict. In addition, the frequency of field cultivation became limited. Irrigation water can come from a dam or a spring in the mountains. Limited water source generates the need to manage water distribution in all areas of rice fields. For every 1 hectare fields, at least 0.5 litres of water per second is needed. The imbalance between the field and the available water discharge can cause conflicts in the Community farmers manage field. The purpose of this research is to assist in the Assembly Of Farmer Water users ("Perkumpulan Petani Pemakai Air" or "P3A") manage the scheduling and controlling irrigation sluice based IoT using mobile applications. The waterfall process model applied in developing mobile applications. Every feature that is created has been tested directly using Unit tests based on the application of the system used. The test is done by observing the system inputs and outputs of the system usability scale (SUS). Tests are also carried out using Post-Study with method of the SUS.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
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Water monitoring and analytic based ThingSpeak IJECEIAES
Diseases associated with bad water have largely reported cases annually leading to deaths, therefore the water quality monitoring become necessary to provide safe water. Traditional monitoring includes manual gathering of samples from different points on the distributed site, and then testing in laboratory. This procedure has proven that it is ineffective because it is laborious, lag time and lacks online results to enhance proactive response to water pollution. Emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and step towards the smart life poses the successful using of IoT. This paper presents a water quality monitoring using IoT based ThingSpeak platform that provides analytic tools and visualization using MATLAB programming. The proposed model is used to test water samples using sensor fusion technique such as TDS and Turbidity, and then uploading data online to ThingSpeak platform to monitor and analyze. The system notifies authorities when there are water quality parameters out of a predefined set of normal values. A warning will be notified to user by IFTTT protocol.
An internet of things-based irrigation and tank monitoring systemIJICTJOURNAL
Agriculture plays a significant role in the development of a nation and provides the main source of food production, income, and employment to nations. It was the most practiced occupation in Nigeria and this formed the backbone of the economy in the early 1960s before the discovery of crude oil, which has led to the derail of sufficient food production, exportation, and the agricultural economy at large. Over time, the dry season has always been challenging with little or no rainfall and there are no irrigation facilities that incorporate different saving practices to adapt to these climate changes on their own. In this paper, a cost-effective internet of things irrigation system that is capable of reducing water wastage, manual labor, monitoring tank water level and that can be controlled remotely is designed. The system integrated Arduino UNO with a soil moisture sensor, HCSR04 ultrasonic sensor, and ESP8266 Wi-Fi module that gives the system capable of being controlled remotely via the internet, thus achieving optimal irrigation using the internet of things (IoT). Some of the challenges facing the existing irrigation system are water wastage, poor performance, and high cost of implementation. The design system helps to control water supply to crops when it is needed, and also monitors soil moisture, temperature, and water tank level. After carrying out the experiments for 15 days, the system saved approximately 49% of the water used in traditional irrigation method. The system is useful in large farming areas to minimize human effort and reduce the cost of hiring personnel.
Design and implementation of internet of things-based electrical monitoring s...journalBEEI
Many modern monitoring and controlling projects such as systems in factories, home, and other used the internet of things (IoT). These devices perform self-functions without requiring manual intervention in order to improve convenience and safety. Electrical networks are one of the most important areas in which IoT systems can control, monitor, detect, and alarm for faultier, because detecting faults, monitoring network data, and finding the best solutions in a smaller duration of time to improve the efficiency and reliability of electrical networks. This paper proposes a system on the basis of a wireless sensor network (WSN). This system monitors and controls a variety of electrical and environmental variables, including power consumption, weather temperature, humidity, flame, lighting, and detection cut in the cable in electrical poles. Each sensor is a node and is connected to a microcontroller board separately. The data collected by these sensors is display and monitored on a web page and saved in a local server's database, this site was created with a variety of web programming languages. The system was developed using a free global domain. The website having a database for storing real-time sensor information.
