This article evaluates the present development by means of literature review in determining the association between emotions, mainly worry, and the various physiological signals with special attention on the exclusive patterns of the electrocardiogram or ECG waveform. An initial investigation was carried out to evaluate which aspects in the ECG waveform can be most suitably related with worry, except from those. Hence, it has been observed that emotion identification utilizing particular aspects of ECG is investigated to a lesser degree compared to other physiological reactions like speech signals, skin conductance and temperature, facial expression, heart rate and blood pressure. With the initial investigation, it was further discovered that the T waves levels out consequently and there is some likelihood of P waves.
Estimation of posture and prediction of the elderly getting out of bed using ...IJECEIAES
We propose an IoT support system for estimating the posture of the care recipient on the bed from the body pressure of the care recipient measured by a sheet-type body pressure sensor, and detecting the posture related to leaving the bed in real time. In addition, we propose a method that predicts getting out of the bed before the care recipient takes a posture related to getting out of the bed by considering the state transition. Intervention experiment showed that using body pressure features as an explanatory variable and applying machine learning, 16 types of postures on the bed of care recipients with an F value of 0.7 or more could be identified. From the experiment without intervention, by applying the hidden Markov model, we calculated the transition probability to each hidden state when the care recipient getting out of the bed and the transition probability to each hidden state when the care recipient not getting out of the bed. As a result, there was a difference of about 0.1 in the transition probability of the state related to raising upper body.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Emotions are an unstoppable and uncontrollable aspect of mental state of human. Some bad situations give
stress and leads to different sufferings. One can’t avoid situation but can have awareness when body feel
stress or any other emotion. It becomes easy for doctors whose patient is not in condition to speak. In that
case person’s physiological parameters are measured to decide emotional status. While experiencing
different emotion, there are also physiological changes taking place in the human body, like variations in
the heart rate (ECG/HRV), skin conductance (GSR), breathing rate(BR), blood volume pulse(BVP),brain
waves (EEG), temperature and muscle tension. These were some of the metrics to sense emotive coefficient.
This research paper objective is to design and develop a portable, cost effective and low power
embedded system that can predict different emotions by using Naïve Bayes classifiers which are based on
probability models that incorporate class conditional independence assumptions. Inputs to this system are
various physiological signals and are extracted by using different sensors. Portable microcontroller used
in this embedded system is MSP430F2013 to automatically monitor the level of stress in computer. This
paper reports on the hardware and software instrumentation development and signal processing approach
used to detect the stress level of a subject.To check the device's performance, few experiments were done in
which 20 adults (ten women and ten men) who completed different tests requiring a certain degree of effort,
such as showing facing intense interviews in office.
Scientific Link between viscero-somatic and somato-viseceral diseases and chiropractic adjustments as the earliest indicator and the most appropriate treatment.
Machine learning-based stress classification system using wearable sensor dev...IAESIJAI
University students often become victims of high-stress levels due to the highly competitive work environment. Unmonitored stress levels in students can inflict severe physiological health problems. This work aims to build a stress classification framework using wearable sensor devices to predict mental stress levels for undergraduate engineering students. It comprises a study to collect a data set of 23 university students using wearable devices for four physiological signals, i.e., electroencephalogram (EEG), electrodermal activity (EDA), skin temperature (SKT), and heart rate (HR), when the students perform the montreal imaging stress task (MIST) for the mental workload. The machine learning models proposed in this work help classify stress into three levels: rest, moderate, and high. The models achieve a classification accuracy of 99.98% using the EEG signals’ time-frequency domain features and an accuracy of 99.51% using the EDA, HR, and SKT signals. The proposed models achieve better scores than all the previous studies on stress classification, using EEG signals and EDA, HR, and SKT signals. This study is novel since it also demonstrates the applicability and proficiency of wearable sensor devices in developing accurate stress classification models to help build real-time stress monitoring systems.
Estimation of posture and prediction of the elderly getting out of bed using ...IJECEIAES
We propose an IoT support system for estimating the posture of the care recipient on the bed from the body pressure of the care recipient measured by a sheet-type body pressure sensor, and detecting the posture related to leaving the bed in real time. In addition, we propose a method that predicts getting out of the bed before the care recipient takes a posture related to getting out of the bed by considering the state transition. Intervention experiment showed that using body pressure features as an explanatory variable and applying machine learning, 16 types of postures on the bed of care recipients with an F value of 0.7 or more could be identified. From the experiment without intervention, by applying the hidden Markov model, we calculated the transition probability to each hidden state when the care recipient getting out of the bed and the transition probability to each hidden state when the care recipient not getting out of the bed. As a result, there was a difference of about 0.1 in the transition probability of the state related to raising upper body.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Emotions are an unstoppable and uncontrollable aspect of mental state of human. Some bad situations give
stress and leads to different sufferings. One can’t avoid situation but can have awareness when body feel
stress or any other emotion. It becomes easy for doctors whose patient is not in condition to speak. In that
case person’s physiological parameters are measured to decide emotional status. While experiencing
different emotion, there are also physiological changes taking place in the human body, like variations in
the heart rate (ECG/HRV), skin conductance (GSR), breathing rate(BR), blood volume pulse(BVP),brain
waves (EEG), temperature and muscle tension. These were some of the metrics to sense emotive coefficient.
