The estimation of alkali metals in clinical chemistry has many parameters which can influence the result. A novel method to improve the measurement parameters of the Flame Photometer is presented. The improvement of accuracy and reliability is achieved through image processing Change Detection technique using Wiener Filter. The proposed method can be used in low cost Medical Equipment with improved measurement parameters performance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Under the certain circumstances of the low and unacceptable accuracy on image recognition, the feature
extraction method for optical images based on the wavelet space feature spectrum entropy is recently
studied. With this method, the principle that the energy is constant before and after the wavelet
transformation is employed to construct the wavelet energy pattern matrices, and the feature spectrum
entropy of singular value is extracted as the image features by singular value decomposition of the matrix.
At the same time, BP neural network is also applied in image recognition. The experimental results show
that high image recognition accuracy can be acquired by using the feature extraction method for optical
images proposed in this paper, which proves the validity of the method.
Flame and smoke estimation for fire detection in videos based on optical flow...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Novel Approach for Precise Motion Artefact Detection in Photoplethysmograph...AM Publications
PPG signal is a useful tool for quick and critical diagnosis related to cardiovascular output via wearable or portable devices. Its drawback is unreliable during non-stationary states due to occurrences of frequency overlap of the desired and motion artifact signals. The accelerometer is usually used to reflect the motion artifact when the adaptive noise cancellation technique is implemented to address this obstacle, but it failed to predict the value of real induced noise accurately. In this work, we investigate a new concept that is capable of providing the entire motion artifact separately by recruiting twin photodetectors to formulate the influential signals. The main function of photo-detector (MPD) is to generate the corrupted PPG signal. While the second photo-detector (CPD) that covered up from the light effect, will be used to reflect the corruption effect that exists in both sources simultaneously by counting the generated dark photocurrent (GDPC). To validate the GDPC approach, experiments were executed to analyze the response of two methods during steady and motion state. Results showed resemblance responses for both methods regarding the’ amplitude fluctuations and high positive correlations in the time domain. Furthermore, the FFT peak plots in frequency domain indicated the potential of CPD to reflect all fundamental frequencies caused by motion, unlike the acceleration approach. Therefore, the proposed concept is a sure-fire method to obtain precise measurements at a lower cost.
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR SEGMENTATION OF SECTOR SCAN SONAR IMAGES USING ADAPTIVE ...ijistjournal
The SAR and SAS images are perturbed by a multiplicative noise called speckle, due to the coherent nature of the scattering phenomenon. If the background of an image is uneven, the fixed thresholding technique is not suitable to segment an image using adaptive thresholding method. In this paper a new Adaptive thresholding method is proposed to reduce the speckle noise, preserving the structural features and textural information of Sector Scan SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging) images. Due to the massive proliferation of SONAR images, the proposed method is very appealing in under water environment applications. In fact it is a pre- treatment required in any SONAR images analysis system. The results obtained from the proposed method were compared quantitatively and qualitatively with the results obtained from the other speckle reduction techniques and demonstrate its higher performance for speckle reduction in the SONAR images.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Under the certain circumstances of the low and unacceptable accuracy on image recognition, the feature
extraction method for optical images based on the wavelet space feature spectrum entropy is recently
studied. With this method, the principle that the energy is constant before and after the wavelet
transformation is employed to construct the wavelet energy pattern matrices, and the feature spectrum
entropy of singular value is extracted as the image features by singular value decomposition of the matrix.
At the same time, BP neural network is also applied in image recognition. The experimental results show
that high image recognition accuracy can be acquired by using the feature extraction method for optical
images proposed in this paper, which proves the validity of the method.
Flame and smoke estimation for fire detection in videos based on optical flow...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Novel Approach for Precise Motion Artefact Detection in Photoplethysmograph...AM Publications
PPG signal is a useful tool for quick and critical diagnosis related to cardiovascular output via wearable or portable devices. Its drawback is unreliable during non-stationary states due to occurrences of frequency overlap of the desired and motion artifact signals. The accelerometer is usually used to reflect the motion artifact when the adaptive noise cancellation technique is implemented to address this obstacle, but it failed to predict the value of real induced noise accurately. In this work, we investigate a new concept that is capable of providing the entire motion artifact separately by recruiting twin photodetectors to formulate the influential signals. The main function of photo-detector (MPD) is to generate the corrupted PPG signal. While the second photo-detector (CPD) that covered up from the light effect, will be used to reflect the corruption effect that exists in both sources simultaneously by counting the generated dark photocurrent (GDPC). To validate the GDPC approach, experiments were executed to analyze the response of two methods during steady and motion state. Results showed resemblance responses for both methods regarding the’ amplitude fluctuations and high positive correlations in the time domain. Furthermore, the FFT peak plots in frequency domain indicated the potential of CPD to reflect all fundamental frequencies caused by motion, unlike the acceleration approach. Therefore, the proposed concept is a sure-fire method to obtain precise measurements at a lower cost.
