Recently, Mathematical techniques such as Monte Carlo and ISOCSTM software are being increasingly employed in the absolute efficiency calibration of gamma ray detector. Monte Carlo simulations and Canberra ISOCSTM software bring the possibility to establish absolute efficiency curve for desired energy range based on numerical simulation, with use of known or guessed geometry and chemical composition, of measured item. Broad-energy germanium (BEGe) detector was employed to perform the NDA measurements to five standard reference nuclear material (NBS, SNM-969). MC calculations were performed to calculate some factors (attenuation, geometry and efficiency) which affect the uranium isotope mass estimation. 235U and 238U masses are calculated based on MCNPX modeling calibration and also upon spectra analysis using ISOCSTM Calibration Software. The obtained results from the two different efficiency calibration methods were compared with each other and with the declared value for each sample. The obtained results are in agreements with the declared values within the estimated relative accuracy (ranges between -2.81 to 1.83%). The obtained results indicate that the techniques could be applied for the purposes of NM verification and characterization where closely matching NM standards are not available.
Characterization of Liquid Waste in Isotope production and Research Facilitiesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Analysis of industrial flame characteristics and constancy study using image ...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
The study of characterizing and featuring different kinds of flames has become more important than ever in order to increase combustion efficiency and decrease particulate emissions, especially since the study of industrial flames requires more attention. In the present work, different kinds of combustion flames have been characterized by means of digital image processing (DIP) in a 500 kW PF pilot swirl burner. A natural gas flame and a set of pulverized fuel flames of coal and biomass have been comparatively analyzed under co-firing conditions. Through DIP, statistical and spectral features of the flame have been extracted and graphically represented as two-dimensional distributions covering the root flame area. Their study and comparison leads to different conclusions about the flame behavior and the effect of co-firing coal and biomass in pulverized fuel flames. Higher oscillation levels in co-firing flames versus coal flames and variations in radiation regimen were noticed when different biomasses are blended with coal and brought under attention.
A Novel Method to Improve Measurement Results of Flame Photometry Using Image...CSCJournals
The estimation of alkali metals in clinical chemistry has many parameters which can influence the result. A novel method to improve the measurement parameters of the Flame Photometer is presented. The improvement of accuracy and reliability is achieved through image processing Change Detection technique using Wiener Filter. The proposed method can be used in low cost Medical Equipment with improved measurement parameters performance.
SIMULATION OF SOIL TEMPERATURE VARIATION FOR GEOTHERMAL APPLICATIONS IAEME Publication
This paper aims to predict ground temperature variation with depth for time variantambient air temperature and solar radiation data for Jamshedpur, India. Fourier series and
CFD techniques have been employed to determine diurnal and annual temperature variationfor the hottest and the coldest day of the year 2015.The diurnal temperature variation is up to
0.2m depth of soil whereas annual temperature variation isupto 3m depth.
Characterization of Liquid Waste in Isotope production and Research Facilitiesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Analysis of industrial flame characteristics and constancy study using image ...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
The study of characterizing and featuring different kinds of flames has become more important than ever in order to increase combustion efficiency and decrease particulate emissions, especially since the study of industrial flames requires more attention. In the present work, different kinds of combustion flames have been characterized by means of digital image processing (DIP) in a 500 kW PF pilot swirl burner. A natural gas flame and a set of pulverized fuel flames of coal and biomass have been comparatively analyzed under co-firing conditions. Through DIP, statistical and spectral features of the flame have been extracted and graphically represented as two-dimensional distributions covering the root flame area. Their study and comparison leads to different conclusions about the flame behavior and the effect of co-firing coal and biomass in pulverized fuel flames. Higher oscillation levels in co-firing flames versus coal flames and variations in radiation regimen were noticed when different biomasses are blended with coal and brought under attention.
A Novel Method to Improve Measurement Results of Flame Photometry Using Image...CSCJournals
The estimation of alkali metals in clinical chemistry has many parameters which can influence the result. A novel method to improve the measurement parameters of the Flame Photometer is presented. The improvement of accuracy and reliability is achieved through image processing Change Detection technique using Wiener Filter. The proposed method can be used in low cost Medical Equipment with improved measurement parameters performance.
SIMULATION OF SOIL TEMPERATURE VARIATION FOR GEOTHERMAL APPLICATIONS IAEME Publication
This paper aims to predict ground temperature variation with depth for time variantambient air temperature and solar radiation data for Jamshedpur, India. Fourier series and
CFD techniques have been employed to determine diurnal and annual temperature variationfor the hottest and the coldest day of the year 2015.The diurnal temperature variation is up to
0.2m depth of soil whereas annual temperature variation isupto 3m depth.
A Novel Displacement-amplifying Compliant Mechanism Implemented on a Modified...IJECEIAES
The micro-accelerometers are devices used to measure acceleration. They are implemented in applications such as tilt-control in spacecraft, inertial navigation, oil exploration, etc. These applications require high operating frequency and displacement sensitivity. But getting both high parameter values at the same time is difficult, because there are physical relationships, for each one, where the mass is involved. When the mass is reduced, the operating frequency is high, but the displacement sensitivity decreases and vice versa. The implementation of Displacement-amplifying Compliant Mechanism (DaCM) supports to this dependence decreases. In this paper the displacement sensitivity and operation frequency of a Conventional Capacitive Accelerometer are shown (CCA). A Capacitive Accelerometer with Extended Beams (CAEB) is also presented, which improves displacement sensitivity compared with CCA, and finally the implementation of DACM´s in the aforementioned devices was also carried out. All analyzed cases were developed considering the in-plane mode. The Matlab code used to calculate displacement sensitivity and operating frequency relationship is given in Appendix A.
Molecular Activity Prediction Using Graph Convolutional Deep Neural Network C...Masahito Ohue
Molecular Activity Prediction Using Graph Convolutional Deep Neural Network Considering Distance on a Molecular Graph
Int’l Workshop on Mathematical Modeling and Problem Solving (MPS)
2019 Int’l Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques & Applications (PDPTA’19)
Session 2. July 29, 2019 @Luxor, Las Vegas
https://americancse.org/events/csce2019/program/pdp_csc_ipc_msv_gcc_29
Multi-objective Optimization Scheme for PID-Controlled DC MotorIAES-IJPEDS
DC Motor is the most basic electro-mechanical equipment and well-known for its merit and simplicity. The performance of DC motor is assessed based on several qualities that are most-likely contradictory each other, i.e. settling time and overshoot percentage. Most of controller’s optimization problems are multi-objective in nature since they normally have several conflicting objectives that must be met simultaneously. In this study, the grey relational analysis (GRA) was combined with Taguchi method to search the optimum PID parameter for multi-objective problem. First, a L9 (33) orthogonal array was used to plan out the processing parameters that would affect the DC motor’s speed. Then GRA was applied to overcome the drawback of single quality characteristics in the Taguchi method, and then the optimized PID parameter combination was obtained for multiple quality characteristics from the response table and the response graph from GRA. Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ratio) calculation and analysis of variance (ANOVA) would be performed to find out the significant factors. Lastly, the reliability and reproducibility of the experiment was verified by confirming a confidence interval (CI) of 95%.