This research paper objective is to design and develop a portable, cost effective and low power
embedded system that can predict different emotions by using Naïve Bayes classifiers which are based on
probability models that incorporate class conditional independence assumptions. Inputs to this system are
various physiological signals and are extracted by using different sensors. Portable microcontroller used
in this embedded system is MSP430F2013 to automatically monitor the level of stress in computer. This
paper reports on the hardware and software instrumentation development and signal processing approach
used to detect the stress level of a subject.To check the device's performance, few experiments were done in
which 20 adults (ten women and ten men) who completed different tests requiring a certain degree of effort,
such as showing facing intense interviews in office.
Scientific Link between viscero-somatic and somato-viseceral diseases and chiropractic adjustments as the earliest indicator and the most appropriate treatment.
Machine learning-based stress classification system using wearable sensor dev...IAESIJAI
University students often become victims of high-stress levels due to the highly competitive work environment. Unmonitored stress levels in students can inflict severe physiological health problems. This work aims to build a stress classification framework using wearable sensor devices to predict mental stress levels for undergraduate engineering students. It comprises a study to collect a data set of 23 university students using wearable devices for four physiological signals, i.e., electroencephalogram (EEG), electrodermal activity (EDA), skin temperature (SKT), and heart rate (HR), when the students perform the montreal imaging stress task (MIST) for the mental workload. The machine learning models proposed in this work help classify stress into three levels: rest, moderate, and high. The models achieve a classification accuracy of 99.98% using the EEG signals’ time-frequency domain features and an accuracy of 99.51% using the EDA, HR, and SKT signals. The proposed models achieve better scores than all the previous studies on stress classification, using EEG signals and EDA, HR, and SKT signals. This study is novel since it also demonstrates the applicability and proficiency of wearable sensor devices in developing accurate stress classification models to help build real-time stress monitoring systems.
Sleep Apnea Identification using HRV Features of ECG Signals IJECEIAES
Sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder that interferes with the breathing of a person. During sleep, people can stop breathing for a moment that causes the body lack of oxygen that lasts for several seconds to minutes even until the range of hours. If it happens for a long period, it can result in more serious diseases, e.g. high blood pressure, heart failure, stroke, diabetes, etc. Sleep apnea can be prevented by identifying the indication of sleep apnea itself from ECG, EEG, or other signals to perform early prevention. The purpose of this study is to build a classification model to identify sleep disorders from the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) features that can be obtained with Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. In this study, HRV features were processed using several classification methods, i.e. ANN, KNN, N-Bayes and SVM linear Methods. The classification is performed using subjectspecific scheme and subject-independent scheme. The simulation results show that the SVM method achieves higher accuracy other than three other methods in identifying sleep apnea. While, time domain features shows the most dominant performance among the HRV features.
EXAMINATION OF THE SKIN CONDUCTANCE LEVEL (SCL) AS AN INDEX OF THE ACTIVITY O...ijbesjournal
This paper displays standardized measurements to examine the skin conductance level (SCL) as an index for the sympathetic nervous system’s activity considering a possible standardization of personal variability. SCL measurements were performed at baseline, Cold-Pressor-Tests and Stroop Tests for 15 subjects and inter- and intra-individual mean SCL values were examined. The logarithmic representation displays a high inter-individual variability, denoted by a high fluctuation range of the absolute values and SCL amplitudes. A standardization of inter-individuality could not be achieved by the applied methods (range correction and z-transformation). For the relative intra-individual comparison of the stress situation to the baseline, a method of correction for the determination of the real effect of sympathetic activation was established. EDA should be combined with other parameters of the ANS for a more precise evaluation of stress situations in the context of changes in blood pressure.
Knowledge Base System in Medicine with Special Reference to Consulting PhysicianIJESM JOURNAL
Knowledge is the fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or association. A Knowledge base system is also known as expert system. It is a computer program that contains some of the subject-specific knowledge, and contains the knowledge and analytical skills of one or more human experts. This paper deals with the deals with the development of knowledge base system in medicine which is able to give an appropriate diagnosis for all the diseases with fever as one symptom. A Knowledge-based system assists in the diagnosis of diseases to doctor in some critical cases. It also improves quality of decision making and speed-up of human professional work.