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR SEGMENTATION OF SECTOR SCAN SONAR IMAGES USING ADAPTIVE ...ijistjournal
The SAR and SAS images are perturbed by a multiplicative noise called speckle, due to the coherent nature of the scattering phenomenon. If the background of an image is uneven, the fixed thresholding technique is not suitable to segment an image using adaptive thresholding method. In this paper a new Adaptive thresholding method is proposed to reduce the speckle noise, preserving the structural features and textural information of Sector Scan SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging) images. Due to the massive proliferation of SONAR images, the proposed method is very appealing in under water environment applications. In fact it is a pre- treatment required in any SONAR images analysis system. The results obtained from the proposed method were compared quantitatively and qualitatively with the results obtained from the other speckle reduction techniques and demonstrate its higher performance for speckle reduction in the SONAR images.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
A Study of Motion Detection Method for Smart Home SystemAM Publications
Motion detection surveillance technology give ease for time-consuming reviewing process that a normal video
surveillance system offers. By using motion detection, it save the monitoring time and cost. It has gained a lot of interests
over the past few years. In this paper, a proposed motion detection surveillance system, through the study and evaluation
of currently available different methods. The proposed system is efficient and convenient for both office and home uses as
a smart home security system technology.
Matching algorithm performance analysis for autocalibration method of stereo ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Stereo vision is one of the interesting research topics in the computer vision field. Two cameras are used to generate a disparity map, resulting in the depth estimation. Camera calibration is the most important step in stereo vision. The calibration step is used to generate an intrinsic parameter of each camera to get a better disparity map. In general, the calibration process is done manually by using a chessboard pattern, but this process is an exhausting task. Self-calibration is an important ability required to overcome this problem. Self-calibration required a robust and good matching algorithm to find the key feature between images as reference. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the performance of three matching algorithms for the autocalibration process. The matching algorithms used in this research are SIFT, SURF, and ORB. The result shows that SIFT performs better than other methods.
An Efficient Image Denoising Approach for the Recovery of Impulse NoisejournalBEEI
Image noise is one of the key issues in image processing applications today. The noise will affect the quality of the image and thus degrades the actual information of the image. Visual quality is the prerequisite for many imagery applications such as remote sensing. In recent years, the significance of noise assessment and the recovery of noisy images are increasing. The impulse noise is characterized by replacing a portion of an image’s pixel values with random values Such noise can be introduced due to transmission errors. Accordingly, this paper focuses on the effect of visual quality of the image due to impulse noise during the transmission of images. In this paper, a hybrid statistical noise suppression technique has been developed for improving the quality of the impulse noisy color images. We further proved the performance of the proposed image enhancement scheme using the advanced performance metrics.
Nuclear Material Verification Based on MCNP and ISOCSTM Techniques for Safegu...IOSRJAP
Recently, Mathematical techniques such as Monte Carlo and ISOCSTM software are being increasingly employed in the absolute efficiency calibration of gamma ray detector. Monte Carlo simulations and Canberra ISOCSTM software bring the possibility to establish absolute efficiency curve for desired energy range based on numerical simulation, with use of known or guessed geometry and chemical composition, of measured item. Broad-energy germanium (BEGe) detector was employed to perform the NDA measurements to five standard reference nuclear material (NBS, SNM-969). MC calculations were performed to calculate some factors (attenuation, geometry and efficiency) which affect the uranium isotope mass estimation. 235U and 238U masses are calculated based on MCNPX modeling calibration and also upon spectra analysis using ISOCSTM Calibration Software. The obtained results from the two different efficiency calibration methods were compared with each other and with the declared value for each sample. The obtained results are in agreements with the declared values within the estimated relative accuracy (ranges between -2.81 to 1.83%). The obtained results indicate that the techniques could be applied for the purposes of NM verification and characterization where closely matching NM standards are not available.
Identity Analysis of Egg Based on Digital and Thermal Imaging: Image Processi...Yayah Zakaria
This research was conducted to analyze the identification of eggs. The research processes use two tools, namely thermal imaging camera and smartphone camera. The identification process was done by using Matlab prototype tools. The image has been acquired by means of proficiency level, then analyzed and applied several methods. Image acquisition results of thermal imaging camera are processed using morphological dilation and do the complement in black and white (BW). While the digital image uses the merger method of morphological dilation and opening, and it doesn't need to be complemented. Labeling process is done, and the process of determining centroid and bounding box. The process has been done and it can be applied for identifying of chicken eggs with the accuracy rate of 100%. There are different methods of both images is obtained area (pixels) which is equivalent to the difference is very small as 6 x 10-3.
.
Analysis of industrial flame characteristics and constancy study using image ...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
The study of characterizing and featuring different kinds of flames has become more important than ever in order to increase combustion efficiency and decrease particulate emissions, especially since the study of industrial flames requires more attention. In the present work, different kinds of combustion flames have been characterized by means of digital image processing (DIP) in a 500 kW PF pilot swirl burner. A natural gas flame and a set of pulverized fuel flames of coal and biomass have been comparatively analyzed under co-firing conditions. Through DIP, statistical and spectral features of the flame have been extracted and graphically represented as two-dimensional distributions covering the root flame area. Their study and comparison leads to different conclusions about the flame behavior and the effect of co-firing coal and biomass in pulverized fuel flames. Higher oscillation levels in co-firing flames versus coal flames and variations in radiation regimen were noticed when different biomasses are blended with coal and brought under attention.