Accelerating NMR via NUFFT algorithms on GPUsFederico Ariu
In this thesis work the acceleration of an MRI application has been treated.
Accelerating this medical diagnostic technique can be very important in order to reduce times in which the immobility of the patient is required, furthermore it can be fundamental in case of fMRI or when the patient monitoring has to be real-time, in continuous way.
The points on which we focus are the sampling methods, the algorithms used for the processing and the hardware used for the processing.
Excellent results are pointed out from my studies.
The accelerated version of the Nonuniform Fast Fourier Transform algorithm of type 3 that I studied has been developed in CUDA C language.
The speedup, that is the ratio between the computation time of the CPU version and the GPU one, has been carried out and it is equal to 65. BIG IMPROVEMENT!
Furthermore, some tests have been executed in order to validate the implemented algorithm by varying the number of samples in input.
International Conference of Fracture 2017: A procedure to determine the fracture properties of nuclear cladding from ring compression tests. A parametric study
A study on the Noise Radiation of a Power Pack for Construction EquipmentIJERA Editor
The Power Pack of these machines is composed of an engine, fuel tank and oil tank. Energy is transferred to the Casing Rotor through the engine inside the Power Pack. In this study, the generated noise of a Power Pack was predicted, to provide suggestions on how to improve the noise level. First, we constructed a 3D model of the Power Pack. A finite element analysis was performed using ANSYS. We then analysed the Power Pack through the generated acoustic analysis. Finally, we suggest a way to reduce the noise during the design stage using the analysis results.
High Speed Parameter Estimation for a Homogenized Energy Model- Doctoral Defe...Jon Ernstberger
I used this presentation when making my final doctoral defense at NC State University in June 2008. My defense was entitled "High Speed Parameter Estimation for a Homogenized Energy Model". Dr. Ralph C. Smith was my advisor.
Calculation of air-kerma strength and dose rate constant for new BEBIG 60Co H...Anwarul Islam
Calculation of air-kerma strength and dose rate constant for new BEBIG 60Co HDR brachytherapy source: an EGSnrc Monte Carlo study
M. Anwarul Islam, Medical Physicist
SQUARE Hospitals Ltd, Bangladesh
anwar.amch@yahoo.com
Predictive Modeling of Neutron Activation Analysis of Spent Nuclear Fuel for ...Raul Palomares
A method for the identification of observable radionuclides from neutron activation analysis of spent nuclear fuel was investigated. A predictive model was formulated using ORIGEN-ARP and nuclear decay data to predict neutron activation analysis results of two spent nuclear fuel samples with variable burnup values and cooling times. Model predictions were tested by performing thermal instrumental neutron activation analysis on the spent nuclear fuel samples using both cyclic and conventional irradiation methods. Preliminary results indicate neutron activation analysis was successful in identifying several stable and long-lived radionuclides predicted via model calculations but results appear limited to sample concentration. Spent nuclear fuel samples of higher specific activity are needed to further validate model results.
A Novel Displacement-amplifying Compliant Mechanism Implemented on a Modified...IJECEIAES
The micro-accelerometers are devices used to measure acceleration. They are implemented in applications such as tilt-control in spacecraft, inertial navigation, oil exploration, etc. These applications require high operating frequency and displacement sensitivity. But getting both high parameter values at the same time is difficult, because there are physical relationships, for each one, where the mass is involved. When the mass is reduced, the operating frequency is high, but the displacement sensitivity decreases and vice versa. The implementation of Displacement-amplifying Compliant Mechanism (DaCM) supports to this dependence decreases. In this paper the displacement sensitivity and operation frequency of a Conventional Capacitive Accelerometer are shown (CCA). A Capacitive Accelerometer with Extended Beams (CAEB) is also presented, which improves displacement sensitivity compared with CCA, and finally the implementation of DACM´s in the aforementioned devices was also carried out. All analyzed cases were developed considering the in-plane mode. The Matlab code used to calculate displacement sensitivity and operating frequency relationship is given in Appendix A.
Molecular Activity Prediction Using Graph Convolutional Deep Neural Network C...Masahito Ohue
Molecular Activity Prediction Using Graph Convolutional Deep Neural Network Considering Distance on a Molecular Graph
Int’l Workshop on Mathematical Modeling and Problem Solving (MPS)
2019 Int’l Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques & Applications (PDPTA’19)
Session 2. July 29, 2019 @Luxor, Las Vegas
https://americancse.org/events/csce2019/program/pdp_csc_ipc_msv_gcc_29
Multi-objective Optimization Scheme for PID-Controlled DC MotorIAES-IJPEDS
DC Motor is the most basic electro-mechanical equipment and well-known for its merit and simplicity. The performance of DC motor is assessed based on several qualities that are most-likely contradictory each other, i.e. settling time and overshoot percentage. Most of controller’s optimization problems are multi-objective in nature since they normally have several conflicting objectives that must be met simultaneously. In this study, the grey relational analysis (GRA) was combined with Taguchi method to search the optimum PID parameter for multi-objective problem. First, a L9 (33) orthogonal array was used to plan out the processing parameters that would affect the DC motor’s speed. Then GRA was applied to overcome the drawback of single quality characteristics in the Taguchi method, and then the optimized PID parameter combination was obtained for multiple quality characteristics from the response table and the response graph from GRA. Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ratio) calculation and analysis of variance (ANOVA) would be performed to find out the significant factors. Lastly, the reliability and reproducibility of the experiment was verified by confirming a confidence interval (CI) of 95%.
Accelerating NMR via NUFFT algorithms on GPUsFederico Ariu
In this thesis work the acceleration of an MRI application has been treated.
Accelerating this medical diagnostic technique can be very important in order to reduce times in which the immobility of the patient is required, furthermore it can be fundamental in case of fMRI or when the patient monitoring has to be real-time, in continuous way.