New methodology to detect the effects of emotions on different biometrics in...IJECEIAES
Recently, some problems have appeared among medical workers during the diagnosis of some diseases due to human errors or the lack of sufficient information for the diagnosis. In medical diagnosis, doctors always resort to separating human emotions and their impact on vital parameters. In this paper, a methodology is presented to measure vital parameters more accurately while studying the effect of different human emotions on vital signs. Two designs were implemented based on the microcontroller and National Instruments (NI) myRIO. Measurements of four different vital parameters are measured and recorded in real time. At the same time, the effects of different emotions on those vital parameters are recorded and stored for use in analysis and early diagnosis. The results proved that the proposed methodology can contribute to the prediction and diagnosis of the initial symptoms of some diseases such as the seventh nerve and Parkinson’s disease. The two proposed designs are compared with the reference device (beurer) results. The design using NI myRIO achieved more accurate results and a response time of 1.4 seconds for real-time measurements compared to its counterpart based on microcontrollers, which qualifies it to work in intensive care units.
Measuring and Quantifying Sympathetic Control of the Cutaneous MicrovasculatureInsideScientific
Climate change is the biggest global health threat of the 21st century and will continue to result in more intense, more frequent, and longer lasting extreme heat events, all of which have dire implications for nearly every aspect of human life. Older adults are particularly vulnerable to heat exposure, and excessive heat-related mortality in aged adults can be partly attributed to the cardiovascular consequences of age-related impairments in thermoregulatory reflex function. In a series of studies, Dr. Jody Greaney’s laboratory has used microneurography to directly record skin sympathetic nervous system activity in conscious aged humans during environmental provocations as a means to examine the efferent arc of the thermoregulatory reflex axis.
This presentation will provide a brief overview of the development of the technique of microneurography, with a focus on the unique issues related to its analysis, quantification and interpretation. It will also discuss how this approach, coupled with laser Doppler flowmetry-derived estimates of skin blood flow, has helped to advance our understanding of age-related alterations in thermoregulatory reflex function.
Key Topics Include:
- Understand the utility of microneurography as a means to measure and quantify skin sympathetic nervous system activity during thermal perturbations in humans
- Understand the considerations related to the analysis, quantification, and interpretation of microneurographic recordings of skin sympathetic nervous system activity
- Understand the application of these methodological approaches for assessing sympathetic control of microvascular function during whole-body environmental stressors
A Novel Approach For Detection of Neurological Disorders through Electrical P...IJECEIAES
This paper talks about the phenomenon of recurrence and using this concept it proposes a novel and a very simple and user friendly method to diagnose the neurological disorders by using the EEG signals.The mathematical concept of recurrence forms the basis for the detection of neurological disorders,and the tool used is MATLAB. Using MATLAB, an algorithm is designed which uses EEG signals as the input and uses the synchronizing patterns of EEG signals to determine various neurological disorders through graphs and recurrence plots
The research discussed in this paper is part of a pilot study in the use of wearable devices incorporating electroencephalogram (EEG) and heartrate sensors to sense for the emotional responses closely correlated to frustration when performing certain tasks. For this study the methodology used a combination of puzzle, arcade style game and a meditation apps to emulate a task based environment and detect frustration and satisfaction emotions. Preliminary results indicate that degree of task completion has an effect on emotions and can be detected by EEG and heartrate changes.
Assessment of systolic and diastolic cycle duration from speech analysis in t...cscpconf
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart. ECG is also
used to measure the rate and regularity of heart beats and can be correlated to blood pressure
measurement. This paper describes a technique of the determination of systole and diastole cycle
duration from the RR-cycle using speech parameters. The formant F2 and F3 characterize
different emotional states like anger and fear. One heart beat includes one systole and one
diastole cycle. In an electrocardiogram, electrical systole of the ventricles begins at the
beginning of the QRS complex. Diastolic variation occurs after the systole cycle. RT interval
describes systole cycle duration. The ECG, and the speech sample of several informants have been recorded simultaneously to obtain the required relationship.
WBSN based safe lifestyle: a case study of heartrate monitoring system IJECEIAES
A Heart is the vital organ of the body. According to the “world health statistics 2017” by WHO, about 460,000 people die due to fatal heart attacks every year. To reduce the death rate due to fatal heart attacks and malfunctioning of the cardiovascular system, this paper proposed a Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN) based, portable, easily affordable, miniatured, accurate “Heartrate Monitoring System (HMS)”. HMS can be used to regularly examine the cardiac condition at home or hospital to avoid or early detection of any serious condition. Heartrate Monitoring Algorithm (HMA) was designed to observe the spread heartbeat spectrum and worked at the backend of HMS. A case study was performed for forty healthy young subjects. Each subject data was computed for 푠푢푏 ̅̅̅̅̅ − 3푆 푑 < 푠푢푏 < 푠푢푏 ̅̅̅̅̅ + 3푆 . All subjects’ 99% data lie in the custom range. The result produced by HMS was the same as the previous medical record of subjects.