A statistical approach on pulmonary tuberculosis detection system based on X-...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presented the research result on the design of pulmonary TB (Tuberculosis) detection systems using a statistical approach. The study aimed to address two problems in detecting pulmonary TB by doctors, especially in remote areas of Indonesia, namely the long waiting time for patients to get the doctor's diagnosis and the doctor's subjectivity. We used hundreds of X-ray images from radiology department of Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, as primary data and thirty data from various sources on the internet as secondary data. Using statistical approach, we exploited statistical image feature from image histogram, examined two statistical methods of PCA and LDA transformation for feature extraction, and two minimum distance classifier in image classification. We also used histogram equalization in the image enhancement process and bicubic interpolation in image segmentation and template making. Test results on primary and secondary data images show the identification accuracy of 94% and 83.3%, respectively.
Characterization of Liquid Waste in Isotope production and Research Facilitiesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An intensity based medical image registration using genetic algorithmsipij
Medical imaging plays a vital role to create images of human body for clinical purposes. Biomedical
imaging has taken a leap by entering into the field of image registration. Image registration integrates the
large amount of medical information embedded in the images taken at different time intervals and images
at different orientations. In this paper, an intensity-based real-coded genetic algorithm is used for
registering two MRI images. To demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm developed, the alignment of the
image is altered and algorithm is tested for better performance. Also the work involves the comparison of
two similarity metrics, and based on the outcome the best metric suited for genetic algorithm is studied.
Comparison of signal smoothing techniques for use in embedded system for moni...Dalton Valadares
Paper about the comparison between some signal smoothing techniques for use in an embedded system responsible for monitoring the biofuels quality, specificaly the oxidative stability.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
A Study of Motion Detection Method for Smart Home SystemAM Publications
Motion detection surveillance technology give ease for time-consuming reviewing process that a normal video
surveillance system offers. By using motion detection, it save the monitoring time and cost. It has gained a lot of interests
over the past few years. In this paper, a proposed motion detection surveillance system, through the study and evaluation
of currently available different methods. The proposed system is efficient and convenient for both office and home uses as
a smart home security system technology.
Matching algorithm performance analysis for autocalibration method of stereo ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Stereo vision is one of the interesting research topics in the computer vision field. Two cameras are used to generate a disparity map, resulting in the depth estimation. Camera calibration is the most important step in stereo vision. The calibration step is used to generate an intrinsic parameter of each camera to get a better disparity map. In general, the calibration process is done manually by using a chessboard pattern, but this process is an exhausting task. Self-calibration is an important ability required to overcome this problem. Self-calibration required a robust and good matching algorithm to find the key feature between images as reference. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the performance of three matching algorithms for the autocalibration process. The matching algorithms used in this research are SIFT, SURF, and ORB. The result shows that SIFT performs better than other methods.
An Efficient Image Denoising Approach for the Recovery of Impulse NoisejournalBEEI
Image noise is one of the key issues in image processing applications today. The noise will affect the quality of the image and thus degrades the actual information of the image. Visual quality is the prerequisite for many imagery applications such as remote sensing. In recent years, the significance of noise assessment and the recovery of noisy images are increasing. The impulse noise is characterized by replacing a portion of an image’s pixel values with random values Such noise can be introduced due to transmission errors. Accordingly, this paper focuses on the effect of visual quality of the image due to impulse noise during the transmission of images. In this paper, a hybrid statistical noise suppression technique has been developed for improving the quality of the impulse noisy color images. We further proved the performance of the proposed image enhancement scheme using the advanced performance metrics.
Nuclear Material Verification Based on MCNP and ISOCSTM Techniques for Safegu...IOSRJAP
Recently, Mathematical techniques such as Monte Carlo and ISOCSTM software are being increasingly employed in the absolute efficiency calibration of gamma ray detector. Monte Carlo simulations and Canberra ISOCSTM software bring the possibility to establish absolute efficiency curve for desired energy range based on numerical simulation, with use of known or guessed geometry and chemical composition, of measured item. Broad-energy germanium (BEGe) detector was employed to perform the NDA measurements to five standard reference nuclear material (NBS, SNM-969). MC calculations were performed to calculate some factors (attenuation, geometry and efficiency) which affect the uranium isotope mass estimation. 235U and 238U masses are calculated based on MCNPX modeling calibration and also upon spectra analysis using ISOCSTM Calibration Software. The obtained results from the two different efficiency calibration methods were compared with each other and with the declared value for each sample. The obtained results are in agreements with the declared values within the estimated relative accuracy (ranges between -2.81 to 1.83%). The obtained results indicate that the techniques could be applied for the purposes of NM verification and characterization where closely matching NM standards are not available.
Identity Analysis of Egg Based on Digital and Thermal Imaging: Image Processi...Yayah Zakaria
This research was conducted to analyze the identification of eggs. The research processes use two tools, namely thermal imaging camera and smartphone camera. The identification process was done by using Matlab prototype tools. The image has been acquired by means of proficiency level, then analyzed and applied several methods. Image acquisition results of thermal imaging camera are processed using morphological dilation and do the complement in black and white (BW). While the digital image uses the merger method of morphological dilation and opening, and it doesn't need to be complemented. Labeling process is done, and the process of determining centroid and bounding box. The process has been done and it can be applied for identifying of chicken eggs with the accuracy rate of 100%. There are different methods of both images is obtained area (pixels) which is equivalent to the difference is very small as 6 x 10-3.