The points on which we focus are the sampling methods, the algorithms used for the processing and the hardware used for the processing.
Excellent results are pointed out from my studies.
The accelerated version of the Nonuniform Fast Fourier Transform algorithm of type 3 that I studied has been developed in CUDA C language.
The speedup, that is the ratio between the computation time of the CPU version and the GPU one, has been carried out and it is equal to 65. BIG IMPROVEMENT!
Furthermore, some tests have been executed in order to validate the implemented algorithm by varying the number of samples in input.
International Conference of Fracture 2017: A procedure to determine the fracture properties of nuclear cladding from ring compression tests. A parametric study
A study on the Noise Radiation of a Power Pack for Construction EquipmentIJERA Editor
The Power Pack of these machines is composed of an engine, fuel tank and oil tank. Energy is transferred to the Casing Rotor through the engine inside the Power Pack. In this study, the generated noise of a Power Pack was predicted, to provide suggestions on how to improve the noise level. First, we constructed a 3D model of the Power Pack. A finite element analysis was performed using ANSYS. We then analysed the Power Pack through the generated acoustic analysis. Finally, we suggest a way to reduce the noise during the design stage using the analysis results.
High Speed Parameter Estimation for a Homogenized Energy Model- Doctoral Defe...Jon Ernstberger
I used this presentation when making my final doctoral defense at NC State University in June 2008. My defense was entitled "High Speed Parameter Estimation for a Homogenized Energy Model". Dr. Ralph C. Smith was my advisor.
Calculation of air-kerma strength and dose rate constant for new BEBIG 60Co H...Anwarul Islam
Calculation of air-kerma strength and dose rate constant for new BEBIG 60Co HDR brachytherapy source: an EGSnrc Monte Carlo study
M. Anwarul Islam, Medical Physicist
SQUARE Hospitals Ltd, Bangladesh
anwar.amch@yahoo.com
Predictive Modeling of Neutron Activation Analysis of Spent Nuclear Fuel for ...Raul Palomares
A method for the identification of observable radionuclides from neutron activation analysis of spent nuclear fuel was investigated. A predictive model was formulated using ORIGEN-ARP and nuclear decay data to predict neutron activation analysis results of two spent nuclear fuel samples with variable burnup values and cooling times. Model predictions were tested by performing thermal instrumental neutron activation analysis on the spent nuclear fuel samples using both cyclic and conventional irradiation methods. Preliminary results indicate neutron activation analysis was successful in identifying several stable and long-lived radionuclides predicted via model calculations but results appear limited to sample concentration. Spent nuclear fuel samples of higher specific activity are needed to further validate model results.
Oscillatory Stability Prediction Using PSO Based Synchronizing and Damping To...journalBEEI
This paper presents the assessment of stability domains for the angle stability condition of the power system using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. An efficient optimization method using PSO for synchronizing torque coefficients Ksand damping torque coefficients Kd to identify the angle stability condition on multi-machine system. In order to accelerate the determination of angle stability, PSO is proposed to be implemented in this study. The application of the proposed algorithm has been justified as the most accurate with lower computation time as compared to other optimization techniques such as Evolutionary Programming (EP) and Artificial Immune System (AIS). Validation with respect to eigenvalues determination, Least Square (LS) method and minimum damping ratio ξmin confirmed that the proposed technique is feasible to solve the angle stability problems.
Multivariate dimensionality reduction in cross-correlation analysis ivanokitov
In master event location, a matched-filter like technique based on cross-correlation with pre-defined waveform template, a crucial role plays a template design. Reduction of templates number for certain region under monitoring is extremely important both for interactive and real-time processing as it may dramatically reduce the time of resulting product delivery and may improve low magnitude event detection threshold and location.
A number of dimensionality reduction methods have been explored to minimize the number of master events needed for cross correlation based seismic event detection and location, including multidimensional data model approaches (hypercomplex and tensorial). The primary method considered is Principle Component Analysis (PCA), which is widely accepted as a superior method of matrix factorization or Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). For regional seismic events, Harris (2006) used this in designing a subspace detector for the cross correlation based event location. Other methods of dimensionality reduction explored either theoretically or analytically included Robust PCA, Kernel PCA, Incremental PCA (IPCA), Empirical Subspace Detector (SSD) (Barrett and Beroza, 2015) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA).
Mathematical Calculation toFindtheBest Chamber andDetector Radii Used for Mea...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Enhanced image reconstruction of electrical impedance tomography using simul...IJECEIAES
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT), as a non-ionizing tomography method, has been widely used in various fields of application, such as engineering and medical fields. This study applies an iterative process to reconstruct EIT images using the simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) algorithm combined with K-means clustering. The reconstruction started with defining the finite element method (FEM) model and filtering the measurement data with a Butterworth low-pass filter. The next step is solving the inverse problem in the EIT case with the SART algorithm. The results of the SART algorithm approach were classified using the K-means clustering and thresholding. The reconstruction results were evaluated with the peak signal noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity indices (SSIM), and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE). They were compared with the one-step gauss-newton (GN) and total variation regularization based on iteratively reweighted least-squares (TV-IRLS) methods. The evaluation shows that the average PSNR and SSIM of the proposed reconstruction method are the highest of the other methods, each being 24.24 and 0.94; meanwhile, the average NRMSE value is the lowest, which is 0.04. The performance evaluation also shows that the proposed method is faster than the other methods.
Nonclassical Properties of Even and Odd Semi-Coherent StatesIOSRJAP
Even and odd semi-coherent states have been introduced. Some of the nonclasscial properties of the states are studied in terms of the quadrature squeezing as well as sub-Poissonian photon statistics. The Husimi– Kano Q-function and the phase distribution in the framework of Pegg and Barnett formalism, are also discussed.
Spherical and Cylindrical Ion Acoustic Solitary Waves in Electron-Positron-Io...IOSRJAP
The propagation of cylindrical and spherical ion acoustic solitary waves in a plasma system consisting of ions, electrons and positrons are investigated. The electrons and positrons are assumed to be following the nonextensive distribution popularly known as Tsallis distribution. The standard nonlinear equation i.e. Korteweg de-Vries (KdV) equation has been solved numerically using suitable mathematical transformations. The effect of nonextensivity (q) and nonplanar geometry on the amplitudes and width of ion acoustic potential structures have been studied numerically. A transition from negative to positive potential structures have been observed for the planar as well as nonplanar geometries for lower values of q in the range −1 < 푞 < 0. Soliton amplitude is maximum for spherical waves and is minimum and for planar waves while it lies in between the two for cylindrical waves. The present investigation may help us in understanding the study of cylindrical and spherical solitary waves in astrophysical plasmas.