Top 24 team in the High School Utah Entrepreneur Challenge 2017. The program is managed by the Lassonde Entrepreneur Institute at the University of Utah. Learn more at lassonde.utah.edu/hsuec.
Real Time Implementation and Investigation of Wireless Device of Electrical S...ijtsrd
"Electrical nerve stimulation ENS is the delivery of electricity across the intact surface of the skin to activate underlying nerves generally with the objective of pain relief. Wearable Intensive Nerve Stimulation WINS is an emerging form of ENS in which the device is wearable, automated, and designed for intensive use. This enables regular use throughout the day and night, whenever the patient experiences pain, which is essential for the management of chronic pain. Hence we design and develop a wireless controlled smart tiny wearable medical device that is capable of passing electricity through underlying nerves of human beings for symptomatic relief and management of chronic pain. This project can be applicable for coma persons. When there is a slight improvement in their acceleration, this device will stimulate the peripheral nerves accordingly. Mrs. R. Ponni | S. Manisha | A. Monisha | G. Nandhini | R. Priyatharcini "Real Time Implementation and Investigation of Wireless Device of Electrical Stimulation for Peripheral Nevers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21672.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/21672/real-time-implementation-and-investigation-of-wireless-device-of-electrical-stimulation-for-peripheral-nevers/mrs-r-ponni
Data Mining is a significant field in today’s data-driven world. Understanding and implementing its concepts can lead to discovery of useful insights. This paper discusses the main concepts of data mining, focusing on two main concepts namely Association Rule Mining and Time Series Analysis
A Review on Real Time Integrated CCTV System Using Face Detection for Vehicle...rahulmonikasharma
We are describes the technique for real time human face detection and counting the number of passengers in vehicle and also gender of the passengers.The Image processing technology is very popular,now at present all are going to use it for various purpose. It can be applied to various applications for detecting and processing the digital images. Face detection is a part of image processing. It is used for finding the face of human in a given area. Face detection is used in many applications such as face recognition, people tracking, or photography. In this paper,The webcam is installed in public vehicle and connected with Raspberry Pi model. We use face detection technique for detecting and counting the number of passengers in public vehicle via webcam with the help of image processing and Raspberry Pi.
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Sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder that interferes with the breathing of a person. During sleep, people can stop breathing for a moment that causes the body lack of oxygen that lasts for several seconds to minutes even until the range of hours. If it happens for a long period, it can result in more serious diseases, e.g. high blood pressure, heart failure, stroke, diabetes, etc. Sleep apnea can be prevented by identifying the indication of sleep apnea itself from ECG, EEG, or other signals to perform early prevention. The purpose of this study is to build a classification model to identify sleep disorders from the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) features that can be obtained with Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. In this study, HRV features were processed using several classification methods, i.e. ANN, KNN, N-Bayes and SVM linear Methods. The classification is performed using subjectspecific scheme and subject-independent scheme. The simulation results show that the SVM method achieves higher accuracy other than three other methods in identifying sleep apnea. While, time domain features shows the most dominant performance among the HRV features.
EXAMINATION OF THE SKIN CONDUCTANCE LEVEL (SCL) AS AN INDEX OF THE ACTIVITY O...ijbesjournal
This paper displays standardized measurements to examine the skin conductance level (SCL) as an index for the sympathetic nervous system’s activity considering a possible standardization of personal variability. SCL measurements were performed at baseline, Cold-Pressor-Tests and Stroop Tests for 15 subjects and inter- and intra-individual mean SCL values were examined. The logarithmic representation displays a high inter-individual variability, denoted by a high fluctuation range of the absolute values and SCL amplitudes. A standardization of inter-individuality could not be achieved by the applied methods (range correction and z-transformation). For the relative intra-individual comparison of the stress situation to the baseline, a method of correction for the determination of the real effect of sympathetic activation was established. EDA should be combined with other parameters of the ANS for a more precise evaluation of stress situations in the context of changes in blood pressure.
Knowledge Base System in Medicine with Special Reference to Consulting PhysicianIJESM JOURNAL
Knowledge is the fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or association. A Knowledge base system is also known as expert system. It is a computer program that contains some of the subject-specific knowledge, and contains the knowledge and analytical skills of one or more human experts. This paper deals with the deals with the development of knowledge base system in medicine which is able to give an appropriate diagnosis for all the diseases with fever as one symptom. A Knowledge-based system assists in the diagnosis of diseases to doctor in some critical cases. It also improves quality of decision making and speed-up of human professional work.