Integration of IoT and chatbot for aquaculture with natural language processingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The development of internet of things (IoT) technology is very fast lately. One sector that can be implemented by IoT technology is the aquaculture sector. One important factor in the success of aquaculture is a good and controlled water quality condition. But the problem for the traditional aquaculture farmers is to monitor and increase the water quality quickly and efficiently. To resolve the above-mentioned problem, this paper proposes a real-time monitoring system for aquaculture and supported with chatbot assistant to facilitate the user. This system was composed of IoT system, cloud system, and chatbot system. The proposed system consists of 7 main modules: smart sensors, smart aeration system, local network system, cloud computing system, client visualization data, chatbot system, and solar powered system. The smart aeration system consists of NodeMCU, relay, and aerator. The smart sensors consist of several sensors such as dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and water level sensor. Natural language processing is implemented to build the chatbot system. By combining text mining processing with naive Bayes algorithm, the result shows the very good performance with high precision and recall for each class to monitor the quality of water in aquaculture sector.
Smart meters are a major component of eco friendly home or building. Smart metering is required for the operation of the smart homes and buildings. The benefits of smart water metering have been recognized. A powerful approach for hour by hour monitoring and metering purposes in water networks is the automatic meter infrastructure AMI . Smart metering is now an established technology which can be applied to collect, store, and distribute real time data on water usage. This paper provides a brief introduction to the smart water metering. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Adedamola A. Omotoso | Sarhan M. Musa "Smart Water Metering" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29223.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29223/smart-water-metering/matthew-n-o-sadiku
IoT-based intelligent irrigation management and monitoring system using arduinoTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Plants, flowers and crops are living things around us that makes our earth more productive and
beautiful. In order to growth healthy, they need water, light and nutrition from the soil in order to effect
cleaning air naturally and produce oxygen to the world. Therefore, a technology that manage to brilliantly
control plants watering rate according to its soil moisture and user requirement is proposed in this paper.
The developed system included an Internet of Things (IoT) in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
environment where it manages and monitors the irrigation system either manually or automatically,
depending on the user requirement. This proposed system applied Arduino technology and NRF24L01 as
the microprocessor and transceiver for the communication channel, respectively. Smart agriculture and
smart lifestyle can be developed by implementing this technology for the future work. It will save
the budget for hiring employees and prevent from water wastage in daily necessities.
IoT-based smart irrigation management system using real-time dataIJECEIAES
An adequate water supply is essential for the growth and development of crops. When rainfall is insufficient, irrigation is necessary to meet crop water needs. It is a crucial and strategic aspect of economic and social development. To combat climate change, there is a need to adopt irrigation management techniques that increase and stabilize agricultural production while saving water, using intelligent agricultural water technologies. Internet of things (IoT) based technologies can achieve optimal use of water resources. This article introduces a smart realtime irrigation management system based on the internet of things. It provides optimal management of irrigation decisions using real-time weather and soil moisture data, as well as data from precipitation forecasts. The proposed algorithm is developed in real-time based on the IoT, enabling us to guide irrigation and control the amount of water in agricultural applications. The system uses real-time data analysis of climate, soil, and crop data to provide flexible planning of the irrigation system’s use. A case study from the Fez-Meknes region in Morocco is presented to demonstrate the proposed system’s effectiveness
IOT AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BASED SMART GARDENING AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM.pdfSamira Akter Tumpa
The IoT and Artificial Intelligence based smart gardening and irrigation system is a modern approach to gardening that leverages technology to optimize and automate various aspects of garden maintenance. This system combines the power of IoT devices, such as sensors and actuators, with artificial intelligence algorithms to create an intelligent and efficient gardening solution.
The system begins with a network of sensors strategically placed throughout the garden. These sensors can monitor important environmental variables such as soil moisture levels, temperature, humidity, light intensity, and even nutrient levels. The data collected by these sensors is then transmitted to a central hub or cloud-based platform for analysis.
Artificial intelligence algorithms come into play here, as they process the collected data and make informed decisions about watering schedules, fertilization, and other necessary actions. By analyzing the environmental data, the system can determine when and how much water to provide to the plants, ensuring optimal hydration without wastage.
The smart irrigation component of the system consists of automated valves or sprinklers that are connected to the network. These valves can be remotely controlled or operated automatically based on the instructions from the AI algorithms. This allows for precise and efficient water delivery to specific areas of the garden, avoiding overwatering and water runoff.