.
Analysis of industrial flame characteristics and constancy study using image ...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
The study of characterizing and featuring different kinds of flames has become more important than ever in order to increase combustion efficiency and decrease particulate emissions, especially since the study of industrial flames requires more attention. In the present work, different kinds of combustion flames have been characterized by means of digital image processing (DIP) in a 500 kW PF pilot swirl burner. A natural gas flame and a set of pulverized fuel flames of coal and biomass have been comparatively analyzed under co-firing conditions. Through DIP, statistical and spectral features of the flame have been extracted and graphically represented as two-dimensional distributions covering the root flame area. Their study and comparison leads to different conclusions about the flame behavior and the effect of co-firing coal and biomass in pulverized fuel flames. Higher oscillation levels in co-firing flames versus coal flames and variations in radiation regimen were noticed when different biomasses are blended with coal and brought under attention.
A statistical approach on pulmonary tuberculosis detection system based on X-...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presented the research result on the design of pulmonary TB (Tuberculosis) detection systems using a statistical approach. The study aimed to address two problems in detecting pulmonary TB by doctors, especially in remote areas of Indonesia, namely the long waiting time for patients to get the doctor's diagnosis and the doctor's subjectivity. We used hundreds of X-ray images from radiology department of Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, as primary data and thirty data from various sources on the internet as secondary data. Using statistical approach, we exploited statistical image feature from image histogram, examined two statistical methods of PCA and LDA transformation for feature extraction, and two minimum distance classifier in image classification. We also used histogram equalization in the image enhancement process and bicubic interpolation in image segmentation and template making. Test results on primary and secondary data images show the identification accuracy of 94% and 83.3%, respectively.
Characterization of Liquid Waste in Isotope production and Research Facilitiesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An intensity based medical image registration using genetic algorithmsipij
Medical imaging plays a vital role to create images of human body for clinical purposes. Biomedical
imaging has taken a leap by entering into the field of image registration. Image registration integrates the
large amount of medical information embedded in the images taken at different time intervals and images
at different orientations. In this paper, an intensity-based real-coded genetic algorithm is used for
registering two MRI images. To demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm developed, the alignment of the
image is altered and algorithm is tested for better performance. Also the work involves the comparison of
two similarity metrics, and based on the outcome the best metric suited for genetic algorithm is studied.
Comparison of signal smoothing techniques for use in embedded system for moni...Dalton Valadares
Paper about the comparison between some signal smoothing techniques for use in an embedded system responsible for monitoring the biofuels quality, specificaly the oxidative stability.
ASSA imaging group DSLR Photometry Talk 27 Nov 2015Dave Benn
These are the slides for a talk I gave to the imaging group of the Astronomical Society of South Australia about DSLR photometry of variable stars on November 27 2015.
In this presentation on Radiometry and Photometry we will look at Radiometry, the detection and measurement of radiation across the full electromagnetic spectrum, including ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation. Photometry is concerned only with the visible portion of the spectrum, from about 380 to 780 nanometers.
Flame photometry (more accurately called Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry)is a branch of spectroscopy in which the species examined in the spectrometer are in the form of atoms
A photoelectric flame photometer is an instrument used in inorganic chemical analysis to determine the concentration of certain metal ions among them sodium, potassium, calcium and lithium.
Flame Photometry is based on measurement of intensity of the light emitted when a metal is introduced into flame.
The wavelength of colour tells what the element is (qualitative)
The colour's intensity tells us how much of the element present (quantitative)
INTERIOR LIGHTING DESIGN A STUDENT'S GUIDEno suhaila
This guide on lighting design is intended for students who have no prior knowledge of lighting and also for those who are experienced but would like to bring themselves up to date with developments in lamp and luminaire design, modern design theory, European Standards and the CIBSE code for Interior Lighting 1994.
It develops the basic principles of lighting science but then goes on to provide a modern design perspective for both artificial lighting and day lighting which will be useful to experienced designers.
Usage of Shape From Focus Method For 3D Shape Recovery And Identification of ...CSCJournals
Shape from focus is a method of 3D shape and depth estimation of an object from a sequence of pictures with changing focus settings. In this paper we propose a novel method of shape recovery, which was originally created for shape and position identification of glass pipette in medical hybrid robot. In proposed algorithm, Sum of Modified Laplacian is used as a focus operator. Each step of the algorithm is tested in order to pick the operators with the best results. Reconstruction allows not only to determine shape but also precisely define position of the object. The results of proposed method, performed on real objects, have shown the efficiency of this scheme.
Survey of local binary pattern for fire & smoke using wavelet decompositioneSAT Journals
Abstract
Current Automatic Smoke Detection Mechanism’s, i.e. Fire Alarms, include sensor technologies, which are unreliable, as the
alarm can go off, even though there is no fire or smoke. Using image processing a quite accurate system for smoke detection
and amount of smoke generated, i.e. seriousness of the condition when there is a fire can be estimated. So, a pixel level analysis
is required.