Growth, characterization, and antibacterial studies of L-Lysine single crysta...IOSRJAP
Single crystals of L-lysine added Potassium Bromide were grown by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The crystalline nature of the grown crystal wasconfirmed using powder X-ray diffraction technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction patterns were recorded for the structural conformation and it was found to be cubic. The UV –VIS- NIR Spectrum of the grown crystals shows less optical absorption and good transmittance in the entire visible region enabling its use in optical applications. Vickers micro hardness test was carried out to analyze the mechanical property of the grown L- lysine potassium Bromide single crystal. Thermo gravimetric analysis proved that the crystal is stable up to 600ºC. The frequency and temperature dependence of dielectric constant (εr), dielectric loss (tan δ) were also measured. The grown crystal was evaluated for its biological efficacy and found to exhibit anti bacterial activities against some select bacterial strains.
Controlled Quantum Teleportation via Four Particle Asymmetric Entangled State IOSRJAP
A general scheme for controlled teleportation of an arbitrary single-qubit state with four-qubit asymmetric state is proposed. In this scheme, the sender performs Bell measurement on his particle, the two controllers and the receiver perform joint unitary operation on the rest particles. Finally, the receiver can reconstruct the single particle by introducing an auxiliary particle, he first does unitary transformation on his particle and the auxiliary particle, then performs a Von Neumann measurement on the auxiliary particle. Thus the scheme can be realized in certain probability.
Low Cost Synthesis of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes from Coal Tar Using Arc ...IOSRJAP
There are various methods such as arc discharge, laser ablation, chemical vapour deposition (CVD), template-directed synthesis for the growth of CNTs in the presence of catalyst particles. The production of carbon nanotubes in large quantities is possible with inexpensive coal as the starting carbon source by the arc discharge technique. It is found that a large amount of carbon nanotubes of good quality can be obtained in the cathode deposits in which carbon nanotubes are present in nest-like bundles. For more than two decades, now, there has been extensive research on the production of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and optimization of its manufacture for the industrial applications. It is believed that they are the strong enough but most flexible materials known to mankind. They have potential to take part in new nanofabricated materials. It is known that, carbon nanotubes could behave as the ultimate one-dimensional material with remarkable mechanical properties. Moreover, carbon nanotubes exhibit strong electrical and thermal conducting properties. This paper primarily concentrates on the optimising such parameters related to the mass production of the product. It has been shown through Simplex process that based on the cost of the SWNT obtained by the arc discharge technique, the voltage and the current should lie in the range of 30 - 42 V and 49 - 66 A respectively. Any combination above the given values will lead to a power consumption cost beyond the final product cost, in turn leading to infeasibility of the process. Strong expectations exist for future use of carbon nanotubes as composite materials in a large number of industries. Production cost and control of the purity and properties of such materials will influence the impacts nanotubes on the chemical, computer and construction industries. Coal properties in this case are also important. Weak bonds and mineral matter in the coal play an important role in the formation of the nanotubes
Pion Form Factor Contribution in Vacuum Polarization corrections for 1s energ...IOSRJAP
The 1푠 energy level vacuum polarization correctionsof pionic hydrogen atom induced by a potential including form factor are compared with those obtained by using pion point potential. Without form factor of nucleus and pion the correction increases very slowly for low Z atoms and increases fastly for higher Z. The finite size of the nucleus increases the correction with Z in case of exponential distribution, while in case of Gaussian distribution the increase is lower. For Fermi distribution there is a fast increase at low values of Z and faslty decreases with higher values of Z. The effect of form factor of pion on the correction is very clear for low Z nuclei and then becomes nearly constant for higher values Z.
To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General RelativityIOSRJAP
The notion of gravitational radiation as a radiation of the same level as the electromagnetic radiation is based on theoretically proved and experimentally confirmed fact of existence of stationary states of an electron in its gravitational field characterized by the gravitational constant K = 1042G (G is the Newtonian gravitational constant) and unrecoverable space-time curvature Λ. If the numerical values of K 5.11031 Nm2 kg-2 and =4.41029 m -2 , there is a spectrum of stationary states of the electron in its own gravitational field (0.511 MeV ... 0.681 MeV).Adjusting according to the known mechanisms of broadening does not disclose the broadening of the registered portion of the emission spectrum of the micropinch. It indicates the presence of an additional mechanism of broadening the registered portion of the spectrum of the characteristic radiation due to the contribution of the excited states of electrons in their own gravitational field. The energy spectrum of the electron in its own gravitational field and the energy spectra of multielectron atoms are such that there is a resonance of these spectra. As obvious, the consequence of such resonant interaction is appearance, including new lines, of electromagnetic transitions not associated with atomic transitions. The manuscript is the review of previously published papers cited in the references.
Study Of Structural, Morphological And Optical Properties Of Pure CdO And Ag:...IOSRJAP
Pure and Ag doped CdO thin films were prepared by sol-gel technique with spin coating method on glass substrates, Ag:CdO doped with relatively high concentration Ag (2.5%, 5%, 10% and 15%) to obtain changes in structural, Optical And Morphological properties of Ag:CdO doped thin films at fixed annealing temperature (300◦ C), the results Shows changes in structural properties at (111) plane due to fixed annealing temperature, and decreasing in direct energy gap, and show changes in roughness average.
Equivalent Thicknesses of Lead and Fly ash Geopolymer with Addition of Barium...IOSRJAP
This study aims to fabricate radiation protection shields using fly ash with barium Sulphate. Different thickness of fly ash geopolymer with 15% of barium sulphate was constructed, and different energies of X-ray ranged from 80 kVp - 120 kVp were used to assessment the attenuation ability of Lead and fly ash geopolymer with barium Sulphate shields. Different thicknesses of fly ash based shields are investigated to determine the equivalent thicknesses of fly ash geopolymer with barium sulphate which provide the same attenuation by Lead shields. The results exhibited that 5 cm of fly ash geopolymer with barium Sulphate equivalent 1 mm of Lead in attenuating of incident X-ray. Whereas 1 cm of fly ash geopolymer with barium sulphate equivalent 0.25 mm of Lead shield at various X-ray energy (80 kVp -120 kVp).