Additionally, the AI algorithms can take into account weather forecasts and historical data to adjust the watering schedule accordingly. For example, if rain is predicted, the system may delay or reduce the watering to prevent excessive moisture.
The IoT and AI-based smart gardening system also includes features to monitor plant health and detect diseases or pest infestations. Image recognition algorithms can analyze images of plants to identify any signs of distress or diseases. This early detection allows for prompt intervention and treatment, improving plant health and yield.
Moreover, the system can be integrated with mobile applications or web interfaces, enabling gardeners to monitor and control their gardens remotely. They can receive real-time updates on environmental conditions, irrigation schedules, and even receive notifications or alerts if any issues arise.
Overall, the IoT and Artificial Intelligence based smart gardening and irrigation system revolutionizes traditional gardening practices by optimizing resource usage, improving plant health, and reducing manual intervention. It provides an intelligent, efficient, and sustainable approach to gardening, making it easier for gardeners to maintain lush and healthy gardens while conserving water and minimizing waste.
The world is moving forward at a fast hop, and the credit goes to ever growing technology. One such idea is IOT Internet of things with which automation is no longer a virtual reality. The Internet of Things will seamlessly incorporate a large number of different and heterogeneous end systems, while providing open access to selected subsets of data for the development of an overabundance of digital services. Building a wide ranging architecture for IoT is required because of the extremely large variety of devices but it is a very complex task, link layer technologies, and services that may be involved in such a system. In this paper we emphasis specifically to an urban IoT systems that, while still being quite a broad category, are characterized by their specific application domain. Urban IoTs, in fact, are designed to support the Smart City vision, which aims at take advantage of the most advanced communication technologies to support added value services for the administration of the city and for the citizens. Sunitha C | Asha Priya B | Lavanya S ""Need of Internet of Things for Smart Cities"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23597.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/world-wide-web/23597/need-of-internet-of-things-for-smart-cities/sunitha-c
Integrated application for automatic schedule-based distribution and monitori...journalBEEI
40% of areas in Indonesia are still using rainwater as a source for irrigation. Type of wetland rainwater always depends on weather that is currently difficult to predict. In addition, the frequency of field cultivation became limited. Irrigation water can come from a dam or a spring in the mountains. Limited water source generates the need to manage water distribution in all areas of rice fields. For every 1 hectare fields, at least 0.5 litres of water per second is needed. The imbalance between the field and the available water discharge can cause conflicts in the Community farmers manage field. The purpose of this research is to assist in the Assembly Of Farmer Water users ("Perkumpulan Petani Pemakai Air" or "P3A") manage the scheduling and controlling irrigation sluice based IoT using mobile applications. The waterfall process model applied in developing mobile applications. Every feature that is created has been tested directly using Unit tests based on the application of the system used. The test is done by observing the system inputs and outputs of the system usability scale (SUS). Tests are also carried out using Post-Study with method of the SUS.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
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An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
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A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
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Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
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generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
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converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
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Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
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significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
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deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
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atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
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tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
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errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
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Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
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Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
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An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
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plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
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various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
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Sensor and internet of things based integrated inundation mitigation for smart city
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 13, No. 3, June 2023, pp. 2695~2703
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2695-2703 2695
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Sensor and internet of things based integrated inundation
mitigation for smart city
Berlian Al Kindhi1
, Umboro Lasminto2
, Masca Indra Triana3
, Satria Damarnegara2
,
Sreenatha G. Anavatti4
1
Department of Electrical Automation Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia
3
Department of Civil Engineering, University of 17 August 1945 Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
4
School of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy,
Canberra, Australia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received May 19, 2022
Revised Sep 5, 2022
Accepted Oct 1, 2022
Flooding is a natural phenomenon that often occurs in tropical countries.