New methodology to detect the effects of emotions on different biometrics in...IJECEIAES
Recently, some problems have appeared among medical workers during the diagnosis of some diseases due to human errors or the lack of sufficient information for the diagnosis. In medical diagnosis, doctors always resort to separating human emotions and their impact on vital parameters. In this paper, a methodology is presented to measure vital parameters more accurately while studying the effect of different human emotions on vital signs. Two designs were implemented based on the microcontroller and National Instruments (NI) myRIO. Measurements of four different vital parameters are measured and recorded in real time. At the same time, the effects of different emotions on those vital parameters are recorded and stored for use in analysis and early diagnosis. The results proved that the proposed methodology can contribute to the prediction and diagnosis of the initial symptoms of some diseases such as the seventh nerve and Parkinson’s disease. The two proposed designs are compared with the reference device (beurer) results. The design using NI myRIO achieved more accurate results and a response time of 1.4 seconds for real-time measurements compared to its counterpart based on microcontrollers, which qualifies it to work in intensive care units.
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Climate change is the biggest global health threat of the 21st century and will continue to result in more intense, more frequent, and longer lasting extreme heat events, all of which have dire implications for nearly every aspect of human life. Older adults are particularly vulnerable to heat exposure, and excessive heat-related mortality in aged adults can be partly attributed to the cardiovascular consequences of age-related impairments in thermoregulatory reflex function. In a series of studies, Dr. Jody Greaney’s laboratory has used microneurography to directly record skin sympathetic nervous system activity in conscious aged humans during environmental provocations as a means to examine the efferent arc of the thermoregulatory reflex axis.
This presentation will provide a brief overview of the development of the technique of microneurography, with a focus on the unique issues related to its analysis, quantification and interpretation. It will also discuss how this approach, coupled with laser Doppler flowmetry-derived estimates of skin blood flow, has helped to advance our understanding of age-related alterations in thermoregulatory reflex function.
Key Topics Include:
- Understand the utility of microneurography as a means to measure and quantify skin sympathetic nervous system activity during thermal perturbations in humans
- Understand the considerations related to the analysis, quantification, and interpretation of microneurographic recordings of skin sympathetic nervous system activity
- Understand the application of these methodological approaches for assessing sympathetic control of microvascular function during whole-body environmental stressors
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The research discussed in this paper is part of a pilot study in the use of wearable devices incorporating electroencephalogram (EEG) and heartrate sensors to sense for the emotional responses closely correlated to frustration when performing certain tasks. For this study the methodology used a combination of puzzle, arcade style game and a meditation apps to emulate a task based environment and detect frustration and satisfaction emotions. Preliminary results indicate that degree of task completion has an effect on emotions and can be detected by EEG and heartrate changes.
Assessment of systolic and diastolic cycle duration from speech analysis in t...cscpconf
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart. ECG is also
used to measure the rate and regularity of heart beats and can be correlated to blood pressure
measurement. This paper describes a technique of the determination of systole and diastole cycle
duration from the RR-cycle using speech parameters. The formant F2 and F3 characterize
different emotional states like anger and fear. One heart beat includes one systole and one
diastole cycle. In an electrocardiogram, electrical systole of the ventricles begins at the
beginning of the QRS complex. Diastolic variation occurs after the systole cycle. RT interval
describes systole cycle duration. The ECG, and the speech sample of several informants have been recorded simultaneously to obtain the required relationship.
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A Heart is the vital organ of the body. According to the “world health statistics 2017” by WHO, about 460,000 people die due to fatal heart attacks every year. To reduce the death rate due to fatal heart attacks and malfunctioning of the cardiovascular system, this paper proposed a Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN) based, portable, easily affordable, miniatured, accurate “Heartrate Monitoring System (HMS)”. HMS can be used to regularly examine the cardiac condition at home or hospital to avoid or early detection of any serious condition. Heartrate Monitoring Algorithm (HMA) was designed to observe the spread heartbeat spectrum and worked at the backend of HMS. A case study was performed for forty healthy young subjects. Each subject data was computed for 푠푢푏 ̅̅̅̅̅ − 3푆 푑 < 푠푢푏 < 푠푢푏 ̅̅̅̅̅ + 3푆 . All subjects’ 99% data lie in the custom range. The result produced by HMS was the same as the previous medical record of subjects.
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Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/21672/real-time-implementation-and-investigation-of-wireless-device-of-electrical-stimulation-for-peripheral-nevers/mrs-r-ponni
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An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
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-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
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Results:
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Conclusion and Future Work:
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A Review of ECG signals for Human Emotion Detection
1. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 7 72 – 76
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IJRITCC | July 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
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A Review of ECG signals for Human Emotion Detection
1
Deepak Kumar
M.Tech Scholar, Department of
Digital Communication,
Arya College of Engineering & IT,
Jaipur, Rajasthan
2
Prof. Hemant Kumar Gupta
Professor, Department of Electronics
& Communication,
Arya College of Engineering & IT,
Jaipur, Rajasthan
3
Prof. Rahul Shrivastava
Professor, Department of Electronics
& Communication,
Arya College of Engineering & IT,
Jaipur, Rajasthan
Abstract: This article evaluates the present development by means of literature review in determining the association between emotions, mainly
worry, and the various physiological signals with special attention on the exclusive patterns of the electrocardiogram or ECG waveform. An
initial investigation was carried out to evaluate which aspects in the ECG waveform can be most suitably related with worry, except from those.