Energy Release Rate for Fiber Reinforced Polymer CompositeIOSRJAP
An experimental investigation using drag-out tensile test to calculate the interfacial shear strength for different embedded lengths and radius of Kevlar -49, carbon and ultra high polyethylene fibers reinforced epoxy matrix , the energy release rate calculated by using Nairn model . The energy release rate increase as the embedded fiber length increase and also for fiber radius for perfect adhesion , for specimens with bubbles at interface which seems to reduce the fracture toughness the energy release rate be less than specimens with perfect adhesion , the thermal stress and friction forces were included in the energy release rate in Kevlar-49 and carbon reinforced epoxy the interfacial shear force due to friction part decrease while in solid ultra high polyethylene the interfacial shear force due to friction part increase.
Disaggregation of Annual to daily Streamflows: A lineardeterministic methodIOSRJAP
In this study, a linear deterministic methodis applied to disaggregate streamflow from annual to daily data inunregulated stations located on the Kızılırmak river in Turkey. To disaggregate annual streamflows to the daily flow at the target station (TS), annual counterparts at the source station (SS) were identified depending on the minimum error criteria that is estimated based on the volume of three-year time window. Then, daily streamflow indexes at SS were calculated to disaggregate annual to daily streamflow at TS through the process. The same steps are replicated to disaggregate monthly streamflow to the daily flow for the purpose of comparison between the two methods. The results are well represents daily streamflow at two methods inquiry comparing to observe data, and also maintain the time series statistical characteristics and mass equilibrium. The comparative results suggest that the monthly to daily disaggregation method perform better than annual to the daily disaggregation method. The daily streamflow generated in this study can be used in the future research for water resources planning and management.
Studies of Dielectric Constant, Dielectric Loss, Loss Tangent and Dielectric ...IOSRJAP
The arrangement of waves or radiation in order of increasing frequencies is called electromagnetic spectrum. Frequency of microwave region is 300MHz to 300GHz. Corresponding wavelength is in between 1mm to 100cm. Here by using a microwave bench dielectric properties such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss, loss tangent and dielectric relaxationtime of Dichlorobenzene, Bromobenzene and Nitrobenzene in different temperatures at X band frequrency are measured. Gopalakrishnan method is used for determination of relaxation time. Here real (€/ ) and imaginary (€")parts of complex dielectric constant( €*) were determined in the 3cm microwave region for different concentration of Dichlorobenzene, Bromobenzene and Nitrobenzene in Cyclohaxene at temperatures 240C, 330C and 410C .The measurement were made at a frequency of 9.98GHz. From the study of relaxation time polarity of above three compounds are studied. From the structural point of view the most interesting Dielectric Relaxation is that involving orientation polarization which depends on the internal structure of molecules and on the molecular arrangement or structure of the dielectric. Dielectric relaxation is the lag in dipole orientation behind an alternating electric field. From the study it is found that relaxation time of these solute is more in Cyclohexane then in Benzene. This behavour can be explained from the fact that Cyclohexane has more internal friction than Benzene.
Development of Ni-doped Yttria stabilized Zirconia composite for SOFC applica...IOSRJAP
Ni-doped Yttria stabilized Zirconia (NiO/YSZ) has been synthesized using low cost combustion process from an aqueous solution containing ZrO(NO3)2.6H2O, Y(NO3)3.6H2O, Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and urea. Pellets were sintered at 13500C for 5 hours and its sintered density is estimated to be of 95%. Sintered pellets were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) & X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. From the XRD analysis, as grown powder of NiO/YSZ showed nano-crystalline behavior with homogeneous mixture of YSZ and NiO phases. However sintered powder showed µ-size dense grain growth. Temperature and frequency dependent dielectric properties are corroborated with the conduction mechanism. Both dielectric constant (K) and loss (tan δ) are increased sharply at high temperature region, which is expected to be the onset of dipolar relaxation phenomena due to the presence of oxygen vacancies. A mixed conductivity involving ionic conduction in the high temperature range and electronic conduction in the low temperature range was observed. The decrease in K and tan δ with increase in frequency at a given temperature suggests the dynamic interaction of oxygen vacancies & oxide ion pairs.
A relationship between mass as a geometric concept and motion associated with a closed curve in spacetime (a notion taken from differential geometry) is investigated. We show that the 4-dimensional exterior Schwarzschild solution of the General Theory of Relativity can be mapped to a 4-dimensional Euclidean spacetime manifold. As a consequence of this mapping, the quantity M in the exterior Schwarzschild solution which is usually attributed to a massive central object is shown to correspond to a geometric property of spacetime. An additional outcome of this analysis is the discovery that, because M is a property of spacetime geometry, an anisotropy with respect to its spacetime components measured in a Minkowski tangent space defined with respect to a spacetime event P by an observer O who is stationary with respect to the spacetime event P, may be a sensitive measure of an anisotropic cosmic accelerated expansion. The presence of anisotropy in the cosmic accelerated expansion may contribute to the reason that there are currently two prevailing measured estimates of this quantity
Evaluation of the mass attenuation coefficient and Effective Atomic Number of...IOSRJAP
The potential of the Eremurus spp. root as a binder in Rhizophora-Eremurus spp. particleboard mammography phantom had been approved. In this study, the potential of Eremurus spp. as a phantom material has been investigated. The effective atomic number of the Eremurus spp. was calculated as an important parameter in the low energy range. Also, the mass attenuation coefficient of the Eremurus spp. root was measured in the 16.63 keV – 25.30 keV photon energy as a mammography range. Although, the effective atomic number of the Eremurus spp. was near to that of tissue, the mass attenuation of the Eremurus spp. root was not found close to those of breast tissue and water phantom. The results show that the Eremurus spp. root can be used just as a binder in phantom and it cannot be as a main phantom material.
Structural Stability of Nano-Crystalline Aluminum-Glass CompositesIOSRJAP
Effects of particle size of the material in nanometer on solid state, structural properties AluminumGlass based samples are reported in this study. The particle size of 25µm was used for both Aluminum and Glass powders respectively. The samples were prepared in powdered form of various Al-Glass proportions. The weight of Aluminum ranges between 20 – 60 percent in the composites. Results showed from X-ray diffraction analyses that Aluminum addition and the determined particle size greatly influence the structural stability of the samples. It was revealed that samples were structurally stable in the range of Aluminum composition and the observed size of crystals, measured Width at Middle of Maximum Height and structural parameters were found in nanometers. The Al-Glass materials were noted to crystallize with FCC and BCC lattice structures.