Drainage design is one of the efforts to prevent floods, however, when the
rainfall is high, there are still several inundation points that occur. This
requires comprehensive handling to reduce the impact of these inundations,
to get an adaptive solution, the use of internet of things based (IoT) tools is
one of the alternatives proposed. This study proposes an IoT-based flood
inundation monitoring system, which includes a water level reader, a
web-based inundation monitoring system, a flood inundation area and depth
reporting system as evaluation materials for the government city. The sensor
module that we propose is a series of sensors in a hollow cylinder design to
reduce water ripples. The server application is displayed in the form of an
interactive area mapping which is divided into 4 layers for 4 different
analyzes so that central officers can quickly coordinate with field officers to
carry out mitigation actions in the affected area. The module requires a low
cost and easy installation process compared to a liquid sensor, besides that
the display in the form of a web makes it easier for officers to access
monitoring applications anywhere compared to geographic information
system based (GIS) applications. This research has been carried out and
tested in one of the major cities in Indonesia.
Keywords:
Flood mitigation
Integrated sensor
Internet of things
Inundation
Smart city
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Berlian Al Kindhi
Department of Electrical Automation Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Surabaya, Indonesia
Email: berlian@its.ac.id
1. INTRODUCTION
Rainfall in tropical countries tends to be higher compared to non-tropical countries [1]. High rainfall
results in fast inundation of water and if not immediately addressed can cause flooding. There are several
causes of inundation when heavy rainfalls, including a city drainage system that is unable to drain large
amounts of water and a short amount of time or problems or obstructions in the drainage system so that it is
unable to drain inundation [2]. In general, the main cause of the flooding is the destruction and escalation of
human behavior in changing the balance of natural functions [3]. Changes have occurred in protected natural
areas spatial planning on a massive scale so that the carrying capacity of nature in maintaining balance
decreases dramatically. This is supported by the growth of settlements and industries that change the function
of the environment, even the retention areas of flooding in nature have also been exploited for their benefits
2. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 3, June 2023: 2695-2703
2696
[4]. This situation can significantly affect water absorption drastically. Sometimes the drainage system of
settlements is inadequate so that in certain rainfall, it causes inundations everywhere [5]. The exploitation of
nature worsens the environmental water system because the capacity of river catchment and drainage
decreases and water overflows occur. On the other hand, it turns out that in certain regions, in general, there
is no effective policy implementation to control the exploitation of nature and changes in spatial functions in
the upstream river area [6]. These activities and changes further increase the flow of water that enters directly
and quickly to the river body, and ultimately because the capacity of the river and drainage has decreased, the
river water overflows into residential areas, rice fields, and industrial areas [7].
To obtain an adaptive solution, inundation data collection that occurs in the field is important and
needs to be done. The inundation data collection process based on the manual recording cannot accurately
record depth. This is also difficult to do, due to limited access and survey personnel. We propose integrated
and real-time flood monitoring tools sensor with internet of things (IoT) based, so that field staff can move
quickly to flood-prone flooding points. Ultrasonic sensors have the disadvantage of not being able to
accurately reflect distances in rippling water, so to improve accuracy, we propose a tube design to reduce
water ripples which make reading difficult. In addition, the system we propose requires lower costs because it
uses ultrasonic sensors that are cheaper than liquid sensors. The sensor module that we propose has been
tested and implemented in Indonesia with low cost and easy installation.
The concept of a smart city is a city that utilizes information technology and artificial intelligence
(AI) in managing and building cities [8]. Automation-based governance aims to improve operational
efficiency, share information with the public, and improve the quality of government services and the welfare
of citizens of the city [9]. The supporting components of smart cities are policy, technology, IoT, and the city
community that has a role in realizing the smart cities [10]. So that the creation of the goal of a smart city is
to optimize the functioning of the city and encourage economic growth while improving the quality of life of
its citizens using smart technology and data analysis [11]. Trends in the use of automation, machine learning
and the IoT are driving the realization of smart city [12], [13].
Automation in both the industry and various hardware sectors has increased since using IoT
technology [14]. IoT itself is a system of interconnected computing devices, mechanical and digital
machines, objects, or people equipped with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data through
networks without requiring interaction between humans or humans and computers [15], [16]. The role of the
IoT in realizing the concept of smart cities is quite important, the IoT device is capable of sending
information and following up through the network with the minimum amount of human power so that it can
perform various functions automatically [17]. With IoT, hardware data that was previously only retrieved
manually can now be processed simultaneously by sending the data to the server using internet facilities
[18], [19].