Hence, it has been observed that emotion identification utilizing particular aspects of ECG is investigated to a lesser degree compared to other
physiological reactions like speech signals, skin conductance and temperature, facial expression, heart rate and blood pressure. With the initial
investigation, it was further discovered that the T waves levels out consequently and there is some likelihood of P waves.
__________________________________________________*****_________________________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION
Customarily, electrocardiogram or ECG has been utilized to
detect cardiovascular illnesses and cardiac anomalies
medically (Israel et al., 2005). ECG gives much data
concerning the cardiac roles via its patterns. Contrary to
before, the utilization of ECG has evolved to be more
widespread to count fields such as dishonesty sensing, stress
and feeling metrics and person recognition these days. This
started with William James hypothesizing in 1894 that the
sensory signals from our brains ended up in exclusive
physiological reactions that are brought about by the
incitement and which subsequently generate the related
emotions (Rainville et al., 2006). This ignited some
attention in studying if an exclusive mixture of
physiological reactions might mirror a particular emotion,
which implies that if an emotion may be identified just by
viewing the bodily reaction and implies even the likelihood
of measuring emotions though the use of such physiological
signals. Emotion identification, particularly employing
biological signals, turned out to be popular recently as a
growing number of methods were conceived for
quantification of bodily reaction. Reactions that are gauged
with facility, like skin temperature, blood pressure, and heart
rate, were general domains to be studied. Afterwards, more
attention was aroused in investigating the exclusivity of the
ECG waveform as one of the biological signals to provide
us intuitions into people’s feelings.
In this research, we endeavour to evaluate the actual
development, by means of literature in determining the
association between emotions, mainly worry, and the
various bodily signals with specific attention on the
exclusive patterns
of the ECG waveform. An initial investigation was carried
out to evaluate which aspects in the ECG waveform can be
more suitably related with worry, except from those.
II. EMOTION
As per the American Psychological Association or APA
dictionary (2006), emotion is described to be a complicated
response pattern, implicating practical, behavioral, and
bodily components, through which the person tries to handle
an individually important subject or occasion. There are
disputes concerning whether emotions originate from the
bodily reactions (James-Lange Theory) or bodily reactions
are evoked at the same time as feelings by the emotion-
eliciting stimulus (Cannon-Bard Theory) (Myes, 2001).
Still, this would not be critical at this stage as in this
investigation, we are just confirming if there is a particular
ECG stamp to worry, whether it is an origin or an impact.
III. ORIGIN AND MECHANISM OF ECG
ECG is a technique which gauges the electrical potential and
notes the cardiac electrical activity with time. Such
bioelectric potentials occur because of the electrochemical
activity of nervous cells, which are cells that can conduct
motion potential. The muscle fibres (additionally called
myocytes) of the heart are built of these cells. Furthermore,
the heart contains a cluster of particular cells, which may
impulsively create urge, at the Sino-Atrial or SA node. This
node, also the pacemaker in a cardiac phase, will shoot at
the myocytes at the atria, then extend the urge to the Atrio-
Ventricular or AV node. This AV node will now send the
urge to the ventricles through Bundle of His and Purkinje
fibres and result in the ensuing tightening of the heart
muscles. This ends up in a heartbeat.
2. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 7 72 – 76
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IJRITCC | July 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
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Figure 1: The heart and its pacemaker. SA node is
the primary pacemaker. The red line shows the path
which the electric impulse takes.
The orientation of the extension of electricity begins at the
atria and ends at the ventricular peak (Bowbrick and Borg,
2006). To analyze the patterns, one has to gauge the
potential. It is normally considered to be a net comparable
current dipole situated at the electrical core of the heart,
which resides inside the heart (Hynes). Afterwards, this
may be easily determined by providing to this electric
current a vector. Every heartbeat comprises of P, R, and T
composites.
Fig. 2 shows a normal waveform.
Every composite or portion matches to dissimilar stages of
the cardiac sequence. The P-wave is found while the atrial
is depolarizing, the QRS-wave is the moment the ventricles
are depolarized, whereas the T wave is because the
ventricular repolarises.
IV. LITERATURE SURVEY
Up till now, emotion identification utilizing bodily reactions
is a comparatively novel domain, which has yet to be
investigated. The most frequent bodily reactions that are
employed to identify feelings are the expressions of the face
and speech signals (Haag et al., 2004). Alternative usual
ones are skin temperature, skin conductance, blood pressure,
heart rate, and respiratory rate (Bauer, 1998). Of these,
some are also employed in polygraphs really frequently.