Higher-Order Squeezing of a Generic Quadratically-Coupled Optomechanical SystemIOSRJAP
Using short-time dynamics and analytical solution of Heisenberg equation of motion for the Hamiltonian of quadratically-coupled optomechanical system for different field modes, we have investigated the existence of higher-order single mode squeezing, sum squeezing and difference squeezing in absence of driving and dissipation. Depth of squeezing increases with order number for higher-order single mode squeezing. Squeezing factor exhibits a series of revival-collapse phenomena for single mode, which becomes more pronounced as order number increases. In case of sum squeezing amounts of squeezing is greater than single mode higher-order squeezing (n = 2). It is also greater than from difference squeezing for same set of interaction parameters. Sum squeezing is prominently better for extracting information regarding squeezing.
Correlation between the Interface Width and the Adhesion Strength of Copper F...IOSRJAP
The present study has been conducted in order to determine the influence of negative bias voltage applied to substrate on adhesion of copper films deposited on carbon steel substrates. The adhesion strength has been evaluated by the scratch test. Coatings were deposited by a DC magnetron sputtering system. The substrates were firstly mechanically polished and then ion-etched by argon ions prior to deposition. Adhesion was found to increase with the bias voltage. The critical load had a value of 9.5 g for an unbiased substrate and reached 18.5 g for a bias voltage of 600 V. Equally important, the interface width, measured using Auger electron spectroscopy, increased as a function of the bias voltage. The width of the interface is related to the time of ion milling in the Auger spectrometer. The size of this width is obtained from the Auger elemental depth profiles through measuring the depth of the interface coating/substrate. The width had a value of 335 min with a bias of 600 V whereas it didn't exceed 180 min when the substrate was unbiased. Therefore, the effect of the bias voltage was to expand the interface because of the diffusion phenomenon and physical mixing of materials at the interface. Moreover, the critical load increased with the increase of the interface width.
Dielectric, Electric and Thermal Behavior of La3+ doped Co-Zn NanoferriteIOSRJAP
Dielectric, Electric and Thermal properties of rare earth La3+ material doped in Co0.5Zn0.5 Lax Fe(2- x)O4 (where x=0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100, 0.125) reaction nanocrystalline ferrites were synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion method. The electric, dielectric constant and Thermal properties were investigated. The dielectric constants and dielectric loss of the samples was observed between the 100Hz and 5 MHz. The resistivities of the prepared samples were measured from 0 Volt to 550 Volts at the constant temperature 2000C using the Two Probe method. The Thermal properties were characterized by Thermo Gravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis (TGDTA).
PLC Based Instrumentation of Closed Loop Gas System for RPC DetectorsIOSRJAP
The INO experiment is a mega-science project and will have RPC detectors as an active element. It will be instrumented with about 28,800 RPC detectors. These active detectors use a gas mixture of R134a (95.2%), Isobutane (4.5%) and SF6 (0.3%). Due to large number of RPC detectors, the total gas required is of the order of 200 M 3 ; therefore a Closed Loop gas recirculation System (CLS) is mandatory. The prototype CLS system for 12 such RPCs has been developed using PLC (Programmable Logical Controllers) and associated peripheral input and output devices. This CLS is based on pneumatic parameters; hence many pressure sensors are used in process control and operation. Several simple CLS are developed by the team of Alpha pneumatics. The paper high lights the instrumentation of the CLS, which is in operation at TIFR and a few results are presented
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Nuclear Material Verification Based on MCNP and ISOCSTM Techniques for Safeguard Purposes
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP)
e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 9, Issue 1 Ver. III (Jan. – Feb. 2017), PP 45-50
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901034550 www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page
Nuclear Material Verification Based on MCNP and ISOCSTM
Techniques for Safeguard Purposes
M.Abdelati1
, H.I.Khedr1
, K. M. El Kourghly1
1
(1Nuclear Safeguards and Physical Protection department, Egyptian nuclear and Radiological Regulatory
Authority NRRA - Cairo, Egypt)
Abstract: Recently, Mathematical techniques such as Monte Carlo and ISOCSTM
software are being
increasingly employed in the absolute efficiency calibration of gamma ray detector. Monte Carlo simulations
and Canberra ISOCSTM
software bring the possibility to establish absolute efficiency curve for desired energy
range based on numerical simulation, with use of known or guessed geometry and chemical composition, of
measured item. Broad-energy germanium (BEGe) detector was employed to perform the NDA measurements to
five standard reference nuclear material (NBS, SNM-969). MC calculations were performed to calculate some
factors (attenuation, geometry and efficiency) which affect the uranium isotope mass estimation. 235
U and 238
U
masses are calculated based on MCNPX modeling calibration and also upon spectra analysis using ISOCSTM
Calibration Software. The obtained results from the two different efficiency calibration methods were compared
with each other and with the declared value for each sample. The obtained results are in agreements with the
declared values within the estimated relative accuracy (ranges between -2.81 to 1.83%). The obtained results
indicate that the techniques could be applied for the purposes of NM verification and characterization where
closely matching NM standards are not available.
Keywords: Absolute efficiency, efficiency calibration, Monte Carlo simulations, Broad-Energy Germanium
Detector, gamma spectrometry, ISOCSTM
software, uranium isotope mass
I. Introduction
The efficiency calibration of a system is dependent not only on the detector, but on the radiation
attenuation factors in the detector–source configuration, and therefore is invalid unless all parameters of the
sample assay condition are identical to the calibration condition. An alternative to source-based calibrations is to
mathematically model the efficiency response of a given detector–sample configuration [1].
Several techniques can be used to determine the total efficiency such as Monte Carlo simulations,
semi-empirical methods and experimental measurements. MC technique requires a good definition of the
geometry and materials, including window thickness together with an accurate set of cross-sections [2].
MC method obtains answers by simulating individual particles and recording some tallies of their
average behavior. The average behavior of particles in the physical system is then inferred from the average
behavior of the simulated particles. MCNP code treats an arbitrary three-dimensional configuration of materials
in geometric cells bounded by surfaces [3].
ISOCSTM
(In Situ Object Counting System) Calibration Software brings a new level of capabilities to
gamma sample assay by eliminating the need for traditional calibration sources during the efficiency calibration
process. By combining the detector characterization produced by the MCNP modeling code, mathematical
geometry templates, and a few physical sample parameters, ISOCSTM
Calibration Software gives you the ability
to produce accurate qualitative and quantitative gamma assays of most any sample type and size [4].
In this paper MCNPX code is employed to estimate the absolute full energy peak efficiency for the
measuring system in order to estimate the 238
U and 235
U mass contents.