Sustainability is the hope of implementing a smart city [20], [21]. Smart technology will help cities
maintain growth and improve efficiency for prosperity [22]. Sensors equipped with IoT devices can read
ambient conditions and report them in an integrated way. Information sent on an ongoing basis can be used
as big data analytics that produces analysis and predictions [23], [24]. Big data analytics are used to help
make decisions by the government. Some parts of the smart city apply sensors and IoT to facilitate
monitoring and city governance. For instance, to adjust the quality of power in a city, the sensor measures the
power and uses global system for mobile communications (GSM) to inform the customers [25]. Piezoelectric
sensors can be used to measure flow rates in pipes and pipe bends by planting them integrated into pipes [26].
Integrated sensors can also be applied to monitor the temperature and acidity of water in real-time [27]. Gas
pressure and temperature can also be measured simultaneously through an integrated sensor based on in-fiber
micro-cavity and fiber-tip [28].
Flood mitigation is one of the important smart city application concepts in tropical countries [29].
High rainfall if not balanced by an effective drainage system will cause high inundation to flood. Therefore,
we need a monitoring process that can monitor the movement of water levels in various areas of the city
remotely. Sensors installed in various corners of the city are equipped with IoT modules so that they can send
their information to the data center. The benefits of this monitoring sensor are for flood mitigation
management and areas far from the city center are easier to monitor, as well as reducing field workers who
have previously checked manually to the location.
The application that we are proposing is a set of main modules consisting of ultrasonic sensors for
reading water levels equipped with several other supporting sensors. We use ultrasonic sensors for reading
inundation heights because of their low cost and easy installation. We propose a module casing design to
optimize the performance of the ultrasonic sensor, namely with a hollow cylinder design at the bottom for the
flow of water. The second module is the IoT module which consists of NodeMCU and GSM which functions
as the internet to transmit data. The third module is the application center in the form of the final status of the
water level in the form of maps and big data analytic functions. In addition, our interactive application
3. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Sensor and internet of things based integrated inundation mitigation for smart city (Berlian Al Kindhi)
2697
display uses the web with a map library, making it easier to access anywhere compared to geographic
information system (GIS).
2. METHOD
This study consists of four interrelated stages, the initial stage is to build a module to measure the
height of a pool of water, then the second stage is the construction of the IoT module, this module serves to
send sensor readings to the database server. The third stage is the database module where at this stage we are
building a website application to present data that has been stored in the database so that it is easier to read
and monitor by the authorities in this regard. The last stage is the processing of big data as data sets that are
processed into AI for analysis and prediction purposes.
2.1. Inundation monitoring sensor
The water height measuring module consists of one component circuit with battery power and with
the main sensor that is ultrasonic. The way the sensor works in reading water levels is by emitting a signal by
an ultrasonic signal transmitter with a certain frequency and with a certain time duration. The signal has a
frequency above 20 kHz. To measure the distance of objects (proximity sensor), the commonly used
frequency is 40 kHz. The emitted signal will propagate as a sound wave with a speed of around 340 m/s.
When mashing an object, the signal will be reflected by the object. After the reflected wave reaches the
receiver, the signal will be processed to calculate the distance of the object. Object distances are calculated
based on (1).
𝑆 = (
340.𝑡
2
) (1)
Where S is the distance between the ultrasonic sensor and the reflected field. 340 is a constant for calibration
from ultrasonic waves to distance, then t is the difference between the time the beam is transmitted by the
transmitter and the time the wave is reflected back and received by the receiver. In this study, we used an
ultrasonic sensor with a receiver and transmitter module that has become one sensor. The ultrasonic sensor
circuit consists of Piezoelectric, Transmitter, and Receiver.