Keywords: Smoke Detection, Image Segmentation, Color Space Model, Fuzzy Inference System.
A Study on Fire Detection System using Statistic Color ModelIOSR Journals
Abstract: Normally fire detection system uses the heuristic fixed threshold values in their specific methods. However, input images may be changed, in general, so the heuristic fixed threshold values used in the fire detection systems might be modified on a case by case basis. In this paper, an automatic fire detection system without the heuristic fixed threshold values was studied. We presented an automatic method using the statistical color model and the binary background mask. We did the experiment using 600 frames from 6 typical different fire video clips. As the experimental results the proposed method showed a good performance of about average 85% detection rate without false positive, compared with the other methods with the heuristic fixed threshold values. Keywords: Emperical value,Fire detection,RGB,threshold,sensors
Enhanced image reconstruction of electrical impedance tomography using simul...IJECEIAES
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT), as a non-ionizing tomography method, has been widely used in various fields of application, such as engineering and medical fields. This study applies an iterative process to reconstruct EIT images using the simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) algorithm combined with K-means clustering. The reconstruction started with defining the finite element method (FEM) model and filtering the measurement data with a Butterworth low-pass filter. The next step is solving the inverse problem in the EIT case with the SART algorithm. The results of the SART algorithm approach were classified using the K-means clustering and thresholding. The reconstruction results were evaluated with the peak signal noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity indices (SSIM), and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE). They were compared with the one-step gauss-newton (GN) and total variation regularization based on iteratively reweighted least-squares (TV-IRLS) methods. The evaluation shows that the average PSNR and SSIM of the proposed reconstruction method are the highest of the other methods, each being 24.24 and 0.94; meanwhile, the average NRMSE value is the lowest, which is 0.04. The performance evaluation also shows that the proposed method is faster than the other methods.
Nowadays crowd analysis, essential factor about decision management of brand strategy, is not a controllable field by individuals. Therefore a technology, software products is needed. In this paper we focused on what we have done about crowd analysis and examination the problem of human detection with fish-eye lenses cameras. In order to identify human density, one of the machine learning algorithm, which is Haar Classification algorithm, is used to distinguish human body under different conditions. First, motion analysis is used to search for meaningful data, and then the desired object is detected by the trained classifier. Significant data has been sent to the end user via socket programming and human density analysis is presented.
Nowadays crowd analysis, essential factor about decision management of brand strategy, is not a
controllable field by individuals. Therefore a technology, software products is needed. In this paper we
focused on what we have done about crowd analysis and examination the problem of human detection with
fish-eye lenses cameras. In order to identify human density, one of the machine learning algorithm, which
is Haar Classification algorithm, is used to distinguish human body under different conditions. First,
motion analysis is used to search for meaningful data, and then the desired object is detected by the trained
classifier. Significant data has been sent to the end user via socket programming and human density
analysis is presented.
OFCS: Optimized Framework of Compressive Sensing for Medical Images in Bottle...IJECEIAES
Compressive sensing is one of teh cost effective solution towards performing compression of heavier form of signals. We reviewed the existing research contribution towards compressive sensing to find that existing system doesnt offer any form of optimization for which reason the signal are superiorly compressed but at the cost of enough resources. Therefore, we introduce a framework that optimizes the performance of the compressive sensing by introducing 4 sequential algorithms for performing Random Sampling, Lossless Compression for region-of-interest, Compressive Sensing using transform-based scheme, and optimization. The contribution of proposed paper is a good balance between computational efficiency and quality of reconstructed medical image when transmitted over network with low channel capacity. The study outcome shows that proposed system offers maximum signal quality and lower algorithm processing time in contrast to existing compression techniuqes on medical images.
Calculation of air-kerma strength and dose rate constant for new BEBIG 60Co H...Anwarul Islam
Calculation of air-kerma strength and dose rate constant for new BEBIG 60Co HDR brachytherapy source: an EGSnrc Monte Carlo study
M. Anwarul Islam, Medical Physicist
SQUARE Hospitals Ltd, Bangladesh
anwar.amch@yahoo.com
Particle Swarm Optimization for Nano-Particles Extraction from Supporting Mat...CSCJournals
Metallic and non-metallic nano-particles have attracted much interest concerning their wide applications. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the state of the art method to characterize a nano-particle with respect to size, morphology, structure, or composition. This paper presents an efficient evolutionary computational method, particle swarm optimization (PSO), for automatic segmentation of nano-particles. A threshold-based segmentation technique is applied, where image entropy is attacked as a minimization problem to specify local and global thresholds. We are concerned with reducing wrong characterization of nano-particles due to concentration of liquid solutions or supporting material within the acquired image. The obtained results are compared with manual techniques and with previous researches in this area.