ISOCSTM
calibration software was used to generate the efficiency file and to check the geometry
validity. The generate efficiency file used for estimating 238
U and 235
U mass contents.
II. Materials and Methods
Standard Reference Material (NBS, SNM-969) consists of a set of five different U3O8 powder, with
nominal 235
U abundances of 0.31, 0.71, 1.94, 2.95, and 4.46 mass percent, encased in aluminum cans
(Aluminum type 6061 (ASTM-GS T6)) was used for non-destructive assay. Each SRM 969 subunit is made up
of 200.1 ± 0.2 g of U3O8 powder [5]. These materials are subject to the international nuclear safeguards. Figure
1 shows the shape and example for dimensions of the assayed SRM-969 samples.
2. Nuclear Material Verification Based on MCNP and ISOCSTM
Techniques for Safeguard Purposes
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901034550 www.iosrjournals.org 46 | Page
Figure 1: Dimensional control can and the shape of the measured SRM-969 samples [5]
A commercial high-Purity (HPGe) germanium gamma-ray spectrometry produced by Canberra, with a
Broad-Energy germanium crystal (Model BE2830), was employed to measure the Count rates due to uranium
isotopes. The data acquisition system in this work involves Genie-2000 software.
Samples have a cylindrical shape of approximately 4 cm radius and 9 cm height. The samples were
placed in front of the detector as the circular base face the detector so that extended axis of symmetry of the
cylinder and the HPGe crystal detector is the same. For all measurements, the samples-to-Aluminum cap of the
detector distances (d = 30 cm) were adjusted and optimized in such a way to obtain the maximum count rate
mean while the counting losses due to pile up and dead time were minimized. Figure 2 shows a schematic
diagram for the experimental setup configuration arranged to samples measurements.
Figure 2: A schematic diagram for the configuration of SRM-969 samples during measurement.
MCNPX and ISOCSTM
were used to estimate the absolute full energy peak efficiency (εab) of the detector at
both 185.7 and 1001.1 keV gamma energies. MCNPX input file was constructed by considering the following:
- The data provided by the manufacture for the detector and samples
- The command F8: P card was considered in this study, to calculate the number of photons of energy line
(185.7 keV or 1001 keV) deposited in detector
- The history cutoff (NPS) card was used and selected to achieve random statistical errors of better than (2%).
ISOCSTM
calibration software was employed by considering the following:
o Samples counted using a Falcon 5000 (Model BE2830) detector that has been characterized by
CANBERRA [4].
o Gamma spectra obtained from the detector acquired and analyzed via the Genie 2000 Software.
o Dimensions and material composition of the container, sample matrix and source-to-detector distance
inserted into the Geometry Composer (ISOCSTM
Calibration Software) and generate an efficiency
calibration file.
o The efficiency calibration file was used for the analysis of the spectrum collected during the sample count.
3. Nuclear Material Verification Based on MCNP and ISOCSTM
Techniques for Safeguard Purposes
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901034550 www.iosrjournals.org 47 | Page
The measured count rates at 185.7 and 1001.1 keV gamma energies, the calculated absolute full energy
peak efficiency, using MCNPX modeling and ISOCSTM
calibration software, at the same energies, and the
specific activities of the measured two gamma energy lines were substituted into Eq. (1) to obtain the 235
U and
238
U mass contents in nuclear materials.
Net counting rate CR in a gamma-peak of certain energy due to any radioactive isotope as a function
of εab could be given as [6]:
CR = M. Sa. εab -------------- (1)
Where,
M is the mass of the assayed isotope in grams,
Sa is the specific activity of the measured gamma-photons with specified energy (g-1
s-1
),
εab is the absolute full energy peak efficiency of the detector at the measured gamma energy
III. Results and discussion
1.1 Count rate measurements
The count rates (CR) with the associated percentage relative uncertainties (σCR) are given in Table (1).
Relative uncertainties are relatively large; it was expected due to the short life times (t = 10 min) of
measurement to simulate in-field measurements.
1.2 Absolute efficiency estimation
The results of the absolute full energy peak efficiency estimation with the associated percentage relative
uncertainties are given in Table (2) for the five samples.
As the uranium enrichment increase the estimated εab is either approximately unchanged or slightly
increased. All estimated uncertainties due to MCNPX calculations for all samples were less than 2%.
1.3 Estimated masses
Table (3) presents the 235
U and 238
U masses estimated based on MCNPX and ISOCSTM
estimation with the
associated uncertainties.
Table (1): Measured count rates of 185.7 and 1001.1 keV gamma energies due to 235
U and
238
U isotopes with associated uncertainties.
Sample
Id
Enrichment
(declared value)
E% (σE/E)%
Samples-to-
detector distance
(cm)
Count rate
CR (σCR/CR )% (s-1
)
185.7 keV 1001.1keV
031 0.31± 0.02
30
4.50 ± 3.34 2.99 ± 2.63
071 0.71± 0.05 10.36 ± 1.75 2.98± 2.70
194 1.94 ± 0.14 28.37 ± 0.93 3.05± 2.64
295 2.95 ± 0.21 43.58 ± 0.74 2.95 ± 2.68
446 4.46 ± 0.32 66.09 ± 0.59 2.93 ± 2.88
Table(2): Calculated absolute full energy peak efficiency of the detector at 185.7 and 1001.1
keV gamma energies with the associated uncertainties
Sample Id
Absolute photo peak efficiency
εab± (σεab/ εab)%
MCNPX-based ISOCSTM
-based
185.7 keV 1001.1keV 185.7 keV 1001.1keV
031 1.84e-4 ± 0.74 1.73E-4 ± 0.98 1.88E-4 ± 8.56 1.70E-4 ± 4.01
071 1.83e-4 ± 1.65 1.72E-4 ± 1.71 1.88E-4 ± 8.62 1.71E-4 ± 3.99
194 1.85e-4 ± 1.65 1.74E-4 ± 1.39 1.90E-4 ± 8.58 1.71E-4 ± 4.00
295 1.87e-4 ± 1.16 1.73E-4 ± 1.20 1.89E-4 ± 8.62 1.71E-4 ± 4.00
446 1.88e-4 ± 1.03 1.75E-4 ± 1.07 1.91E-4 ± 8.59 1.73E-4 ± 4.01
4. Nuclear Material Verification Based on MCNP and ISOCSTM
Techniques for Safeguard Purposes
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901034550 www.iosrjournals.org 48 | Page
Table (3): 235
U and 238
U masses estimated by MCNPX and ISOCSTM
with the associated uncertainties
The estimated uncertainty of the 235
U and 238
U masses content is due to the statistical error in the counting rate
(it was less than 3.34% for 235
U and 2.88% for 238
U), and errors in MCNPX estimation (less than 2%). The
uncertainties of 235
U masses in MCNPX-based estimation are found to be in the range from 1.17% to 3.38% and
the uncertainties of 238
U masses are in the range from 2.80% to 3.18%.