The transmitter functions as a wave transmitter device with a magnitude of 40,000 Hz generated by
the oscillator. To produce a 40 kHz frequency, an oscillator circuit must be made and the output of the
oscillator proceeds to the signal amplifier. The frequency is determined by the RLC/crystal component
depending on the oscillator design used. The signal amplifier will provide an electrical signal that is fed to
the piezoelectric and a mechanical reaction occurs so that it vibrates and emits waves that correspond to the
frequency at the oscillator. The transmitter circuit on the ultrasonic sensor can be observed in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Ultrasonic transmitter circuit
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The next component of the ultrasonic sensor is the piezoelectric. Piezoelectric is part of an ultrasonic
sensor that functions to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. A piezoelectric material is a
material that produces a magnetic field so that it can produce strain or mechanical stress. If the circuit
operates in the pulse mode of the same piezoelectric element, then the ultrasonic sensor which has an electric
piezo can be used as a transducer and receiver. However, the frequency generated can depend on the
oscillator adjusted to the frequency of each transducer.
The receiver consists of an ultrasonic transducer using piezoelectric material, which functions as a
receiver of reflected waves originating from the transmitter which is worn on the surface of an object or
direct wave line of sight (LOS) of the transmitter. Because the piezoelectric material has a reversible
reaction, the ceramic element will generate an electrical voltage when the wave comes with a resonant
frequency and will vibrate the piezoelectric material. The receiver circuit on the ultrasonic sensor can be
observed in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Ultrasonic receiver sensor circuit
Ultrasonic sensors are used to measure the distance of objects from 2 cm until 4 m with an accuracy
of 3 mm. This tool has 4 pins, voltage common collector (VCC), ground (GND), trigger, and echo pins. VCC
pin for positive electricity and GND for the ground. Trigger pins to trigger signals from the sensor and Echo
pins to capture reflected signals from objects. When we provide a positive voltage on the Trigger pin for
10 uS, the sensor will send an 8-step ultrasonic signal with a frequency of 40 kHz. Next, the signal will be
received on the echo pin. To measure the distance of objects that reflect the signal, the time difference when
sending and receiving signals is used to determine the distance of the object.
This water level reading module consists of an ultrasonic sensor and an electronic chain. For the
power needed to activate the module using a battery. In areas far from the center of monitoring, the power to
activate the module uses an adapter whose electricity is directly connected to power on the lamp, because the
module is attached to or supported by a public lighting lamp post. The module is wrapped in a box
specifically designed for the tool and made of aluminum. To avoid a short circuit on the sensor if exposed to
rain, the top of the module box will be shaded again with a layer that is wider than the module box so that
rainwater does not go directly down to the module.
2.2. IoT module
The procedure to send data from all modules to the center, the module is added Arduino NodeMCU
series or GSM module if Wi-Fi is not available in the area where the module is installed. Data received by
each module will automatically be stored in the database server. Then the data can be displayed directly on
the web page so that it is easily monitored both from the center or in various place.
Our proposed IoT module are integration between sensor, internet, and application center. In
Figure 3 it can be observed that the sensor module can be equipped with solar panels or can be directly
connected to general electrical lighting. We add a relay as a control in the sensor reading. The current sensor
and voltage sensor function to measure the stability of the power flowing to the sensor. The results of the
reading of the current and voltage sensors are also sent to the data center as a basis for analyzing the
performance of the ultrasonic sensor.
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Figure 3. Sensor module architecture
2.3. Mapping application development
Data received by each module will automatically be stored in the central application. Then the data
can be displayed directly on the web page so that it is easily monitored both from the center or in the field.
To facilitate the monitoring process, we display all sensor points in the form of nodes on the map. Basically,
the nodes on the map are blue, but for sensors that read the water level exceeds the normal specified standard,
the nodes on the sensor will turn red. So that the center officer can immediately be informing the field officer
if there has been a high inundation in the area.