A Flexible Scheme for Transmission Line Fault Identification Using Image Proc...IJEEE
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A Novel Method to Improve Measurement Results of Flame Photometry Using Image Change Detection
1. Balachandran Ganesan, Sujeevan Kumar Agir
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (6) : Issue (5) : 2012 357
A Novel Method to Improve Measurement Results of Flame
Photometry Using Image Change Detection
Balachandran Ganesan balachandranganesan1@gmail.com
Jaya Prakash Narayan College of Engineering
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Mahabubnagar, 509001, India
Sujeevan Kumar Agir sujeevankumaragir@gmail.com
Jaya Prakash Narayan College of Engineering
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Mahabubnagar, 509001, India
Abstract
The estimation of alkali metals in clinical chemistry has many parameters which can influence the
result. A novel method to improve the measurement parameters of the Flame Photometer is
presented. The improvement of accuracy and reliability is achieved through image processing
Change Detection technique using Wiener Filter. The proposed method can be used in low cost
Medical Equipment with improved measurement parameters performance.
Keywords: Flame Photometer, Image Processing, Change Detection, Wiener Filter, Medical
Equipment.
1. INTRODUCTION
The measurement of the alkali metals (like Na, K) in blood samples is one of the important factors
for the critically ill patient related to kidney function in Intensive Care Unit. The two major
techniques used for these measurements are Flame Photometry and Atomic Absorption. Though
the Flame Photometry method is comparatively economic, it suffers from lot of measurement
errors. On the other hand, the Atomic Absorption method produces reliable results at significant
higher cost. This work aims to provide a novel method which can improve the measurement
values of the Flame Photometer with cost advantage. Though this paper focuses on medical
application, it can be used in various other fields of science and technology such as
environmental protection and electric energy production.
2. MEASUREMENT
Generally there are two methods exist in estimating the alkali metals using Flame Photometry:
i) Optical sensor method and
ii) Digital Camera method
2.1 Optical Sensor Method
Principles of flame photometer operations are based on the measurement of the radiating power
of light emitted by atoms of known chemical elements, which are excited in a flame. The
measurement of radiating power in the photometer goes through two optical sensors with
interference filters, which have a maximum transmission for wavelengths of 589 nm for sodium
and 768 nm for potassium. Burner is supplied with a mixture of air sample and propane-butane
gas. This mixture is prepared in two-chamber nebulizer. Constant pressure, hot air sucks and
atomizes the aqueous sample into the first chamber on a principle jet pump (ejector effect). So
obtained aerosol is mixed with gas. [1]
2. Balachandran Ganesan, Sujeevan Kumar Agir
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (6) : Issue (5) : 2012 358
Figure1: Flame Photometer Block Diagram [3]
Next it flows intrinsically into the second chamber for additional mixing, continuing burning in the
burner. Block diagram of apparatus is presented in Figure1: Flame Photometer Block Diagram [3]
2.2 Digital Camera method
Digital cameras have gained significant popularity in recent years. When sample is burnt in flame,
colour of flame changes with respect to the concentration. So if images of the source are
captured and post processing is carried out, it is possible to predict the amount of electrolytes in a
flame by correlating it with colour values [3]. Anagha Panditrao et al have proposed a low cost
non-contact temperature measurement technique using consumer grade digital still camera. The
images of various visible heat sources are captured. Using colour image segmentation, source
zones are identified. The colour temperature correlation is established by applying various
analytical techniques [2].
Figure2: Direct Reading Flame Photometer [3]
The basic block schematic of the proposed technique is shown in Figure2: Direct Reading Flame
Photometer [3]
3. EARLIER WORKS
There are two important papers on Flame Photometry [1] and [3].
W. Holiczer et al introduced an error model of the system and chosen two erroneous situations:
sucking of air bubbles and partial or full clogging liquid sucking pipe. However, it presented the
event of perturbation “air bubble” (Upow) which is more general than “clogging” and proposes an
adaptive filter AMGM [1]. The estimator structure consists of the basic Kalman filter matched to
the undisturbed model and bank of M filters with models adequate to the expected specific
changes in successive time moments. The practical results of AMGM are compared against
3. Balachandran Ganesan, Sujeevan Kumar Agir
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (6) : Issue (5) : 2012 359
various different methods like Direct Measurement (DM), Transversal Filter (TF100) and Kalman
Filter (KF) [1]. It summarizes the AMGM improves metrological features of measurement signal in
stationary states of measurement system and it is immune to anomal disturbances.
Anagha Panditrao et al proposed new technique to use digital camera and image processing and
establish correlation between colour and concentration [3]. This technique improves the accuracy
by the construction/process wherein there is no moving parts and minimal human interface with
the total digital process. This technique has cost advantage too and has flexibility of continuous
monitoring. Though this paper has image processing algorithm like Segmentation but it is used
primarily for co-relation of the colour and concentration and doesn’t address the improvement of
the measurements results using image processing techniques.
In this paper, we propose a new method to improve the measurement results of [3]. In this novel
method, the event of perturbation “air bubble” case is considered as disturbance and image
processing technique to identify the same being evaluated.
4. PROPOSED METHOD
Detecting regions of change in images of the same scene taken at different times is of
widespread interest due to a large number of applications in diverse disciplines [4]. Important
applications of change detection include video surveillance, remote sensing medical diagnosis
and treatment, civil infrastructure, underwater sensing and driver assistance systems.