The specific activity of the 185.7 and 1001.1 keV gamma-ray line add a relatively small error contribution to the
uncertainty (less than 0.83%).
Table (4) presents the percentage relative uncertainties in the estimated 235
U masses for MCNPX estimation,
ISOCSTM
estimation and declared value. The relative differences between the masses estimated using the two
techniques range between -0.165 and 1.48%.
Figure 3 shows the estimated 235
U-mass content values with their uncertainties. It is clear that the estimated
masses using both methods are in agreement with declared value within the uncertainties.
31 71 194 295 446
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
235
UMass(g)
Sample
Based on MCNPX calculation
Declared value
Based on ISOCS™ software
Figure 3: Estimated 235
U mass contents based on MCNPX calculation and ISOCSTM
calibration in
comparison with declared value.
Sample Id
Estimated Isotopic Mass Content
M (g) (σM/M) %
MCNPX-based ISOCSTM
-based
235
U 238
U 235
U 238
U
031 0.531 ± 3.38 166.037 ± 2.80 0.520 ± 3.84 168.918 ± 3.61
071 1.228 ± 2.44 166.608 ± 3.18 1.198 ± 3.58 167.144 ± 3.62
194 3.339 ± 1.88 168.513 ± 2.98 3.246 ± 2.40 171.076 ± 2.45
295 5.069 ± 1.40 163.973 ± 2.93 5.012 ± 2.09 165.459 ± 2.10
446 7.638 ± 1.17 160.635 ± 3.07 7.522 ± 2.69 162.436 ± 2.84
Table(4): 235
U mass estimated by the described method in comparison with declared values
Sample Id
235
U Mass Content
M (g) (σM/M) %
Declared
value
MCNPX-based ISOCSTM
-based
235
U Relative Diff. % 235
U Relative Diff. %
031 0.526±0.14 0.531 ± 3.38 -0.95 0.520 ± 3.84 1.14
071 1.208±0.14 1.228 ± 2.44 -1.65 1.198 ± 3.58 0.82
194 3.295±0.14 3.339 ± 1.88 -1.33 3.246 ± 2.40 1.48
295 5.004±0.15 5.069 ± 1.40 -1.29 5.012 ± 2.09 -0.15
446 7.572±0.13 7.638 ± 1.17 -0.87 7.522 ± 2.69 0.66
5. Nuclear Material Verification Based on MCNP and ISOCSTM
Techniques for Safeguard Purposes
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901034550 www.iosrjournals.org 49 | Page
Table (5) presents the percentage relative uncertainties in the estimated 238
U masses for MCNPX estimation,
ISOCSTM
estimation and declared value. The relative differences between the masses estimated using the two
techniques range between -2.81 and 1.83 %.
Table (5): 238
U mass estimated by the described method in comparison with declared values
Figure 4 shows the estimated 238
U-mass content values with their uncertainties. It is clear that the estimated
masses using both methods are in agreement with declared value within the uncertainties.
31 71 194 295 446
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
Sample
238
UMass(g)
Based on MCNPX calculation
Declared value
Based on ISOCS™ software
Figure 4: Estimated 238
U mass contents based on MCNPX calculation and ISOCSTM
calibration in
comparison with declared value.
IV. Conclusions
This work describes a comparison of two gamma-ray efficiency estimation techniques for nuclear
material verification, Canberra's ISOCSTM
and MCNP efficiency calibrations. the absolute full energy peak
efficiency of the detector for five different U3O8 powder, with nominal 235
U abundances of 0.31, 0.71, 1.94,
2.95, and 4.46 mass percent, encased in cylindrical aluminum cans was estimated by the two different
techniques.
ISOCSTM
geometry modeling was developed using the geometry composer feature of Canberra's
Genie™ 2000 version 3.3 and Gamma Analysis version V3.3 software packages. MCNPX input files were
designed to simulate each experimental setup configuration and calculate the absolute full energy peak
efficiency of the detector for each verified NM.
The obtained results showed that the investigated techniques could be used to assay nuclear material
samples in different enrichment with acceptable accuracy and precision. Factors that may affect the
measurement or calculations were also investigated. These factors may include the measuring time which added
an error of statistical nature and affects the estimated precision.
Sample
Id
238
U Mass Content
M (g) (σM/M) %
Declared
value
MCNPX-based ISOCSTM
-based
238
U Relative Diff. % 238
U Relative Diff. %
031 169.144±0.167 166.037 ± 2.80 1.83 168.918 ± 3.61 0.13
071 168.473±0.167 166.608 ± 3.18 1.10 167.144 ± 3.62 0.78
194 166.386±0.167 168.513 ± 2.98 -1.27 171.076 ± 2.45 -2.81
295 164.677±0.167 163.973 ± 2.93 0.42 165.459 ± 2.10 -0.47
446 162.109±0.167 160.635 ± 3.07 0.90 162.436 ± 2.84 -0.20
6. Nuclear Material Verification Based on MCNP and ISOCSTM
Techniques for Safeguard Purposes
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901034550 www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my thanks to Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority of Egypt (ENRRA) for
offering me all the facilities to do this work.
References
[1] P. J. LeBlanc et al," Mathematical efficiency calibration methods for high quality laboratory based gamma spectrometry systems", J
RadioanalNuclChem (2013) 296:1045–1049.
[2] SALAM F. NOUREDDEEN, MAHMOUD I. ABBAS, "A Direct Mathematical Method to Calculate the Efficiency of Bore Hole
Cylindrical Detectors", Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 9, No. 6 (2014) 747 – 754.
[3] MCNP — A General Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code, Version 5 manual- Volume I: Chapter 1- Overview and Monte Carlo
method.
[4] Model S573 ISOCS Calibration Software Data Sheet , www.canberra.com
[5] NBS, Uranium Isotopic Standard Reference Material for Gamma Spectroscopy Measurements, 969, NBS-111, Gaithersburg, MD
20891, USA, (1985).
[6] W. El-Gammal, Verification of 235
U mass content in nuclear fuel plates by an absolute method, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in
Physics Research A 570 (2007) 446–453.