ECG, if being utilized in feelings identification trials, is
typically for the RR gap to compute the heart rate and
additionally the Heart Rate Variability or HRV. The
characteristics of ECG waveform are currently studied,
though they were mostly for clinical functions. Numerous
investigations on ECG waveform were to determine if any
characteristics could indicate a person’s vulnerability to
cardiac illnesses or anxiety disorder or spontaneous death.
Previous studies have been carried out on the way the QT
dispersion, which is the utmost interlead disparity in QT gap
12-lead ECG, relates positively with the people having
anxiety warning signs (Uyarel et al., 2006). The State-Trait
Anxiety Inventory level was utilized to gauge the degree of
anxiety in the person’s nature, in other words, the propensity
of the person to feel worried, or at that moment in time.
That is, it is to determine if the QT distribution may be a
state or a character signature (Uyarel et al., 2006). In fact,
the greater the value, the greater the QT gap is, even for the
people who do not have cardiovascular anomalies (Piccirillo
et al., 1999). This means a greater danger of having abrupt
or extended anxiety. Comparable researches on P wave
distribution and optimum P time-span have been conducted
by Uyarel et al. (2005). These two aspects were observed to
be consequently associated with anxiety. Whereas these
investigations have proven association between anxiety and
these researched aspects, no action was taken on the people
under observation to incite this feeling. For different trials
which implicated emotion stimulus, the characteristics of
ECG are as yet not studied deeply, apart for utilizing its RR
gaps and HRV. ECG may further be utilized to recognize
people (Israel et al., 2005).
V. EXPERIMENT
A. Subject And Equipment
Two persons in good health, having no medical records of
coronary illnesses or anomalies, and who do not follow any
treatment before the trial, took part in the trial for the
viability investigation. They are ladies aged 22 and 23.
B. Procedure
Before the experiment, the ladies were asked to fill a
medical screening questionnaire to guarantee that they are
sufficiently healthy for the experiment. Advance alert that
the trial involved shocking portions was provided to the
ladies. They would subsequently be connected on the
Neuroscan equipment. Standard Lead II ECG setup was
employed. A couple of electrodes were positioned on the
two collar bones and the ground electrode was tied to their
waists. The ladies were then informed that an ECG
reference gauge of ten minutes would be noted initially and
then they would be exposed to a five-minute video which
can be outrageous. Though, prior to the conclusion of the
tenth minute, at the seventh minute, the tester would stun the
ladies by yelling really stridently behind them. They
additionally would not be exposed to absolutely any movie.
Immediately after the stunning, five more minutes of
recording will be taken. Lastly, the ladies will be verbally
requested to provide some opinion concerning the trial.
3. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 7 72 – 76
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IJRITCC | July 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
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C. Analysis
The outcomes were only being found and studied by ocular
contrasting between the reference ECG and the ECG during
the anxiety moment. This is only to collect some of the
clear characteristics that can actually be correlated with
anxiety.
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Immediately after stunning, the two ladies had a rise in their
heart rates. A rise in HR means a reduction in the duration
of a sequence. A minute after the stunning, the HR begins
to lower to the dormant HR.
A. Subject 1
The ECG waves look more disorderly compared to the
dormant ECG waves. In the collected waves, there are those
that looked like P waves though they, simultaneously, seem
to be similar to moving items. Thus, it is not finalized if
numerous P waves are observed because of the quantity of
items. The average amplitude of the P wave prior to
stunning is -278μV whereas after stunning, the P wave
possesses a mean of -287.81μV. There appears to be more
variance in the P am-278μV plitude. In fact, lady 1, when
stunned, has greater negative QRS amplitude. When
mapped, the ECG waveform models, typically, QRS
amplitude has greater negativity.
ECG
Wave
Before
Stunning
Amplitude
After
Stunning
Amplitude
P
Wave
-278μV -287.81μV
QRS
Wave
-
1478.74μV
-
1520.75μV
T
Wave
-49.21μV -62.30μV
A mean of -1520.75μV is acquired from six haphazard
models picked from the minute right after the stunning while
the mean of the QRS amplitude of her dormant ECG
reference is just -1478.74μV. It is further observed that
there is more variance in the QRS waves’ amplitude
immediately after the stunning compared to before stunning.
Ten haphazard samples were obtained to calculate the
amplitude of the P wave. There is additionally a rise in the
T waves amplitude immediately after stunning. Prior to the
stunning, it is -49.21μV, but immediately afterwards it
becomes -62.30μV. Sometime later, the T waves appeared
to be leveled out and then it returned to the usual. The PR
gap prior to and after stunning is 0.151s and 0.146s
respectively. This might be because of the tightening of the
entire sequence. The QRS gap stayed almost unchanged.