The proposed method is to detect the change in frame caused due to bubble disturbance in
sample flow path is shown in Figure3: Proposed Method to Improve Measurement Parameters. We
have a set of images of the same scene taken at several different times. The method is to identify
the set of pixels that are “significantly different” between the last image of the sequence and the
previous images; these pixels comprise the change mask. For this paper case, it is changes in
brightness or color.
Figure3: Proposed Method to Improve Measurement Parameters
To make the change detection problem more precise, let {I1, I2, . . . , IM} be an image sequence.
The acquired image is segmented based on the expected range of intensity values. The intensity
of the pixels are computed on the segmented image frames.
The intensity of each pixels are calculated as per ITU-R BT.601 Standard
Y’ = 0.299r + 0.587 g + 0.114 b
Where r, g, b are each pixel Srgb co-ordinates values [5]. The average intensity of the each frame
is then computed. The change detection is done using one step wiener prediction filter on the
averaged intensity values of each frame.
4. Balachandran Ganesan, Sujeevan Kumar Agir
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (6) : Issue (5) : 2012 360
This frame-level algorithm makes probabilistic predictions about what average frame intensity
values are expected in the next live image using a one-step Wiener prediction filter. The Wiener
filter is a linear predictor based on a recent history of values. Any frame intensity that deviates
significantly from its predicted value is declared bubble frame. For a given frame, the linear
prediction of its next value in time is
St ൌ െ ak St െ k
୮
୩ୀଵ
where St is the predicted average intensity value of the image frame at frame t, the St-k is a past
frame value, and the ak are the prediction coefficients. The filter uses p past frame values to
make its prediction. The expected squared prediction error,
Eሾetଶ
ሿ ൌ EሾStଶ
ሿ ak EሾSt St െ kሿ
୮
୩ୀଵ
The ak are computed from the sample covariance values of the Sn. In this implementation, we
used the past 60 values of Sn to compute p=30 prediction coefficients. The average intensity of
the frame is calculated. If the actual value of the frame average intensity value differs by more
than 4.0*ඥEሾetଶሿ (Threshold Th) from its predicted value [6], the frame is considered to be bubble
error frame. The measurement is computed using only the frames which are not tagged as
bubble error frames. The threshold will be chosen based on the allowable performance limits of
the system.
5. PROCESSING OF REAL MEASUREMENT DATA
The experiment was conducted on 100/3 m Eq./l Sodium/Potassium solution and the video was
captured using webcam at 15 frames/per second at resolution of 160 x 120pixels. The visibly
different flames during no samples, with sample and Bubble disturbances are given in Figure4:
Captured Flame Details. The captured video file (.avi format, approximately 400 frames) is
passed through wiener filter algorithm after segmentation.
Figure4: Captured Flame Details
The algorithm separates the bubble frame and normal frame using change detection technique. If
the difference between the actual values and wiener predicted values are more than threshold,
either we can skip the frames from computation or use the last best values of the frames.
5. Balachandran Ganesan, Sujeevan Kumar Agir
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (6) : Issue (5) : 2012 361
Figure5: System Response in Direct Digital Method
The four different results are compared to arrive at the best result to improve measurement
parameter, variation in intensity of the photo flame meter. Refer Figure5: System Response in Direct
Digital Method.
*255 values Luma steps, each 1% variation corresponds to 2.55 Luma
TABLE 1: Measurement Results
Basic statistic parameters of sodium and potassium concentration values in terms of Luma before
and after disturbance of the bubble frames were presented in TABLE 1: Measurement Results
The following results are derived from the analysis of the results
• Wiener filter predicted values with skipping frames or using last best values provides
better results.
• Variation in intensity level due to bubble frame can be filtered out by using image change
detection technique
6. CONCLUSION
The Change Detection using one-step Wiener Prediction Algorithm to improve the measurement
errors originated from instantaneous changes of image intensity due to bubble in sample flow
path had been designed. The experimental observations of the MATLAB results are provided
comparing the performance of with and without wiener filter. Based on threshold, the actual and
predicted values are compared and decision to skip the frame or use the last best values is
derived. The proposed new Digital Image Processing algorithm has significant potential to
improve measurement results variations of low cost medical equipment. The implementation of
the designed Wiener Filter makes it possible to eliminate or replace the bad frames in the
measurements computation what is especially important in medical equipments. In future, image
processing results are converted to concentration values and it will be compared against the
Transversal Filer (TF), Kalman filter (KM), Adaptive filters of [1].
Filter/Method Type *Error % (Variation)
Direct Measurement > 58%
Wiener Filter > 39%
Wiener Filter and Skip frames < 5%
Wiener Filter and Last Best Value < 3%
6. Balachandran Ganesan, Sujeevan Kumar Agir
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (6) : Issue (5) : 2012 362
7. REFERENCES
[1] W. Holiczer, Yu. Grishin, D. Janczak, E. Olech, “A New Data Processing Algorithm for
Enhancing the Measurement Accuracy of Monovalent Alkaline Metals Microconcentration”,
Proceedings of IEEE, vol.1, pp.63-66, 12-15, May 2004. MELECON 2004.