On our proposed application, to find out the status of inundation heights, click on the node on the
map. Meanwhile, to find out the history of inundation height changes can go to the table page that presents
all sensor reporting records that are sorted from the results of the latest altitude reporting. The information
displayed in the table is sensor point, sensor address or position, water level, date, and time. In the date
variable, we use the time stamps data type, which is a data type that can provide hour until second
information, this is because in one day 96 status heights can be recorded. We set the sensor reading delay and
send data to the central server every 15 minutes or in one day there are 96 data records. Therefore, hours and
seconds are also needed to see the history of changes in water level that can be processed in the future as a
prediction and flood management.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The module trials that we built were conducted in areas in the city of Surabaya, Indonesia which is
prone to standing water during the rainy season. From a number of tests, we experienced problems with the
module implementation. We tested a number of casing designs for the sensor module in order to read the
water level. Our initial design, the casing only enclosed the sensor but there was a short circuit due to the
falling rain seeping into the ultrasonic sensor transmitter. Then our second design is to add a top cover that is
wider than the module casing, concave upward to the module so that water cannot leak into the module. But
another obstacle we encountered was that ultrasonic sensors cannot read accurately on moving water so the
reported data is not accurate. The cylindrical design which has lighting inside is the most appropriate design
in our case study, the design can be observed in Figure 4.
The final design that we propose is a sensor module made in the form of a cylinder that extends with
two holes at the bottom for water flow. With a cylindrical design, water will slowly enter the tube thereby
reducing water turmoil and the ultrasonic sensor can read with precision. To minimize errors caused by
rainwater that continues to move, we add a float at the bottom of the cylinder tube so that the movement of
altitude can be read more stable.
Table 1 explains the test results of the sensor module. Each row is the average value of reporting
data in one month that is a number of + -280 originating from 96 (data reported in one day) multiplied by
30/31 days. The sensor report is the average height value reported and real inundation is the average height
value of the actual inundation. RE is a relative error value calculated based on the data read by the sensor
minus the actual inundation height data then divided by the actual value. The relative error calculation
method can be observed in (2).
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𝑅𝐸 =
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
(2)
Relative error assessment to measure how efficient the casing design that we propose to reduce
water ripples and improve the accuracy of ultrasonic reflections. The analysis result of our proposed system
can be observed in Table 1. The negative value on the relative error indicates that the sensor data reporting
tends to be lower than the real data. SD is the standard deviation value of all reported sensor data; we use the
standard deviation as an analysis of the movement of the inundation height in the observed area.
Figure 4. Sensor module design with hollow cylinder model
Table 1. Analyze the difference between sensor readings and the actual inundation height (outside the tube)
Area Sensor Report
(mm)
Real Data
(mm)
Relative
Error
Standard
Deviation
Server receive
(minutes)
Time setting
(minutes)
Delay
(minutes)
Point 1 53.2118 53.2001 0.0002 0.0721 15.07 15.00 +0.07
Point 2 46.3108 46.3108 0.0000 0.1680 15.00 15.00 0.00
Point 3 76.4598 76.4598 0.0000 2.5025 15.30 15.00 +0.30
Point 4 13.4114 13.4114 0.0000 0.1377 15.10 15.00 +0.10
Point 5 16.1314 16.1314 0.0000 0.0409 15.00 15.00 0.00
Point 6 15.5671 15.5671 0.0000 0.1733 15.04 15.00 +0.04
Point 7 15.0535 15.0535 0.0000 0.0341 15.00 15.00 0.00
Point 8 37.2274 37.2274 0.0000 2.3401 15.10 15.00 +0.10
Point 9 47.5176 47.5242 -0.0001 2.0092 15.50 15.00 +0.50
Point 10 31.2325 31.1172 0.0037 2.5834 15.70 15.00 +0.70
Point 11 1.6814 1.6814 0.0000 0.1444 15.28 15.00 +0.28
The performance of the sensor module is also measured by the timeliness of receiving data. The
process of re-reading the water level is set every 15 minutes, and the tolerance of the data received by our
server limits a maximum of 30 seconds. The delay column in Table 1 is the average time data received by the
server that exceeds 15 minutes. In that column, it can be observed that of the 11 sensors tested, only 2 sensors
display an average delay in receiving data beyond the tolerance limit. This can be caused by the sensor area
that does not have an internet signal properly, resulting in data transmission delays. The location of every
sensor can be easily detected by the mapping page which can be seen in Figure 5.
We monitor the elevation of water throughout the city on the map to find out the area affected and
take immediate action for the area and the surrounding area as can be observed in Figure 5. We use the Java
Script Leaflet library to create an interactive map view. Library Leaflet has several functions that can display
maps with several layers on hypertext preprocessor (PHP) pages. We use the layer functions on the Leaflet to
display monitoring in several classifications, first of which is information on the entire area, then areas that
are prone to inundation, and possible areas around which are affected by the inundation. Layers can help us
make the right decision support systems.