Fascinatingly, the QT gap augmented even if the sequence
duration has decreased. It rises from 0.361s to 0.366s even
though the sequence duration has witnessed a reduction
from 0.769s to 0.667s. Moreover, there is an increase in
variance in the PR gap and the QT gaps, though equivalent
variance for the QRS gap in ECG waves collected
immediately after the stunning and prior to stunning. A
minimum of one minute after the stunning, the ECG waves
variance went back to almost similar values as prior to
stunning.
Figure 3: The superimposition of the ECG waves before and
right after shock. The black graph shows the baseline ECG
whereas the red graph shows the ECG right after shock
Figure 2: The smoothing out of T waves after shock which
occurred seconds after fig 1.
B. Subject 2
At the moment of stunning, there is an occurrence of
numerous P waves. Immediately after the stunning, the
ECG waves did not become more disorderly as what had
happened for the first lady. Furthermore, there is the fact
that the T waves leveled out, which did not happen
immediately after the stunning, rather seconds after that.
The QRS waves amplitude, contrary to those of the initial
lady, lowered from 1307.5μV to 1288.7μV. There was a
decrease in the P waves from -98.61μV to -21.86μV.
Though, something is remarkable about the outcomes
collected from this lady in that the ECG waves look to be
undulating in a sine wave. It is contrasted by overlapping.
The amplitudes are equivalent for prior to and after the
stunning.
4. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 7 72 – 76
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IJRITCC | July 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 3: The superimposition of the ECG waves before and
right after shock for subject 2.
Twenty seconds after the stunning, the red ECG waves are
studied and smaller T wave and the plunge between the T
and P waves are leveled out.
Figure 4: Multiple P waves were observed at the point of
shocking
ECG Wave Before Stunning
Amplitude
After Stunning
Amplitude
P Wave -98.61μV -21.86μV
QRS Wave 1307.5μV 1288.7μV
T Wave - -
VII. DISCUSSION
The outcomes collected for numerous P waves were not
decisive because of the occurrence of a significant quantity
of factors immediately after stunning which might be
because of movement. Though, it is curious that factors just
happen for the first lady even though under our scrutiny, it
was obvious that the second lady has greater motion at the
moment of stunning while the first lady was significantly
more immobile. This was improbable to be because of her
electrodes being less tight since the items just happened
immediately after the stunning, not during the entire ECG
collection. The ECG of the two ladies diverge from the
standard ECG, particularly for the second lady, even though
there was no sign of any heart anomalies in the medical
screening test.
There is a rise in the QT gap as well as the QT distribution,
which is the divergence between the greatest and least QT
gap. This is previously backed by accessible researches like
Uyagel et al. (2005) which proved that a greater QT
distribution may signal a greater stage of anxiety. Ishida
observed that the QT distribution had positive association
with greater concerned and/or vagal inflections. Though,
there is some incorrectness implicated while interpreting the
precise onset and offset periods. Concerning the P wave,
there is a reduction in the duration for P wave which is
because the heart rate has increased and as such, a reduction
in the duration of one entire sequence. There is additionally
a small rise in the P distribution. Though, this is as
uncertain as the QT distribution because of the mistakes in
interpreting the precise times.
VIII. LIMITATIONS
Mistakes might come from the origins below:
Inevitable movements that the subject makes when
stunned.
Medical screening test can be unsuitable to filter
people having heart anomalies as numerous of
these health conditions pass unnoticed.
Occurrences must be appropriately noted. Now,
the timings for the occurrences are estimates only.
Convention must be regularized. The yelling of the
experimenter can diverge in volume.
It is tough to pinpoint precisely the onset of a
particular wave and hence, the divergence in time
could be because of human mistakes.
IX. RECOMMENDATION
Recommendations to correct the corresponding mistakes
stated above are:
Apply shoulder bands to fix the electrodes to the
person.
Carry out actual medical check-up prior to
permitting a person to take part in the trial.
Create some buttons to push to signify the moment
of stunning in the ECG records.
A uniform soundtrack must be utilized or a
different method of stunning the person that can be
regularized must be utilized.
X. CONCLUSION
Emotion identification utilizing more particular aspects of
ECG is observed to be a somewhat uninvestigated field,
therefore it deserves researching. There are some appealing
characteristics about the outcomes obtained in this trial.
There is no tangible proof that there are numerous P waves
because of the occurrence of a quantity of mistakes. Aside
from the probability of numerous P waves, an option to
verify is the leveling out of the T waves as well. Even if the
results we collected had many constraints and mistakes, they
are still moderately dependable as the other characteristic of
waveforms – the QT gap, which actual researches have
5. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 7 72 – 76
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investigated previously, are as they are anticipated to be.
Though, the divergence in QT and P gap may be because of
human mistakes in interpreting the beginning time.
Additional trials with improved conventions must be
performed to experiment. The investigation that will come
later will be more detailed, going over more aspects that
could not be identified with ocular contrasting.
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