[2] Anagha M. Panditrao, Priti P. Rege, “Temperature Estimation of Heat Sources by Digital
Photography and Image Processing”, IEEE Transaction on Instrumentation and Measurement
vol.59, pp.1167-1174, 5-7, May 2010.
[3] Anagha M. Panditrao, “Direct Reading Flame Photometer Using Digital Photoraphy and Image
Processing”, 2011 International Conference on Instrumentation, Communication, Information
Technology and Biomedical Engineering 8-9 November 2011, Bandung, Indonesia
[4] R. J. Radke, S. Andra, O. Al-Kofahi, and B. Roysam, “Image Change Detection Algorithms: A
Systematic Survey,” IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 294–303, March. 2005
[5] S.Bezryadin, P.Bourov*, D.Ilinih, “Brightness Calculation in Digital Image Processing”, KWE
Int.Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA; *UniqueIC’s, Saratov, Russia
[6] Toyama, Kentaro, Krumm, John, Brumitt, Barry, Meyers, Brian. “Wallflower: Principles and
Practice of Background Maintenance,” IEEE Conference on Computer Vision, 1999.
![Balachandran Ganesan, Sujeevan Kumar Agir
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (6) : Issue (5) : 2012 357
A Novel Method to Improve Measurement Results of Flame
Photometry Using Image Change Detection
Balachandran Ganesan balachandranganesan1@gmail.com
Jaya Prakash Narayan College of Engineering
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Mahabubnagar, 509001, India
Sujeevan Kumar Agir sujeevankumaragir@gmail.com
Jaya Prakash Narayan College of Engineering
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Mahabubnagar, 509001, India
Abstract
The estimation of alkali metals in clinical chemistry has many parameters which can influence the
result. A novel method to improve the measurement parameters of the Flame Photometer is
presented. The improvement of accuracy and reliability is achieved through image processing
Change Detection technique using Wiener Filter. The proposed method can be used in low cost
Medical Equipment with improved measurement parameters performance.
Keywords: Flame Photometer, Image Processing, Change Detection, Wiener Filter, Medical
Equipment.
1. INTRODUCTION
The measurement of the alkali metals (like Na, K) in blood samples is one of the important factors
for the critically ill patient related to kidney function in Intensive Care Unit. The two major
techniques used for these measurements are Flame Photometry and Atomic Absorption. Though
the Flame Photometry method is comparatively economic, it suffers from lot of measurement
errors. On the other hand, the Atomic Absorption method produces reliable results at significant
higher cost. This work aims to provide a novel method which can improve the measurement
values of the Flame Photometer with cost advantage. Though this paper focuses on medical
application, it can be used in various other fields of science and technology such as
environmental protection and electric energy production.
2. MEASUREMENT
Generally there are two methods exist in estimating the alkali metals using Flame Photometry:
i) Optical sensor method and
ii) Digital Camera method
2.1 Optical Sensor Method
Principles of flame photometer operations are based on the measurement of the radiating power
of light emitted by atoms of known chemical elements, which are excited in a flame. The
measurement of radiating power in the photometer goes through two optical sensors with
interference filters, which have a maximum transmission for wavelengths of 589 nm for sodium
and 768 nm for potassium. Burner is supplied with a mixture of air sample and propane-butane
gas. This mixture is prepared in two-chamber nebulizer. Constant pressure, hot air sucks and
atomizes the aqueous sample into the first chamber on a principle jet pump (ejector effect). So
obtained aerosol is mixed with gas. [1]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijip-672-160103165134/85/A-Novel-Method-to-Improve-Measurement-Results-of-Flame-Photometry-Using-Image-Change-Detection-1-320.jpg)
![Balachandran Ganesan, Sujeevan Kumar Agir
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (6) : Issue (5) : 2012 358
Figure1: Flame Photometer Block Diagram [3]
Next it flows intrinsically into the second chamber for additional mixing, continuing burning in the
burner. Block diagram of apparatus is presented in Figure1: Flame Photometer Block Diagram [3]
2.2 Digital Camera method
Digital cameras have gained significant popularity in recent years. When sample is burnt in flame,
colour of flame changes with respect to the concentration. So if images of the source are
captured and post processing is carried out, it is possible to predict the amount of electrolytes in a
flame by correlating it with colour values [3]. Anagha Panditrao et al have proposed a low cost
non-contact temperature measurement technique using consumer grade digital still camera. The
images of various visible heat sources are captured. Using colour image segmentation, source
zones are identified. The colour temperature correlation is established by applying various
analytical techniques [2].
Figure2: Direct Reading Flame Photometer [3]
The basic block schematic of the proposed technique is shown in Figure2: Direct Reading Flame
Photometer [3]
3. EARLIER WORKS
There are two important papers on Flame Photometry [1] and [3].
W. Holiczer et al introduced an error model of the system and chosen two erroneous situations:
sucking of air bubbles and partial or full clogging liquid sucking pipe. However, it presented the
event of perturbation “air bubble” (Upow) which is more general than “clogging” and proposes an
adaptive filter AMGM [1]. The estimator structure consists of the basic Kalman filter matched to
the undisturbed model and bank of M filters with models adequate to the expected specific
changes in successive time moments. The practical results of AMGM are compared against](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)