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Figure 5. Real time inundation monitoring display on an interactive map in Surabaya City, Indonesia
4. CONCLUSION
Inundation mitigation as a flood prevention measure is an essential component of implementing
intelligent cities in tropical countries. During the rainy season, tropical countries have high rainfall, if it is not
balanced with a good drainage system, will cause flooding. In this study, we propose an integrated and
IoT-based inundation monitoring sensor. The system we have built includes sensor modules, sensor casing
designs, IoT modules, and displays in the application server. The sensor module we are proposing uses an
ultrasonic sensor which is easy to apply and costs less than a liquid sensor. To optimize the sensor reading
performance we designed the sensor module wrapper in the form of a hollow bottom cylinder so that it can
withstand water turmoil. We present the results displayed in the form of a map with 4 layers so that it is
easier to analyze and to make it easier for users to access anywhere compared to GIS applications.
In the future, the development of our proposed integrated system for smart cities is a mobile
application for city residents so that every confirmed person can participate in reporting the status of standing
water in their place of residence. Previous research used lidar sensors and liquid sensors to detect inundation
heights. However, from our test results, the ultrasonic-based sensor technology that we propose has a higher
level of stability and lower construction costs compared with lidar and liquid sensors. So, we can propose
that our technology is more effective and efficient than some of the previous sensor applications.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research is partially funded by the Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember for excellent research
grants No. 831/PKS/ITS/2020 and No. 1016/PKS/ITS/2022.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Berlian Al Kindhi received her Master of Informatics degree from Institut
Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia in 2013, and a doctoral degree from the Institut Teknologi
Sepuluh Nopember with joint research program with University of Groningen, Netherlands.
She was awarded as the best doctoral graduate in 2019. Former a software engineer in I Core,
Ltd. Fujisawa, Japan. Currently, she is an Assistant Profesor of Artificial Intelligence in
Department of Electrical Automation Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
Nopember, Indonesia. Her research interest is in artificial intelligence and computation system.
She can be contacted at email: berlian@its.ac.id.
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Umboro Lasminto received the B.Eng. degree in civil engineering from Institut
Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia, the M.Sc. in hydroinformatic from IHE Delft,
Netherland, and Dr. techn in hydroinformatic from TU Graz, Austria. Currently, he is an
Assistant Professor at the Department of Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
Nopember. His research interests include hydraulic, hydroinformatic, flood modeling, data
driven and computational fluid dynamics. He can be contacted at email: umboro@ce.its.ac.id.
Masca Indra Triana is currently an Assistant Professor in the faculty of
Engineering at Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya. Masca received his Undergraduate
degrees from Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)-Surabaya and obtained his Master at
Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB)-Bandung. His areas of interests are Structural engineering,
Infrastructure Engineering and Management, innovative structural systems and structural
rehabilitation and smart system and materials in structures. He can be contacted at email:
mascatriana@untag-sby.ac.id.
Satria Damarnegara received the B.Eng. and M.Eng. degree in civil engineering
from Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia, in 2010 and 2013, respectively. He also
holds Ph.D. in Fluid Mechanics from Ecole Centrale de Lyon, France, from 2019. Currently,
he is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
Nopember. His research interests include hydraulics, coastal engineering, port engineering and
computational fluid dynamics. He can be contacted at email: damarnegara@its.ac.id.
Sreenatha G. Anavatti received the Ph.D. degree from the Indian Institute of
Science, Bengaluru, India. He is a Senior Lecturer with the School of Engineering and
Information Technology, University of New South Wales Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
He has supervised a number of Ph.D. scholars over these years. His current research interests
include application of artificial intelligence techniques like fuzzy and neural systems for
UAVs, underwater vehicles, ground vehicles, identification and control of dynamic systems,
navigation and path planning for autonomous vehicles, evolutionary fuzzy systems, and their
applications to dynamic systems. He can be contacted at email: a.sreenatha@adfa.edu.au.